OCR Document - USDA
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ELK
Habitat management for
In Utah
Rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) are found in all the major mountain ranges of Utah except the Raft River Mountains. Elk are most numerous in the Wasatch, Uintah, Cache, Nebo, Manti-LaSal, and Fish Lake areas. They are found in mountain brushlands, mountain meadows, and open parks where heavy conifer timber areas are available for cover. Aspen areas are also used extensively for both feed and cover. Elk often use a general area of one or several drainages but may migrate miles from one area to another for no apparent reason. The annual elk harvest averages about 5,322 head. The combined rifle and archery harvest for the years 1987 through 1984 is 5,421, 5,099, 5,631, and 5,140, respectively.
Elk are gregarious animals usually observed in herds or groups which vary from 5 to 15 animals or more. Larger bulls live apart from the herd except during the August, September, October breeding season. Bugling indicates that this time has come. Elk are polygamous and individual bulls gather and hold as many cows in their harem as possible. Harem size may be as many as 30, but 15 to 20 cows are the usual size. Elk calves are born in May and June. Cow elk are among the best of wild mothers, being able to defend their offspring against almost all natural enemies.
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Elk cows normally breed the third fall after birth to produce a single calf. Elk calves are produced in the proportion of about 45 to 60 calves per 100 cows in good habitat. Survival of calves is high.
A young bull elk in its second year normally has spike antlers; after that, the antler points may vary from 2 to 4 or 7 or more on each side. Except for spike bulls, antler points do not indicate age. By early August, the bull's antlers have completed their growth and IIvelvetll covers are stripped off by sparring and by thrashing against trees and bushes.
After the elk hunting season, surviving bull elk are in the proportion of about 30 to 50 bulls per 100 cows. Average age of
individuals in a vigorous elk herd in Utah is about 5 years although some individuals may live to an age of 10 years or more.
HABITAT NEEDS
FOOD - Elk predominantly feed on grass and forbs but also eat a considerable amount of browse. Forbs are taken in quantity during spring, summer, and fall. Grasses are utilized throughout the year with browse making up the largest part of the diet in the winter. Choice plant foods include alfalfa, apple (fruit), bitterbrush, ceanothus, clovers, elder, elk sedge, Idaho fescue, trefoils, mountainmahogany, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, redtop, salmonberry, Sandberg bluegrass, sweet vernalgrass, training blackberry, and willow. A list of plants and season of preference is attached. A serious problem in Utah is elk coming into agricultural lands.
WATER - Water is necessary and is usually abundant where elk are found. Some supplemental moisture is obtained from succulent plants and snow. Small water holes or wallows provide mud baths for the males to roll in. This is an important action associated with the beginning of rut.
COVER - Elks effectively use dense woods and rough ground to escape hunters and to find relief from severe weather. Elk often take refuge in dense lodgepole pine thickets and, when disturbed, may travel considerable distances. Calves, especially need cover for security during the first 10 weeks or their lives.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - In general, elk are migratory, descending from their high elevation summer ranges to lower elevations for the winter. This altitudinal migration is usually triggered by the onset of bad weather, especially snow. One study stated that elk are creatures of habit, using the same winter and summer ranges, as well as the routes between them, year after year. Another study found that young calves appeared to learn seasonal range locations and movements from the mother cows. In Montana, it was found that the composition of winter
3
and summer populations were independent of one another and that the elk probably migrated individually to winter and summer ranges both in spring and fall, and many individuals were found on the same summer range in consecutive years.
One study stated that the size of the winter range determined the population size for this species. Winter ranges are critical to elk populations as there are usually more animals per unit area than on spring-fall ranges. Winter ranges are scarce and intensively used and are, therefore, more sensitive to change. Elk losses may occur during severe weather on winter range in poor condition.
In general, roads adversely affect elk use of adjacent habitat. The type of road, quality of vegetative cover, and exposure of adjacent slopes were all found to influence the reduction of habitat use. In southeastern Washington, it was found that elk use increased 44 percent from the road edge to 0.1 mile away, 35 percent between 0.1 to 0.2 mile away, and was unchanged between 0.2 and 0.5 mile away from all road classes. Main roads, which were improved main routes of travel with constant maintenance, had the greatest impact on elk use of adjacent areas, primitive roads, which were unimproved, and seldom or never maintained roads in fair to poor conditions had the least. In Wyoming, it was found that roads with moving traffic did not greatly affect elk activity, especially beyond 300 yards. When people engaged in out-of-vehicle activities such as camping, fishing, picnicking, and logging, however, the elk stayed at least 0.5 mile away. One study found that elk use was reduced in meadows adjacent to roads and variably reduced in open forests next to roads. In Montana, another study found that where dense cover (forest canopy closure greater than 75 percent) occurred adjacent to the road, no consistent increase in elk use was noted beyond 0.6 mile from the road. Where the vegetation was open forest, elk use virtually stabilized beyond 0.9 mile from the road. In an area without trees, elk use increased even at a distance of 1.5 miles from the road.
In Washington, west and south aspects, which were more intensively used by the elk, suffered the most reduction in use in the presence of roads. Roads on east aspects caused only minimal reductions in big game use.
GENERAL INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT - The management of elk and their habitat is not easy, because the animals range widely over large acreages of mountainous range, timber, and canyon lands. Good management of range and timber lands assures ample food on the high summer grazing areas, unless they are overgrazed with livestock. Adequate foods seldom exist in winter, however, as severe weather
4
(deep snow) forces the elk to migrate to small winter ranges at lower altitudes where they usually gather together on meadows, haylands, and adjacent areas.
HUNTING - Management of healthy elk herds and their winter ranges require adequate harvest to keep each population within or slightly below the carrying capacity of the winter forage. Legal regulatory agencies annually set the hunting season and other regulations aimed at harvesting the proper numbers from the year's increase. Each owner and operator of elk-supporting land (public, private, or corporate) has a related responsibility to manage the elk numbers by adequate hunting.
EVALUATION OF ELK USE BY PELLET GROUP COUNTS - Counting elk pellet groups on randomized sample plots can quickly and easily provide information on (1) number of elk using a given area which may include a field, a seeding, a range site, an entire ranch, or other areas of concern; and (2) vegetational preferences of elk including seasons of use.
Method - Plots are circular and have a radius of 3’8” giving coverage of 1/1000 of an acre for each plot. Thus:
1 plot = 1/1000 acre
10 plots = 1/100 acre
100 plots = 1/10 acre
The numbers of pellet groups within each plot or any outside group touching the plot are counted. The numbers of groups counted are expanded to groups per acre.
Next, elk days use per acre can be computed by dividing the number of pellet groups by 13, a factor which is considered to equal a single day's use by an elk.
Example - If 10 sample plots (1/100 acre) show 10 pellet groups on one acre, then 100 x 10 groups equals 1000 total groups for the acre; 1000 groups divided by 13 (factor) = 77 days use by elk.
Randomly sample in a systematic manner (example: along a paced line of chain intervals).
plots located
Plot size is easily measured marked with the use of a cord or chain 3'8" long where one peg holds the center and another is used to mark the ground around the edge of the circle.
Many old pellet groups and few new ones may indicate a winter range.
The same pellet group count procedure works equally well for deer.
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Alkali bluegrass Alkali cordgrass Alkali muhly
Alkali sacaton
Alpine bluegrass
Alpine oat
Alpine timothy
American bulrush
American mannagrass American sloughgrass Arizona fescue
Baltic rush
Barnyard grass
Beaked sedge
Beardless bluebunch
Big bluegrass
Big galleta
Big mountain brome
Black & white sedge
Black alpine sedge
Black grama
Blackroon sedge Blowoutgrass
Blue grama
Blue wildrye
Bluejoint reedgrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Bristlegrass
Brookgrass
Buffalo grass
Bulbosa bluegrass
Bulrush
Bush muhly
California danthonia
Canada bluegrass
Canada wildrye
Canby bluegrass
Cane beardgrass
Carpet bentgrass
Cheatgrass
Common oat
Common reed
Genus and Species
Agrostis variabilis
Bromus anomalus
Carex atherodes
Carex heteroneura
Elymus simplex
Poa juncifolia
Spartina gracilis Muhlenbergia asperifolia Sporobolus airoides
Poa alpina
Helictotrichon hookeri Phleum alpinum
Scirpus americanus
Glyceria grandis
Beckmannia syzigachne
Festuca arizonica
Juncus balticus
Echinochloa crus-galli Carex rostrata
Agropyron spicatum inerme Poa ampla
Hilaria rigida
Bromus marginatus
Carex albo-nigra
Carex nigricans
Bouteloua eriopoda
Carex elynoides
Redfieldia flexuosa Bouteloua gracilis
Elymus glaucus Calamagrostis canadensis Sitanion hystrix
Setaria italica
Catabrosa aquatica
Buchloe dactyloides
Poa bulbosa
Scirpus maritimus Muhlenbergia porteri Danthonia californica
Poa compressa
ElYmus canadensis
Poa canbyi
Andropogon barbinodis Agrostis stolonifera
Bromus tectorum
Avena sativa
Phragmites australis
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/86
1
YSSFW*
MMMLL** MHMMM
MHHMM
MMMLM
HHHMM
LLLLL
M
MMMLL
HHHHL
MMMHM
LLLLL
HHHHM
LLLLL
MMMLL
LMLLL
MMMLL
MMMLL
HHHMM
HHHHL
LMLLL
HHHMM
MHHMM
MMMLL
MHHMM
LLLLL
MMMLL
HHMMH
MMHHM
HHHMH
LMLLL
MMMMM
HHHMM
MHMLM
LLLLL
MLMML
HHHMM
HHHHM
MMMLL
HHHMM
LLLLL
MMMLL
MHLLH
LML-L
LLLLL
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Common witchgrass
Creeping wildrye
Crested wheatgrass
Curly mesquite
Cusick bluegrass
Douglas sedge
Dropseed
Ebony sedge
Eggleston sedge
Elk sedge
Fairway wheatgrass
False buffalograss
Fendler three-awn
Foothill brome
Fowl bluegrass
Fowl mannagrass
Foxtail barley
Foxtail brome
Fringed brome
Galleta
Giant burreed
Giant wild rye
Golden sedge
Great Basin wildrye
Green bristlegrass
Green muhly
Green needlegrass
Greenleaf fescue
Hairy bluebunch
Hairy brome
Hairygrama
Idaho fescue
Idaho redtop
Indian ricegrass
Inland saltgrass
Intermediate wheatgrass
Japanese chess
Kentucky bluegrass
Kobresia
Kobresia
Letterman needlegrass
Little bluestem
Littleseed ricegrass Longstyle rush
Mat grama
Mat muhly
Meadow barley
Meadow foxtail
Medusahead rye
Montana wheatgrass
Mountain brome
Mountain muhly
Genus and Species
Panicum capillare
ElYmus triticoides
Agropyron desertorum
Hilaria belangeri
Poa cusickii
Carex douglasii
Sporobolus heterolepis
Carex ebenea
Carex egglestonii
Carex geyeri
Agropyron cristatum
Munroa squarrosa
Aristida fendleriana
Bromus polyanthus
Poa palustris
Glyceria striata
Hordeum jubatum
Bromus rubens
Bromus ciliatus
Hilaria jamesii
Sparganium eurycarpum
Elymus condensatus
Carex aurea
ElYmus cinerus
Setaria viridis
Muhlembergia racemosa
Stipa viridula
Festuca viridula
Agropyron spicatum spicatum
Bromus commutatus
Bouteloua hirsuta
Festuca idahoensis
Agrostis idahoensis
Oryzopsis hYmenoides
Distichlis stricta
Agropyron intermedium
Bromus japonicus
Poa pratensis
Kobresia myosuroides
Kobresia sibirica
Stipa lettermanii
Schizachyrium scoparium
Oryzopsis micrantha
Juncus longistylis
Bouteloua simplex
Muhlenbergia richardsonis
Hordeum brachyantherum
Alopecurus pratensis
ElYmus caput-medusa
Agropyron albicans
Bromus carinatus
Muhlenbergia montana
2
YSSFW
LMLLL
MMMLM MHMMM MMMMM HHHMM MMMLL MMMML
MHHMM MHHMM HHHMM MHMMM LMLLL
LLLLL HHHMM HHHMM HHHHM
MHLML LLL--
MHMMM MMHMM
LLLLL MMMLM MHHMM
HHHM LMLLL
MMMLL HHHMH HHHMM HHMMM
MMM-LMLLL HHHMH LMLLL
MHMMH LLLLL
HHHMM MML-HHHMH LMMLL MMMM MMML HHHML
MHMMH LMLLL
LLLLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMMM
LLL--
HHHMM
HHHMM
HHHMM
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Mutton bluegrass
Nebraska sedge
Needle and thread
Needle grama
Needle spikerush Needleleaf sedge
Nevada bluegrass
Nodding bluegrass
Northern reedgrass
Obtuse sedge
Olney bulrush
Onespike danthonia oniongrass
Orchardgrass
Ovalhead sedge
Parry danthonia
Parry rush
Perennial ryegrass
Pinegrass
Pinewoods needlegrass
Plains bluegrass
Plains reedgrass
Prairie cordgrass
Prairie junegrass
Prairie sandreed
Prairie three-awn
Pubescent wheatgrass
Pumpelly brome
Purple pinegrass
Purple three-awn
Quackgrass
Rattlesnake grass
Raynolds sedge
Red fescue
Red three-awn
Red three-awn
Redtop bentgrass
Reed canarygrass
Reed fescue
Rice cutgrass
Richardson needlegrass
Ring muhly
Ripgut brome
Rock sedge
Ross sedge
Rough bentgrass
Rough fescue
Russian wildrye
Salina wildrye
Sand bluestem
Sand dropseed
Sand lovegrass
Genus and Species
Poa fendleriana
Carex nebraskensis
Stipa comata
Bouteloua aristidoides
Eleocharis acicularis
Carex eleocharis
Poa nevadensis
Poa reflexa
Calamagrostis inexpansa
Carex obtusata
Scirpus olneyi
Danthonia unispicata
Melica bulbosa
Dactylis glomerata
Carex festivella
Danthonia parryi
Juncus parryi
Lolium perenne
Calamagrostis rubescens
Stipa pinetorum
Poa arida
Calamagrostis montanensis
Spartina pectinata
Koeleria cristata
Calamovilfa longifolia
Aristida oligantha
Agropyron trichophorum
Bromus pumpellianus
Calamagrostis purpurascens
Aristida purpurea
Agropyron repens
Bromus brizaeformis
Carex raynoldsii
Festuca rubra
Aristida longiseta longiseta
Aristida longiseta robusta
Agrostis alba
Phalaris arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Leersia oryzoides
Stipa richardsonii
Muhlenbergia torreyi
Bromus rigidus
Carex rupestris
Carex rossii
Agrostis scabra
Festuca scabrella
ElYmus junceus
ElYmus ambiguus
Andropogon hallii
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Eragrostis trichodes
3
YSSFW
HHHMM MHHM MHLLM LLLLL MMMLL MHHMM
HHHMM
HHHMM
M
MHHMM LLLLL MMMML MHHMM HHHHM MHHMM
HHHML LMLLL HHHMM
MLMML
H
MMMLL MHMML LMLLL
MHHMM MMLLM
LLLL-
HHHMM
LMLLL
MMMML
LLLLL HHHMM MHM-
MHHMM HHHMM LLLLL
LLLLL MHMML MMMLL MHMMM MMLLL
MHMML MMMLL MML--
MHHMM MMMLL MMMLL
HHHMM HHMMH
LLLLL MLMML MMMLL
LLMLL
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Sandburg bluegrass
Sandhill muhly
Sandhills muhly
Scribner needlegrass
Scribner wheatgrass
Sheep fescue
Short stemmed sedge
Showy oniongrass
Sideoats grama
Silver sedge
Sixweeks fescue
Sixweeks grama
Slender wheatgrass
Smallwing sedge
Smooth brome
Smoothfruit sedge
Soft chess
Softstem bulrush
Sorghum sudangrass
Spike bentgrass
Spike drop seed
Spike trisetum
Spikerush
Stinkgrass
Streambank wheatgrass
Subalpine needlegrass
Sun sedge switchgrass
Tall oatgrass
Tall wheatgrass
Tanglehead
Thickspike wheatgrass
Thurber fescue
Thurber needlegrass
Timber danthonia
Timothy
Tolmie sedge
Treadhead sedge
Tufted hairgrass
Tule bulrush
Water sedge
Western needlegrass
Wheeler bluegrass
Wildoat
Winter rye
Wood bluegrass
Wooly sedge
Yellow Indiangrass
Yellow bristlegrass
Sandbur
Western wheatgrass
Genus and Species
Poa secunda (sandbergii) Muhlenbergia pungens
Muhlenbergia cuspidata
Stipa scribneri
Agropyron scribneri
Festuca ovina
Carex brevipes
Melica spectabilis
Bouteloua curtipendula
Carex praegracilis
Vulpia octoflora
Bouteloua barbata
Agropyron trachycaulum
Carex microptera
Bromus inermis
Carex epapillosa
Bromus mollis
Scirpus validus
Sorghum vulgare
Agrostis exarata
Sporobolus contractus
Trisetum spicatum
Eleocharis palustris
Eragrostis cilianensis
Agropyron riparium
Stipa columbiana
Carex heliophila
Panicum virgatum
Arrhenatherum elatius
Agropyron elongatum
Heteropogon contortus
Agropyron dasystachyum
Festuca thurberi
Stipa thurberiana
Danthonia intermedia
Phleum pratense
Carex tolmiei
Carex filifolia
Deschampsia caespitosa
Scirpus acutus
Carex aquatilis
Stipa occidentalis
Poa nervosa
Avena fatua
Secale cereale
Poa nemoralis
Carex lanuginosa
Sorghastrum nutans
Setaria glauca
Cenchrus longispinus
Agropyron smithii
4
YSSFW
MHLMM
MMMLM MHMML MMMLL HHHMM
HHHMM LMLLL MHHMM
LML-
LLL-HHHMH
MHMMM HHHMM MHHMM MHM-
LLLLL
MHMML MMMLL HHHHM
MMMLL LLLLL MMMLL HHHHM MHHMM LMLLL
H
MHLLM LLLLL
MHMMM HHHMM MMMLM HHHHL
MMMHM MHHMM MMMLM
MHHMM LLLLL MHHMM HHHML HHHMM LML-L MMMLL
H
MHHMM
LMLLL LMLLL LLLLL
MHMMM
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
African mustard
Alflafa
Alkali aster
Alpine forget-me-not
Alpine leafybract
aster
Alpine mountain
sorrel
Alpine phacelia
Alpine pussytoes
Alsike clover
Amaranth or pigweed
American bistort
American licorice
American vetch
Annual stickseed
Arrowleaf balsamroot
Arrowleaf groundsel Aspen peavine
Aster Avens Avens
Baby pondweed
Badlands wyethia
Ballhead sandwort
Ballhead water leaf
Barbey larkspur
Beargrass
Beckwith milkvetch
Bee spiderflower
Big stinging nettle
Bigelow aster
Bigroot ladysthumb
Birdsfoot deervetch
Bitterroot lewisia
Black medick
Black mustard
Blue mustard
Blue penneycress
Bluebell
Blue-eyed-grass
Genus and Species
Gilia aggregata
Gilia congesta
Gilia pumila
Gilia spicata
Sibbaldia procumbens
Malcolmia africana
Medicago sativa
Machaeranthera glabriuscula
Myosotis alpestris
Aster foliaceus canbyi
Oxyria digyna
Phacelia hastata
Antennaria alpina
Trifolium hybridum
Amaranthus blitoides
Polygonum bistortoides
Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Vicia americana
Lappula redowskii
Balsamorhiza sagittata
Senecio triangularis
Lathyrus leucanthus
Machaeranthera grindeloides
Geum rossiiterbinatum
Geum triflorum
Potemogeton pusillus
Wyethia scabra
Arenaria congesta
Hydrophyllum capitatum
Delphinium barbeyi - P
Xerophyllum tenax
Astragalus beckwithii
Cleome serrulata
Urtica dioica
Machaeranthera bigelovii
Polygonum coccineum
Lotus corniculatus
Lewisia redivia
Medicago lupulina
Brassica nigra
Chorispora tenella
Thlaspi montanum
Campanula rotundifolia
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=Winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/86
1
YSSFW*
MMMLL** LMMLL LMMLL LMMLL MMMLL LLLLL HHHHH
L
MMMLL MLMML
LLLLL
MMMLL LLLLL
HHHHH
LMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
HHHHLLLL
HHHHM HHM-HMHHM LL
MMLLL MMLLL
LLLLL MMMLL LLLLL
HHH-
MMMLL
LLMLL LMLLL
ML-
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL HHHMH
LLLLL MMMMM MMMLL MMML-
LLL--
LMMLL MM
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Genus and Species
Bracted pedicularis Pedicularis bracteosa
Budbeak Corydalis aurea
Buffalobur nightshade Solanum rostratum
Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare
Bush knotweed Polygonum ramosissimum
Butter-and-eggs Linaria vulgaris
toadflax
California Veratrum californicum
false-hellebore
Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis
Canada horseweed Conyza canadensis
Canada thistle Cirsium arvense
Carrot leaf Lomatium dissectum
leptotaenia
Cattail
Centaurea
Chickpea milkvetch
Chickweed
Chicory lettuce
Cinquefoil
Cinquefoil
Clasping pepperweed
Cluster tarweed
Cocklebur
Columbia monkshood
Columbine
Common bladderwort
Common camass
Common cattail
Common dandelion
Common duckweed
Common houndstongue
Common
pear-everlasting
Common perennial
gaillardia
Common poolmat
Common sainfoin
Common sneezeweed
Common starlily
Common sunflower
Cowparsnip Cryptantha Cryptantha Cryptantha
Curley gumweed
Curly dock
Curly pondweed
Curly top ladysthumb
Cushion coryphantha
Cutleaf balsamroot
Cutleaf coneflower
Typha angustifolia Centaurea maculosa Astragalus cicer
Stellaria media
Lactuca tatarica puchella
Potentilla fruticosa
Potentilla glandulosa intermedia
Lepidium perfoliatum
Madia glomerata
Xanthium strumarium
Aconitum columbianum - P
Aquilegia species
utricularia vulgaris
camassia quamash
Typha latifolia
Taraxacum officinale
Lemna minor
Cynoglossum officinale
Anaphalis margaritacea
Gaillardia aristata
Zannichellia palustris
Onobrychis viciaefolia
Helenium autumnale
Leucocrinum montanum
Helianthus annuus
Heracleum spondylium
Cryptantha celosiodes
Cryptantha humilis
Cryptantha sericea
Grindelia squarrosa
Rumex crispus
Potamogeton crispus
Polygonum lapathifolium
Coryphantha vivipara
Balsamorhiza macrophylla
Rudbeckia laciniata
2
YSSFW
LLLLL LMLL-
LLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
MMMML
LLLLLLMLLL
LLLLL MML--
LLLLL LLLLL MMMM-
-
MHHML MLMMM
MLMML LMLLLLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL LMMLL
L
MMLLLLLLL HHHHH LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LMMLL
-
HHHMM LLLLL LLLLL
MMMML HHHHM MMM-MMM-MMM--
LLLLL MMMLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL MLLMH LLLLL
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Genus and Species
Dalea Dalea purpurea
Dalea Dalea villosa
Dalea, prairie clover
Dalea enneandra
Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica
Dandelion hawksbeard
Crepis runcinata
Darkthroat Dodecatheon pulchellum
shootingstar
Desert Indian Castilleja chromosa
paintbrush
globemallow
princesplume
trumpet
eriogonum
Desert Desert Desert
Dogweed
Dotted gayfeather
Douglas chaenactis
Douglas knotweed
Douglas waterhemlock
Drummond milkvetch
Drummond rockcress
Duckpotato arrowhead
Duncecap larkspur
Dwarf clover
Dyers woad
Eaton penstemon
Edible valerian
Elephanthead
lousewort
Elk thistle
Elkslip marshmarigold
Engelmann aster
Engelmann fleabane
Eriogonum
Eschscholtz buttercup
European glorybind
European stickseed
European strawberry
Evening primrose
False boneset
Fat Solomon-plume
Fendler meadowrue
Fendler sandwort
Fennell-leaf pondweed
Field horsetail
Field penneycress
Field sowthistle
Fileree, Redstem
Fireweed
Fitweed
Fivehook bassia
Fivenerve
helianthella
Sphaeralcea ambigua
Stanleya pinnata
Eriogonum inflatum
Dyssodia papposa
Liatris punctata
Chaenactis douglasii
Polygonum douglasii
Cicuta douglasii - P
Astragalus drummondii
Arabis drummondii
Sagittaria cuneata
Delphinium occidentale-p
Trifolium nanum
Isatis tinctoria
Penstemon eatonii
Valeriana edulis
Pedicularis groenlandica
Cirsium foliosum
Caltha leptosepala
Aster engelmannii
Erigeron engelmannii
Eriogonum flavum
Ranunculus eschscholtzii
Convolvulus arvensis
Lappula echinata
Fragaria vesca bracteata
Oenothera coronopifolia
Kuhnia eupatoriodes
Smilacina racemosa
Thalictrum fendleri
Arenaria fendleri
Potemogeton pectinatus
Equisetum arvense
Thlaspi arvense
Sonchus arvensis
Erodium cicutarium
Epilobium angustifolium
Corydalis caeseana
Bassia hyssopifolia
Helianthella quinquenervis
3
YSSFW
-
-
-
LLLLL MHMLL MMMM
LMLLL
MMMML LLLLL LML--
LLL--MMMMM LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL LLL--MMMLL LLLLL MMMLL
HHHHH LMMLLMLLL HHHHL LLLLL
LLLLL MMHML HHHML
MMMLL MMHML
MMM--
HHHMM
LLLLMMMMM
LLL--LLLLL
MMMLL
HHHLL LLLLL LLLLL LMMLL LLL--
LMLLHHH-HHHML LMLL-MMMLL MMMLL
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Flannel mullein
Fleabane
Flexile milkvetch Flowery phlox
Foothill deathcamas Forget-me-not
Fremont geranium
Fremont penstemon
Fuzzy tongue penstemon Geranium
Geyer larkspur
Giant goldenrod Glasswort
Gooseberryleaf
globemallow
Goosefoot
Gray hawksbeard
Gray lomatium
Graylocks hymenoxys Groundplum milkvetch
Groundsel Groundsel Groundsel
Hairleaf water
buttercup
Hairy goldaster
Hairy vetch
Halogeton
Heath aster
Heath aster
Hemp dogbane
Hoary aster
Hoary balsamroot
Hollyleaf clover
Hoods phlox
Hook violet
Hooker balsamroot
Hooker sandwort
Hornwort
Horsetail milkweed-Houndstongue
hawksweed Hymenopappus
Klamath weed
Lambert crazyweed Lambsquarter
goosefoot
Lambstongue fawnlily Lambstongue groundsel Lancedleaved sedum Lanceleaf bluebells
Leafy musineon
Genus and Species
Verba scum thapsus
Erigeron argentatus
Astragalus flexuosus
Phlox multiflora
Zigadenus paniculatus-P Eritrichium aretioides
Geranium fremontii
Penstemon fremontii
Penstemon eriantherus
Geranium viscossimum
Delphinium geyeri - P
Solidago gigantea
Salicornia rubra
Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia
Chenopodium rubrum
Crepis intermedia Lomatium grayi
Hymenoxys grandiflora Astragalus crassicarpus Senecio plattensis Senecio riddellii
Senecio serra
Ranunculus aquatilis
Heterotheca villosa
Vicia villosa
Halogeton glomeratus - P Aster ericoides pansus Leucelene ericoides
Apocynum cannabinum - P Machaeranthera canescens Balsamorhiza incana Trifolium gymnocarpon
Phlox hoodii
Viola adunca
Balsamorhiza hookeri Arenaria hookeri Ceratophyllum demersum
Asclepias subverticillata
Hieracium cynoglossoides
Hymenopappus filifolius Hypericum perforatum P Oxytropis lambertii - P Chenopodium album
Erythronium grandiforum Senecio integerrimus - P Sedum lanceolatum Mertensia lanceolata Musineon divaricatum
4
YSSFW
LLLLL MMMLL
LLL-LLLLL LMMLL
MMMML LMLLL LMLLL MMMML LLLLL LMLLL LLLLL MMMML
MMM-HHHMM MML-LMMLL LLL-MMM-MMM-
MHMLL LLL-
MMMLL HHHH-
LLL--MMMLL
L
LLLLL LLLLL
MLLM HHHHH LLLLL MMM-MLLMH
LLLLL
LLLLL MHHML
LMLLL LLLLL LLLLL MMM--
MHM--HHM-LMLLL
MMMML LML--
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Leafy poleminium
Leafy pondweed
Leafy spurge
Lessor bladderwort
Lewis flax
Little larkspur Littleleaf pussy toes Lobeleaf groundsel Lomatium
Longleaf phlox
Longleaf pondweed Longstalk clover
Low fleabane
Low pussy toes
Marsh arrowgrass
Mat penstemon
Maximilian sunflower Meadow deathcamas
Meadow salsify
Milkvetch
Milkweed
Missouri goldenrod Missouri milkvetch
Modoc hawksbeard
Moss silene
Mountain bluebells Mountain deathcamas Mountain lupine
Mountain thermopsis Mulesear wyethia
Munro globemallow
Musk bristlethistle Narrowleaf lomatium Narrowleaf
poisonvetch Nettleleaf horsemint Nevada onion
Nipple coryphantha
Nodding eriogonum
Nodding onion
Northern bedstraw Northern sweetvetch Northwest cinquefoil Northwestern
painted-cup Nuttall larkspur - P Nuttall violet Oblongleaf bluebells Oneflower fleabane Oneflower
Genus and Species
Polemonium foliossimum
Potamogeton foliosus
Euphorbia esula
Utricularia minor
Linum lewisii
Delphinium bicolor - P
Antennaria parvifolia
Senecio multilobatus
Lomatium foeniculaceum
Phlox longifolia
Potemogeton nodosus
Trifolium longipes
Erigeron pumilus
Antennaria dimorpha
Triglochin palustre
Penstemon caespitosus
Helianthus maximilianii
Zigadenus venenosus - P Tragopogon pratensis
Astragalus adsurgens robustior Asclepias labriformis -P Solidago missouriensis Astragalus missouriensis
Crepis modocensis
Silene acaulis
Mertensia ciliata
Zigadenus elegans - P
Lupinus alpestris
Thermopsis montana
Wyethia amplexicaulis Sphaeralcea munroana
Carduus nutans
Lomatium triternatum
Astragalus pectinatus - P
- P
Agastache urticifolia
Allium nevadense
Coryphantha missouriensis Eriogonum cernuum
Allium ceruum
Galium boreale
Hedysarum boreale
Potentilla gracilis
Castilleja angustifolia
Delphinium nuttallianum - P Viola nuttallii
Mertensia oblongifolia Erigeron simplex
Helianthella uniflora
helianthella
Oregon fleabane Erigeron speciosus macranthus
5
YSSFW
MMMLL LLLLL LMLLL
L
MHMML MMMLL LLLLL
MML-MML-LMLLL
LLLLL MMMMM MMMLL MMMLL L
LMLLL MMMML LMLLL MHMMM
MMLLLLLLL LMLLL
LLL-HHHMM
MMMLL HHHHL LMMLL MMMLL LLLLL MHMLL MMMML LLLLL MML--
LLL--
LLLML MHL-
LLLLL LMLLL MHL-MMMLL HHHHH MLMML LMLLL
LLLLL HHH-HHHHM
MMMLL MMMLL
MMMLL
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Pacific aster
Pale agroseris
Palmer penstemon
Parrotfeather
Parry clover
Parsley
Peavine
Penstemon
Penstemon
Pepperweed whitetop
Phlox
Phlox
Pinnate tansymustard
Plains erysimum
Poison-hemlock - P
Pondweed
Porter ligusticum
Poverty sumpweed
prairie pepperweed
prairie spiderwort
prairie sunflower
Prickly lettuce
Prickly oxytenia
Prostrate knotweed
Puncture vine
Purplespot fritillary
Pursh locoweed
Rag sumpweed
Red baneberry
Red clover
Redroot amaranth
Redroot eriogonum
Richardson pondweed
Rocky Mountain
buttercup
Rocky Mountain iris
Rocky Mountain
penstemon
Rocky Mountain Gentiana affinis
pleated gentiana
Rose pussy toes Antennaria rosea
Rush eriogonum Eriogonum effusum
Rush skeletonplant Lygodesmia juncea
Russian centaurea Centaurea repens
Russian thistle Salsola pestifer (kali)
Rusty lupine Lupinus pusillus
Sagebrush buttercup Ranunculus glaberrimus
Scarlet gaura Gaura coccinea
Scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet painted-cup Castilleja miniata
Scott clematis Clematis hirsutissima
Seaside arrowgrass -P Triglochin maritimum - P
Common Name
Genus and Species
YSSFW
Aster chilensis adscendens Agoseris glauca
Penstemon palmeri Myriophyllum spicatum Trifolium parryi
Cymopterus purpurascens Lathyrus ochroleucus Penstemon albidus
Penstemon laricifolius Cardaria draba
Phlox condensata
Phlox muscoides
Descurainia pinnata
Erysimum asperum
Conium maculatum - P Potamogeton filiformis Ligusticum porteri
Iva axillaris
Lepidium densiflorum Tradescantia occidentalis Helianthus petiolaris Lactuca serriola
Oxytenia acerosa
Polygonum aviculare
Tribulus terrestris Fritillaria atropurpurea Astragalus purshii
Iva xanthifolia
Actaea rubra
Trifolium pratense Amaranthus retroflexus Eriogonum racemosum Potemogeton richardsonii Ranunculus cymbalaria
MM
HHHMLMLLL LLLLL MMMMM LML-HMHHM
LMMLL LMLLL LMLLL
LLLLL LLLLL
LML-MMMM
LLLLL LLLLL HHHHL
LLLLL LMLL-
-
MMMML HHHML LLLLL
LLLLL LLL-MMM--LLLLLLLLL LMLLL
MMMMM MMMMMMMLL LLLLL MMM-
Iris missouriensis Penstemon strictus
LLLLL LMLLL
MML-
LLLLL
LMLLL LLLLL LLLLL MMLLM MMMLL
MMM-LMLLL MMMML MMMML LMLLL L
6
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Seepweed Seepweed
Segolily,
mariposa
lily
Sheep sorrel
Shephards-purse Shortstyle onion
Showy alpine
groundsel Showy frasera
Showy milkweed
Silkly milkvetch
Silky crazyweed
Silky lupine
Silky phacelia Silverleaf cinquefoil Silvery lupine Slimflower scurf-peer Slimleaf goosefoot
Small frasera
Smooth horsetail Snowball sandverbena Spikemoss selaginella Spotted ladysthumb Spreading
Genus and Species
Suaeda calceoliformis Suaeda intermedia Calochortus nuttallii
Rumex acetosella
Capsella bursa-pastoris Allium brevistylum
Senecio amplectens
Frasera speciosa
Asclepias speciosa - P Astragalus cibarius Oxytropis sericea - P Lupinus sericeus - P Phacelia sericea
Potentilla anserina Lupinus argenteus - P
Psoralea tenuiflora
Chenopodium leptophyllum
Frasera montana
Equisetum laevigatum
Abronia fragrans Selaginella densa densa Polygonum persicaria Anemone patens mulifida
pasque-flower
Star duckweed Lemna trisulca
Starry Solomon-plume Smilacina stellata
Starry cerastium Cerastium arvense
Stemless hymenoxys Hymenoxys acaulis
Stemless spring Cymopterus acaulis
parsley
Stiff goldenrod
Stiff stem flax
Strawberry clover
Sulphur painted-cup
Sunflower
Sweetanise
Tailcup lupine
Tansyleaf aster
Tapertip hawks beard
Tapertip onion
Tenpedal mentzelia
Texas croton
Textile onion
Thickleaf groundsel
Thistle
Timber poisonvetch
Toadflax
Tuber starwort
Tufted evening
primrose
Solidago rigida
Linum rigidum
Trifolium fragiferum
Castilleja sulphurea
Helianthus rigidus
Osmorhiza occidentalis
Lupinus caudatus - P Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Crepis acuminata
Allium acuminatum
Mentzelia decapetala
Croton texensis
Allium textile
Senecio crassulus
Cirsium coloraense
Astragalus convallarius-p Comandra umbellata
Stellaria jamesiana
Oenothera caespitosa
7
YSSFW
LLLLL LLLLL MHMM-
MMMML
LMLLL
MHL-LMLLL
MMMMM LLLLL MMMLLLLLL MMMLL MMMLL MLMML MMMLL LLLLL MMM-
MMMMM LLLLL LLLLL
LMLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL MMMLL LMMLL LMMLL LML--
LMLLL MMM-
LLLLL MMMML MMMML HHHML
MMMLL
LL
HHHMM MHL--MMM-LLLLL MHL--
HHM--
LLLLL MMMLLMMLL MMMML LLL--
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Tufted milkvetch
Tufted rockmat Tumblemustard
Twinflower sandwort Twogrooved locoweed Upright prairie
coneflower
Utah glasswort,
samphire
Vegetable-oyster
salsify
Veiny dock
Veiny meadowrue
Velvet lupine
Velvety goldenrod
Venus-cup teasel Virginia strawberry Virginsbower
Wasatch penstemon Watermeal
Waterplantain
Wavyleaf thistle
Waxleaf penstemon
Wayside gromwell
Weedy milkvetch
Western coneflower Western goldenrod Western hawksbeard Western meadowrue Western painted-cup Western scouring-rush Western virginsbower Western yarrow
Whipple penstemon Whiproot clover
White clover
White sage
White sweetclover Whitehead wyethia Whitestem mentzelia Wholeleaf painted-cup Widgeongrass Wildbergamot beebalm Wing eriogonum
Wooly Indianwheat
Wooly groundsel
Wooly milkvetch Woolyweed
Wyoming painted-cup
Yellow Indian
Paintbrush
Yellow fritillary
Genus and Species
Astragalus spactulatus Petrophytum caespitosum Sisymbrium altissimum Arenaria obtusiloba Astragalus bisulatus - P Ratibida columnifera
Salicornia utahensis
Tragopogon porrifolius
Rumex venosus
Thalictrum venulosum Lupinus leucophyllus - P Solidago mollis
Dipsacus sylvestris Fragaria virginiana Clematis columbiana
Penstemon cyananthus
Wolffia punctata
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Cirsium undulatum
Penstemon nitidus
Lithospermum ruderale
Astragalus miser - P
Rudbeckia occidentalis
Solidago occidentalis
Crepis occidentalis
Thalictrum occidentale Castilleja occidentalis Equisetum hyemale
Clematis ligusticifolia
Achillea millefolium lanulosa Penstemon whippleanus
Trifolium dasphyllum
Trifolium repens
Artemisia ludoviciana
Melilotus alba
Wyethia helianthoides
Mentzelia albicaulis
Castilleja integra
Ruppia maritima
Monarda fistulosa
Eriogonum alatum
Plantago patagonica
Senecio canus
Astragalus mollissimus-P Hieracium scouleri
Castilleja linariaefolia Castilleja flava
Fritillaria pudica
8
YSSFW
LLLLLMLLL
MM--
LLLLL
LLLLLMMLL
LLLLL
MHMMM
LMMLL MMMLL MMMLL LMLLL LLLLL MMMMM
LMLLL
LMLLL L
-
LLLLL LMLLL MMMLL
LLL-LLLLL LMLLL
MHMLL HHHLL MMMML LLLLL LMLLL MMMLL
LMLLL HHHHH HHHHH
MMMLL HHHHL MMMLL MMM-LMLLL LLLLL
M
LMLLL MMMM
MML-
LLL-MHHML
MMMML LMLLL
MMM--
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for ELK Common Names
Common Name
Yellow salsify
Yellow spiderflower Yellow sweetclover
Genus and Species
YSSFW
Tragopogon dubius major Cleome lutea
Melilotus officinalis
MHMMM LML-HHHML
9
- ---------
-- - - - --- - ~
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
American red raspberry AnteloPe bitterbrush Apache-plume
Arctic willow
Barberry
Basin big sagebrush Bearberry
Bearberry honeysuckle
Big whortleberry
Biglow sagebrush
Birdfoot sagebrush Bittercherry
Black greasewood
Black locust
Black sagebrush
Black willow
Blackbrush
Blueberry elderberry
Bolander silver
Sagebrush
Booth willow
Brittle pricklypear
Broom snakeweed
Bud sagebrush
Bur oak
Bur-sage
Bur-sage
Bush ocean-spray Canyon grape
Castle valley clover Catclaw acacia
Common buckthorn Common chokecherry
Common hackberry Common snowberry Common winterfat
Cottonhorn horsebush Coyote sandbar willow Creeping barberry Creeping juniper
Curl leaf mountain
mahogany
Genus and Species
Artemisia dracunculus Artemisia scorpulorum Artiplex falcata
Chrysothamnus depressus
Rubus idaeus sachalinensis
Purshia tridentata
Fallugia paradoxa
Salix arctica
Berberis fendleri
Artemisia tridentata tridentata Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Lonicera involucrata
Vaccinium membranaceum
Artemisia biglovii
Artemisia pedatifida
Prunus emarginata
Sarcobatus vermiculatus
Robinia pseudoacacia
Artemisia nova
Salix nigra
Coleogyne ramosissima
Sambucus cerulea
Artemisia cana bolanderi
Salix boothii
Opuntia fragilis
Guttierrezia sarothrae Artemisia spinescens
Quercus macrocarpa
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ambrosia psilostachya
coronopifolia Holodiscus dumosus
vitis arizonica
Atriplex cuneata
Acacia greggii
Rhamnus cathartica
Prunus virginiana - P
Celtis occidentalis
Symphoricarpos albus Krascheninnikovia lanata Tetradymia spinosa
Salix exigua exigua
Mahonia repens
Juniperus horizontalis Cercocarpus ledifolius
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=Winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/S6
1
YSSFW*
M** LLMMM
LLLLL MLMMM MLMML
HMHHH LLLLM
HMMHH LLLMM
LLLLL LLLLM MMLLM MMMMM LLLMM
L
MHMMM LLLLM MMMML
LLLLL MLLMM
LLLLL HHHHH
-
MMMMM LLLLL LMLML
HHMMH HMMHH LLLLL LLLLL
MLLMM LLLML LLLLL
LLLLL LLLLL MHMMM LLLLL MLMHH
MMMHH LLLLL HMMHH
MMMMM LLLLM HHHHH
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Currant
Cushion eriogonum
Datil yucca
Desert bitterbrush Desert sweet
Douglas hawthorn Drummond willow
Dusky willow
Dwarf blueberry
Eastwood willow
Elder
Eriogonum
Fendler ceanothus Fourwing saltbush Fremont barberry
Fringed sagebrush
Gambel oak
Gardner saltbush
Garrett saltbush
Geyer willow
Golden currant Goldenweed
Gooseberry currant
Grape
Gray horsebush
Green ephedra
Green molly summer
cypress or red sage
Green rubber
rabbitbrush
Greenleaf manzanita
Greens rabbitbrush Grouse whortleberry Indigobush amorpha Iodine bush
Joshua-tree yucca Leadplant amorpha Lemmons willow Littleleaf horsebush Littleleaf mountain
mahogany Longflower snowberry Low rabbitbrush
Low rabbitbrush
Low sagebrush
Mallow ninebark
Martin ceanothus
Mat saltbush
Mesquite (juliflora)
Genus and Species
Ribes hudsonianum
Eriogonum ovalifolium
Yucca baccata
Purshia glandulosa
Chamaebratiaria millefolium Crataegus douglasii
Salix drummondiana
Salix exigua melanopsis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Salix eastwoodiae
Sambucus racemosa
Eriogonum microthecum laxiflorum Ceanothus fendleri
Artiplex canescens
Mahonia fremontii
Artemisia frigida
Quercus gambelii
Artiplex gardneri
Artiplex garrettii
Salix geyeriana
Ribes aureum
Haplopappus acaulis
Ribes montigenum
Vitis riparia
TetradYmia canescens
Ephedra viridis
Kochia americana
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
graveolens
Arctostaphylos patula
Platyphylla
Chrysothamnus greenei
Vaccinium scoparium
Amorpha fruticosa
Allenrolfea occidentalis
Yucca brevifolia
Amorpha canescens
Salix lemmonii
Tetradymia glabrata
Cercocarpus intricatus
Symphoricarpos longiflorus Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
elegans Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
pumilus Artemisia arbuscula
Physocarpus malvaceus
Ceanothus martinii Artiplex corrugata Prosopis glandulosa
2
YSSFW
LLLLM LLLLM LLLLL MLLMM
LLLLL
M
MMMMM MMMMM HHLHM MMMMM HMHHH LLLLM MMMMM MMMMH LLLLL HHMMH HMMHH
LLLLL LLLLL MMMMM
HMHMH
MLLMMMMMHH
LLLML LLLLL
MLLMM
LLLMM
MMMMM
LLLLM
MMMMM MMMMM M
LLLLL LLLLL M
MMMMM LLLLL MMMHH
MLMHH LLLMM
MLMMM
MMLLM LLLML LLLLM LLLLL LLLLL
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Missouri gooseberry Mockorange
Mountain Mountain Mountain
big sagebrush commom juniper low
rabbitbrush Mountain ninebark
Mountain silver
sagebrush Mountain snowberry
Myrtle pachistima
Myrtle whortleberry Narrowleaf low
rabbitbrush Nevada ephedra
New Mexico locust
Nipple cactus
Nuttal horsebush
One-seed juniper
Parry rabbitbrush Peachleaf willow
Plains pricklypear Planeleaf willow
Prickly phlox
Pygmy sagebrush
Raspberry
Redstem ceanothus Rockspirea (creambush) Rocky Mountain Maple
Rocky Mountain juniper Rocky Mountain sumac
Rose
Roundleaf buffaloberry Rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Russet buffaloberry
Saltbush Saltbush Saltbush Saltbush
Sand sagebrush
Saskatoon serviceberry Scouler willow
Shadscale
Short-fruit willow
Genus and Species
Ribes setosum
Philadelphus microphyllus
occidentalis Artemisia tridentata vaseyana Juniperus communis Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
lanceolatus Physocarpus monogynus
Artemisia cana viscidula
Symphoricarpos oreophilus paxistima myrsinites
Vaccinium myrtillus Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
stenophyllus Ephedra nevadensis
Robinia neomexicana
Mammilaria missouriensis Tetradymia nuttallii
Juniperus monosperma Chrysothamnus parryi parryi Salix amygdaloides
Opuntia polyacantha
Salix planifolia
Leptodactylon pungens Artemisia pygmaea
Rubus deliciosus
Ceanothus anguineus
Holodiscus discolor
Acer glabrum
Juniperus scopulorum
Rhus glabra
Rosa arkansana
Shepherdia rotundifolia Chrysothamnus nauseosus
consimilis
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
hololeucus
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
salicifolius
Crrysothamnus nauseosus
nauseosus Shepherdia canadensis
Artiplex argentea
Artiplex bonnevillensis Artiplex nuttallii
Artiplex obovata
Atemisia filifolia
Amelanchier alnifolia
Salix scouleriana
Artiplex confertifolia
Salix brachycarpa
3
YSSFW
MMMHH MLLM
MLLMM LLLLM MLLMM
LLLML M
MLMMM MLMLM MHLMM LLLMM
LLLLM MMMHH LLLLL LLLLL LLLLM MMLMM MLLMM
LLLLL MMMMM LLLLL LLLLL LLLML
LLLLM MLLMM MMMMM LLLLM MLLMH
MMMML MLMMM LLLLM
MMMMM
HMMH-
LLLLM
MLMMM LLLMM
LLLMM LLLLL LLLLL LLLLM
HHMHH
HHHHH
LLLLM HMMHH
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Common Names
Common Name
Shrub live oak
Silver buffaloberry
Silver sagebrush
Skunk bush sumac
Smooth bebb willow
Snow willow
Snowbush ceanothus Spineless hopsage
Spiny hopsage
Spirea
spreading creosotebush Squaw-apple
Stansbury cliffrose
Sticky currant
Stickyleaf low
rabbitbrush Strawtop pricklypear Sulfur eriogonum
Summer cypress
Tall threetip sagebrush Thimbleberry
Thinleaf alder
Torrey ephedra
True mountain mahogany Undergreen willow
Utah honeysuckle
Utah juniper
Utah serviceberry
Vasey rabbitbrush
Wax currant
Western snowberry
Whiplash willow
White rubber
rabbitbrush Whitestem gooseberry
Woods rose
Wyoming big sagebrush Wyoming threetip
sagebrush Yellow willow
Yucca
Quercus turbinella
Shepherdia argentea
Artemisia cana cana
Rhus trilobata trilobata
Salix bebbiana
Salix nivalis
Ceanothus velutinus
Grayia brandegei
Grayia spinosa
Spiraea betulifolia
Larrea divicata
Peraphyllum ramosissimum purshia mexicana
Ribes viscosissimum
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
viscidiflorus Opuntia echinocarpa
Eriogonum umbellatum aureum
Kochia scoparia
Artemisia tripartita tripartita Rubus parviflorus
Alnus tenuifolia
Ephedra torreyana
Cercocarpus montanus
Salix commutata
Lonicera utahensis
Juniperus osteosperma
Amelanchier utahensis Chrysothamnus vaseyi
Ribes cereum
Symphoricarpos occidentalis
Salix lasiandra
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
albicaulis
Ribes inerme
Rosa woodsii
Artemisia tridentate wyomingensis
Artemisia tripartite rupicola
Salix lutea
Yucca glauca
Genus and Species
4
YSSFW
LLLLL MLLMM M
LLLMM HMMHH HMMHH
LLLLM LLLMM LLLMM
MLMML LLLLL MLMMM HHMHH
MMMHH LLLMM
LLLLL LLLLM MMMHM LLLLM MLMML LLLLL LLLLM
HMHHM
HMMHH
MMLLM LLLLM HHMHH
MMLMM MLMMH MLMMM MMMMM MMMMM
MLMMH
HMHHH
LLLLM
LLLMM
HMMHH
LLLLL
~-- -- --- --
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Name
Genus and Species
Agropyron albicans
Agropyron cristatum
AgroPyron dasystachyum Agropyron desertorum
Agropyron elongatum
AgroPyron intermedium AgroPyron repens
Agropyron riparium
Agropyron scribneri
Agropyron smithii
AgroPyron spicatum inerme AgroPyron spicatum spicatum Agropyron trachycaulum Agropyron trichophorum Agrostis alba
Agrostis exarata
Agrostis idahoensis
Agrostis scabra
Agrostis stolonifera
Agrostis variabilis
Alopecurus pratensis Andropogon barbinodis Andropogon hallii
Aristida fendleriana
Aristida longiseta
longiseta Aristida longiseta robusta Aristida oligantha
Aristida purpurea Arrhenatherum elatius
Avena fatua
Avena sativa
Beckmannia syzigachne Bouteloua aristidoides Bouteloua barbata
Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua eriopoda
Bouteloua gracilis
Bouteloua hirsuta
Bouteloua simplex
Bromus anomalus
Bromus brizaeformis
Bromus carinatus
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus commutatus
Bromus inermis
Bromus japonicus
Common Name
Montana wheatgrass Fairway wheatgrass
Thickspike wheatgrass Crested wheatgrass
Tall wheatgrass Intermediate wheatgrass Quackgrass
Streambank wheatgrass Scribner wheatgrass Western wheatgrass Beardless bluebunch
Hairy bluebunch
Slender wheatgrass Pubescent wheatgrass Redtop bentgrass
Spike bentgrass
Idaho redtop
Rough bentgrass
Carpet bentgrass
Meadow foxtail
Cane beardgrass
Sand bluestem
Fendler three-awn
Red three-awn
Red three-awn
Prairie three-awn
Purple three-awn
Tall oatgrass
Wildoat
Common oat
American sloughgrass Needle grama
Sixweeks grama Sideoats grama
Black grama
Blue grama
Hairygrama
Mat grama
Rattlesnake grass
Mountain brome
Fringed brome
Hairy brome
Smooth brome
Japanese chess
YSSFW*
HHHMM**
MHMMM MHMMM MHMMM
MHLLM
HHHMM HHHMM
MMMLL MMMLL MHMMM HHHMM
HHMMM HHHMH HHHMM MHMML MHMML
LMLLL
MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMMM LLLLL MLMML LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL LLLLLLLLL
H
LML—L
LML-L LLLLL LLLLL
LLL-LMLLL
MMMLL MMMLL LMLLL
LLLLL MHMMM MIIM-
HHHMM MHMMM
MMM-HHHMM MML-
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=Winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/86
1
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Bromus marginatus
Bromus mollis
Bromus polyanthus
Bromus pumpellianus
Bromus rigidus
Bromus rubens
Bromus tectorum
Buchloe dactyloides Calamagrostis canadensis Calamagrostis inexpansa calamagrostis montanensis Calamagrostis purpurascens Calamagrostis rubescens Calamovilfa longifolia
Carex aquatilis
Carex aurea
Carex douglasii
Carex ebenea
Carex egglestonii
Carex eleocharis
Carex elynoides
Carex epapillosa
Carex festivella
Carex filifolia
Carex geyeri
Carex heliophila
Carex heteroneura
Carex lanuginosa
Carex microptera
Carex nebraskensis
Carex nigricans
Carex obtusata
Carex praegracilis
Carex raynoldsii
Carex rossii
Carex rostrata
Carex rupestris
Carex tolmiei
Catabrosa aquatica
Cenchrus longispinus
Dactylis glomerata
Danthonia californica Danthonia intermedia Danthonia parryi
Danthonia unispicata Deschampsia caespitosa Distichlis stricta Echinochloa crus-galli Eleocharis acicularis Eleocharis palustris
Elymus ambiguus
Elymus canadensis
Common Name
Big mountain brome Soft chess
Foothill brome Pumpelly brome
Ripgut brome
Foxtail brome Cheatgrass
Buffalo grass Bluejoint reedgrass Northern reedgrass Plains reedgrass Purple pinegrass Pinegrass
Prairie sandreed Water sedge
Golden sedge
Douglas sedge
Ebony sedge
Eggleston sedge Needleleaf sedge Blackroon sedge
Smoothfruit sedge Ovalhead sedge Treadhead sedge
Elk sedge
Sun sedge
Wooly sedge
Smallwing sedge
Nebraska sedge
Black alpine sedge
Obtuse sedge
Silver sedge
Raynolds sedge
Ross sedge
Beaked sedge
Rock sedge
Tolmie sedge
Brookgrass
Sandbur
Orchardgrass
California danthonia
Timber danthonia
Parry danthonia
Onespike danthonia
Tufted hairgrass
Inland salt grass
Barnyard grass
Needle spikerush
Spikerush
Salina wildrye
Canada wildrye
2
YSSFW
HHHMM MHM-HHHMM LMLLL MML-LLL-MHLLH HHHMM
MMHHM
M
MHMML MMMML MLMML
MMLLM MHHMM MHHMM MMMLL MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM
MHHMM MMMLM HHHMM
MHHMM MHHMM
MHHMM
MHMMM
MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM MHHMM MMMLL MMMLL MHHMM MHHMM MMMMM
LLLLL
HHHHM HHHMM HHHHL HHHML MMMML
MHHMM
LLLLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL LLLLL MMMLL
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Elymus caput-medusa Elymus cinerus
Elymus condensatus
Elymus glaucus Elymus junceus Elymus simplex
Elymus triticoides Eragrostis cilianensis Eragrostis trichodes Festuca arizonica Festuca arundinacea Festuca idahoensis Festuca ovina
Festuca rubra
Festuca scabrella
Festuca thurberi Festuca viridula Glyceria grandis Glyceria striata
Heteropogon contortus Hilaria belangeri
Hilaria jamesii
Hilaria rigida
Hordeum brachyantherum Hordeum jubatum
Juncus balticus
Juncus longistylis
Juncus parryi
Kobresia myosuroides
Kobresia sibirica Koeleria cristata Leersia oryzoides
Lolium perenne
Melica bulbosa
Melica spectabilis Muhlenbergia asperifolia Muhlenbergia cuspidata Muhlenbergia montana Muhlenbergia porteri Muhlembergia racemosa Muhlenbergia richardsonis Muhlenbergia torreyi
Munroa squarrosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides Oryzopsis micrantha
Panicum capillare
Panicum virgatum
Phalaris arundinacea
Phleum alpinum
Phleum pratense
Phragmites australis
Poa alpina
Common Name
Medusahead rye
Great Basin wildrye Giant wild rye
Blue wildrye
Russian wildrye
Creeping wildrye Stinkgrass
Sand lovegrass
Arizona fescue
Reed fescue
Idaho fescue
Sheep fescue
Red fescue
Rough fescue
Thurber fescue Greenleaf fescue American mannagrass Fowl mannagrass Tanglehead
Curly mesquite
Galleta
Big galleta
Meadow barley
Foxtail barley
Baltic rush
Longstyle rush
Parry rush
Kobresia
Kobresia
Prairie junegrass
Rice cutgrass
Perennial ryegrass Oniongrass
Showy oniongrass
Alkali muhly
Sandhills muhly Mountain muhly
Bush muhly
Green muhly
Mat muhly
Ring muhly
False buffalograss
Indian ricegrass Littleseed ricegrass Common witchgrass Switchgrass
Reed canarygrass
Alpine timothy
Timothy
Common reed
Alpine bluegrass
3
YSSFW
LLL-HHHMM
MMMLM HHMMH HHMMH
MMMLM MMMLM LLLLL LLMLL
MMMLL
MHMMM HHHMH HHHMM HHHMM HHHMM HHHMM HHHMM HHHHM HHHHM
LLLLL MMMMM MMHMM LMLLL
MMMLL
MHLML LMLLL
LMLLL LMLLL LMMLL
MMMML MHHMM
MMLLL
HHHMM
MHHMM HHHMM
M
MMMLM HHHMM
MLMML
MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL
LMLLL
MHMMH MHMMH LMLLL
LMLLL
MMMLL MMMHM MMMHM
LLLLL HHHHL
GRASSES - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Poa ampla Poa arida
Poa bulbosa
Poacanbyi
Poa compressa
Poa cusickii
Poa fendleriana
Poa juncifolia
Poa nemoralis
Poa nervosa
Poa nevadensis
Poa palustris
Poa pratensis
Poa reflexa
Poa secunda (sandbergii) Redfieldia flexuosa SChizachyrium scoparium Scirpus acutus
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus maritimus
Scirpus olneyi
Scirpus validus
Secale cereale
Setaria glauca
Setaria italica
Setaria viridis
Sitanion hystrix Sorghastrum nutans Sparganium eurycarpum Spartina gracilis
Spartina pectinata Sporobolus airoides Sporobolus contractus Sporobolus cryptandrus Sporobolus heterolepis Stipa columbiana
Stipa comata
Stipa lettermanii
Stipa occidentalis
Stipa pinetorum
Stipa richardsonii
Stipa scribneri
Stipa thurberiana
Stipa viridula
Trisetum spicatum
Vulpia octoflora
Common Name
Big bluegrass Plains bluegrass Bulbosa bluegrass Canby bluegrass
Canada bluegrass Cusick bluegrass Mutton bluegrass Alkali bluegrass Wood bluegrass
Wheeler bluegrass
Nevada bluegrass
Fowl bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass
Nodding bluegrass
Sandburg bluegrass Blowoutgrass
Little bluestem
Tule bulrush
American bulrush
Bulrush
Olney bulrush
Softstem bulrush
Winter rye
Yellow bristlegrass Bristlegrass
Green bristlegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Yellow Indiangrass
Giant burreed
Alkali cordgrass
Prairie cordgrass
Alkali sacaton
Spike dropseed
Sand dropseed
Dropseed
Subalpine needlegrass Needle and thread
Letterman needlegrass Western needlegrass Pinewoods needlegrass Richardson needlegrass
Scribner needlegrass Thurber needlegrass
Green needlegrass
Spike trisetum
Sixweeks fescue
4
YSSFW
HHHHL MMMLL MHMLM
HHHMM HHHHM HHHMM HHHMM HHHMM H
HHHMM HHHMM HHHMM HHHMH HHHMM
MHLMM LLLLL HHHML
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL MMMLL LMLLL LMLLL
LMLLL HHHMH LMLLL
LLLLL LLLLL LMLLL
MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMML
HHHHM
MHLLM
MMMLL HHHML
H
MHMML MHMML MMMLM HHHMH
HHHHM
LML-
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Abronia fragrans
Achillea millefolium lanulosa Aconitum columbianum - P Actaea rubra
Agastache urticifolia
Agoseris glauca
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Allium acuminatum
Allium brevistylum
Allium ceruum
Allium nevadense
Allium textile
Amaranthus blitoides
Amaranthus retroflexus Anaphalis margaritacea
Anemone patens mulifida Antennaria alpina
Antennaria dimorpha
Antennaria parvifolia Antennaria rosea
Apocynum cannabinum - P
Aquilegia species Arabis drummondii Arenaria congesta Arenaria fendleri
Arenaria hookeri
Arenaria obtusiloba
Artemisia ludoviciana
Asclepias labriformis -P Asclepias speciosa - P
Asclepias subverticillata
Aster chilensis adscendens
Aster engelmannii
Aster ericoides pansus
Aster foliaceus canbyi
Astragalus adsurgens robustior Astragalus beckwithii
Astragalus bisulatus - P Astragalus cibarius
Astragalus cicer
Astragalus convallarius-p Astragalus crassicarpus
Common Name
Snowball sandverbena Western yarrow
Columbia monkshood
Red baneberry
Nettleleaf horsemint
Pale agroseris Waterplantain
Tapertip onion
Shortstyle onion
Nodding onion
Nevada onion
Textile onion
Amaranth or pigweed Redroot amaranth
Common pear-everlasting Spreading pasque-flower Alpine pussy toes
Low pussy toes
Littleleaf pussy toes
Rose pussy toes
Hemp dogbane
Columbine
Drummond rockcress Ballhead sandwort
Fendler sandwort
Hooker sandwort
Twinflower sandwort
White sage
Milkweed
Showy milkweed
Horsetail milkweed - P Pacific aster
Engelmann aster
Heath aster
Alpine leafybract aster Milkvetch
Beckwith milkvetch Twogrooved locoweed
Silkly milkvetch
Chickpea milkvetch
Timber poisonvetch Groundplum milkvetch
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=Winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/86
1
YSSFW*
LLLLL**
MMMLL LLLLL LMLLL
LLLML
HHHM-
-
MHL-MHL-MHL-MHL-MHL-LMLLMMMM-
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL MMMLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LMMLL
MMMLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL MMMLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL MMMML HHHML MMMLL MLMML MMLLLMLLLLLL-MMML-
MMMMMMMLLLL--
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Astragalus drummondii Astragalus flexuosus Astragalus miser - P Astragalus missouriensis Astragalus mollissimus-P Astragalus pectinatus - P Astragalus purshii Astragalus spatulatus Balsamorhiza hookeri Balsamorhiza incana Balsamorhiza macrophylla Balsamorhiza sagittata Bassia hyssopifolia
Brassica nigra
Calochortus nuttallii
Caltha leptosepala
Camassia quamash
Campanula rotundifolia Capsella bursa-pastoris Cardaria draba
Carduus nutans
Castilleja angustifolia
Castilleja chromosa
Castilleja flava
Castilleja integra
Castilleja linariaefolia Castilleja miniata Castilleja occidentalis Castilleja sulphurea Centaurea maculosa Centaurea repens
Cerastium arvense Ceratophyllum demersum Chaenactis douglasii Chenopodium album Chenopodium leptophyllum Chenopodium rubrum Chorispora tenella
Cicuta douglasii - P Cirsium arvense
Cirsium coloraense
Cirsium foliosum
Cirsium undulatum
Cirsium vulgare
Clematis columbiana Clematis hirsutissima Clematis ligusticifolia Cleome lutea
Cleome serrulata
Comandra umbellata
Common Name YSSFW
Drummond milkvetch LLL--
Flexile milkvetch LLL--
Weedy milkvetch LLL--
Missouri milkvetch LLL--
Wooly milkvetch LLL--
Narrowleaf poisonvetch LLL--
Pursh locoweed LLLL-
Tufted milkvetch LLLL-
Hooker balsamroot MLLMH
Hoary balsamroot MLLMH
Cutleaf balsamroot MLLMH
Arrowleaf balsamroot HHHHM
Fivehook bassia MMMLL
Black mustard MMMLL
Segolily, mariposa lily MHMMElkslip marshmarigold MMHML
Common camass MMLL-
Bluebell LMMLL
Shephards-purse LMLLL
Pepperweed whitetop LMLLL
Musk bristlethistle LLLLL
Northwestern LMLLL
painted-cup
Desert Indian
paintbrush
Yellow Indian
paintbrush Wholeleaf painted-cup
Wyoming painted-cup Scarlet painted-cup Western painted-cup Sulphur painted-cup Centaurea
Russian centaurea
Starry cerastium Hornwort
Douglas chaenactis Lambsquarter goosefoot Slimleaf goosefoot Goosefoot
Blue mustard
Douglas waterhemlock Canada thistle
Thistle
Elk thistle
Wavyleaf thistle
Bull thistle Virginsbower
Scott clematis
Western virginsbower Yellow spiderflower
Bee spiderflower Toadflax
2
LMLLL
LMLLL
LMLLL
MMMML MMMML MMMML MMMML LLLLL LLLLL LMMLL
LLLLL MMM-MMM-MMM-MMML
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LMLLL LMLLL
LMLLL
LML-LML-LMMLL
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Conium maculatum - P Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Corydalis aurea
Corydalis caeseana Coryphantha missouriensis Coryphantha vivipara
Crepis acuminata
Crepis intermedia
Crepis modocensis
Crepis occidentalis
Crepis runcinata
Croton texensis
Cryptantha celosiodes
Cryptantha humilis Cryptantha sericea CYmopterus acaulis
CYmopterus purpurascens Cynoglossum officinale
Dalea enneandra
Dalea purpurea
Dalea villosa
Delphinium barbeyi - P Delphinium bicolor - P Delphinium geyeri - P Delphinium nuttallianum-p Delphinium occidentale-P Descurainia pinnata
Dipsacus sylvestris
Dodecatheon pulchellum
Dyssodia papposa
Epilobium angustifolium Equisetum arvense
Equisetum hyemale
Equisetum laevigatum
Erigeron argentatus
Erigeron engelmannii
Erigeron pumilus
Erigeron simplex
Erigeron speciosus macranthus Eriogonum alatum
Eriogonum cernuum
Eriogonum effusum
Eriogonum flavum
Eriogonum inflatum
Eriogonum racemosum
Eritrichium aretioides
Erodium cicutarium
Erysimum asperum
Erythronium grandiforum
Euphorbia esula
Fragaria vesca bracteata
Common Name
Poison-hemlock European glorybind Canada horseweed Budbeak
Fitweed
Nipple coryphantha Cushion coryphantha Tapertip hawksbeard Gray hawksbeard
Modoc hawksbeard Western hawksbeard Dandelion hawksbeard Texas croton
Cryptantha Cryptantha Cryptantha
Stemless spring parsley Parsley
Common hounds tongue Dalea, prairie clover Dalea
Dalea
Barbey larkspur
Little larkspur
Geyer larkspur
Nuttall larkspur
Duncecap larkspur
Pinnate tansymustard Venus-cup teasel Darkthroat shootingstar Dogweed
Fireweed
Field horsetail
Western scouring-rush
Smooth horsetail
Fleabane
Engelmann fleabane
Low fleabane
Oneflower fleabane
Oregon fleabane
Wing eriogonum
Nodding eriogonum
Rush eriogonum
Eriogonum
Desert trumpet
eriogonum
Redroot eriogonum
Forget-me-not
Fileree, Redstem
Plains erysimum Lambstongue fawnlily
Leafy spurge
European strawberry
3
YSSFW LLLLL
HHHMM
LMLLL LMLLLMLL
LLLLL LLLLL
HHHMM
HHHMM HHHMM
MHMLL MHMLL LLLLL
MMM-MMM-MMM-LML-LML-
LLLLL
-
-
-
MMMLL MMMLL
LLLLL LLLLL MMMLL LML-
LLLLL
MMMMLLL-HHHML
LMMLL LLLLL LLLLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL
LMLLL
LMLLL LMLLL
MMHML LML—
MMMLL
HHH-MMMMMHM-LMLLL MMMMM
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and SDecies
Fragaria virginiana
Frasera montana
Frasera speciosa Fritillaria atropurpurea Fritillaria pudica Gaillardia aristata
Galium boreale Gaura coccinea
Gentiana affinis
Geranium fremontii
Geranium viscossimum
Geum rossiiterbinatum
Geum triflorum
Gilia aggregata
Gilia congesta
Gilia pumila
Gilia spicata
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Grindelia squarrosa Halogeton glomeratus - P Hedysarum boreale
Helenium autumnale Helianthella quinquenervis Helianthella uniflora Helianthus annuus
Helianthus maximilianii Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus rigidus
Heracleum spondylium Heterotheca villosa
Hieracium cynoglossoides Hieracium scouleri Hydrophyllum capitatum Hymenopappus filifolius Hymenoxys acaulis
Hymenoxys grandiflora Hypericum perforatum P
Iris missouriensis
Isatis tinctoria
Iva axillaris
Iva xanthifolia
Kuhnia eupatoriodes
Lactuca serriola
Lactuca tatarica puchella Lappula echinata
Lappula redowskii
Lathyrus leucanthus
Lathyrus ochroleucus
Lemna minor
Lemna trisulca
Lepidium densiflorum
Common Name
Virginia strawberry
Small frasera
Showy frasera
Purplespot fritillary Yellow fritillary
Common perennial
gaillardia Northern bedstraw
Scarlet gaura
Rocky Mountain pleated
gentiana Fremont geranium
Geranium
Avens
Avens
American licorice
Curley gumweed
Halogeton
Northern sweetvetch
Common sneezeweed
Fivenerve helianthella
Oneflower helianthella
Common sunflower
Maximilian sunflower
Prairie sunflower
Sunflower
Cowparsnip
Hairy goldaster
Houndstongue hawksweed
Woolyweed
Ballhead waterleaf
Hymenopappus
Stemless hymenoxys
Graylocks hymenoxys
Klamath weed
Rocky Mountina iris
Dyers woad
Poverty sumpweed
Rag sumpweed
False boneset
Prickly lettuce
Chicory lettuce
European stickseed
Annual stickseed
Aspen peavine
Peavine
Common duckweed
Star duckweed
Prairie pepperweed
4
YSSFW MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM
MMM-
MMM—LMMLL
MMMLL
LMLLL
MML--
MMMML
MMMML
MMLLL
MMLLL
MMMLL
LMMLL
LMMLL
LMMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLL—
HHHHH
LLLLL
MMMLL
MMMLL
MMMML
MMMML
MMMML
MMMML
HHHHM
MMMLL
MHHML
MHHML
HHH—
LMLLL
LMMLL
LMMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LMML-
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
HHHML
MHHML
LLLL-
LLLL-
HMHHM
HMHHM
LLLLL
LMLL-
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and SPecies Lepidium perfoliatum Leucelene ericoides Leucocrinum montanum Lewisia redivia
Liatris punctata Ligusticum porteri Linaria dalmatica Linaria vulgaris
Linum lewisii Linum rigidum
Lithospermum ruderale
Lomatium dissectum
Lomatium foeniculaceum
Lomatium grayi
Lomatium triternatum
Lotus corniculatus
Lupinus alpestris
Lupinus argenteus - P
Lupinus caudatus - P
Lupinus leucophyllus - P Lupinus pusillus
Lupinus sericeus - P
Lygodesmia juncea Machaeranthera bigelovii Machaeranthera canescens Machaeranthera glabriuscula Machaeranthera grindeloides Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Madia glomerata
Malcolmia africana
Medicago lupulina
Medicago sativa
Melilotus alba
Melilotus officinalis
Mentzelia albicaulis
Mentzelia decapetala
Mertensia ciliata
Mertensia lanceolata
Mertensia oblongifolia
Monarda fistulosa
Musineon divaricatum
Myosotis alpestris
Myriophyllum spicatum
Oenothera caespitosa
Oenothera coronopifolia Onobrychis viciaefolia Osmorhiza occidentalis
Oxyria digyna
Oxytenia acerosa
Oxytropis lambertii - P Oxytropis sericea - P
Pedicularis bracteosa
Common Name
Clasping pepperweed Heath aster
Common starlily Bitterroot lewisia Dotted gayfeather
Porter ligusticum Dalmatian toadflax Butter-and-eggs
toadflax
Lewis flax
Stiffstem flax
Wayside gromwell
Carrot leaf leptotaenia Lomatium
Gray lomatium
Narrowleaf lomatium Birdsfoot deervetch Mountain lupine
Silvery lupine
Tailcup lupine
Velvet lupine
Rusty lupine
Silky lupine
Rush skeletonplant
Bigelow aster
Hoary aster
Alkali aster
Aster
Tansyleaf aster Cluster tarweed
African mustard Black medick
Alflafa
White sweetclover
Yellow sweetclover Whitestem mentzelia Tenpedal mentzelia Mountain bluebells Lanceleaf bluebells Oblongleaf bluebells Wildbergamot beebalm
Leafy musineon
Alpine forget-me-not Parrotfeather
Tufted evening primrose
Evening primrose
Common sainfoin
Sweetanise
Alpine mountain sorrel Prickly oxytenia
Lambert crazyweed
Silky crazyweed
Bracted pedicularis
5
YSSFW LMLL-
L
LLLLL LLLLL MMMMM HHHHL
LLLLL LLLLL
MHMML MMM--
MMMLL
MML-MML-MML-MML—HHHMH
MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
MMMMM
HHHHH HHHHL HHHML MMM-MMM-HHHHL
MMMML HHHHM
M
LML-MMMLL LLLLL LLL--
LLL-HHHMM HHHML
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species Pedicularis groenlandica Penstemon albidus Penstemon caespitosus Penstemon cyananthus Penstemon eatonii Penstemon eriantherus Penstemon fremontii Penstemon laricifolius Penstemon nitidus Penstemon palmeri Penstemon strictus
Penstemon whippleanus
Petrophytum caespitosum
Phacelia hastate
Phacelia sericea
Pholox condensate
Phlox hoodii
Phlox longifolia
Plhox multiflora
Phlox muscoides
Plantago patagonica polemonium foliossimum Polygonum aviculare Polygonum bistortoides Polygonum coccineum Polygonum douglasii Polygonum lapathifolium Polygonum persicaria Polygonum ramosissimum potamogeton crispus Potamogeton filiformis Potamogeton foliosus Potemogeton nodosus Potemogeton pectinatus Potemogeton pusillus Potemogeton richardsonii Potentilla anserina Potentilla fruticosa
Potentilla glandulosa
intermedi
Potentilla gracilis Psoralea tenuiflora Ranunculus aquatilis
Ranunculus cymbalaria
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Ranunculus glaberrimus Ratibida columnifera
Rudbeckia laciniata Rudbeckia occidentalis
Common Name
Elephanthead lousewort Penstemon
Mat penstemon
Wasatch penstemon
Eaton penstemon Fuzzytongue penstemon Fremont penstemon Penstemon
Waxleaf penstemon
Palmer penstemon Rocky Mountain
penstemon Whipple penstemon
Tufted rockmat
Alpine phacelia
Silky phacelia
Phlox
Hoods phlox
Longleaf phlox
Flowery phlox
Phlox
Wooly Indianwheat
Leafy poleminium Prostrate knotweed American bistort
Bigroot ladysthumb Douglas knotweed
Curlytop ladysthumb Spotted ladysthumb
Bush knotweed
Curly pondweed
Pondweed
Leafy pondweed
Longleaf pondweed Fennell-leaf pondweed Baby pondweed
Richardson pondweed
Silverleaf cinquefoil Cinquefoil
Cinquefoil
Northwest cinquefoil
Slimflower scurf-peer
Hairleaf water
Buttercup
Rocky Mountain
Buttercup
Eschscholta buttercup
Sagebrush buttercup
Upright prairie
Coneflower
Cutleaf coneflower
Western coneflower
6
YSSFW
LLLLLLMMLL LMMLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL
LMLLL
MMMLL
MMMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LMLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
MMMM-
MMMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLLLLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
MLMML
MLMMM
MLMML
MLMML
LLLLL
LLL—-
MMM—-
MMM--
MMM—-
LMMLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
.FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Rumex acetosella
Rumex crispus
Rumex venosus
Ruppia maritima Sagittaria cuneata Salicornia rubra Salicornia utahensis
Salsola pestifer (kali)
Sedum lanceolatum
Selaginella densa densa
Senecio amplectens
Senecio canus
Senecio crassulus
Senecio integerrimus - P Senecio multilobatus
Senecio plattensis
Senecio riddellii
Senecio serra
Senecio triangularis
Sibbaldia procumbens
Silene acaulis
Sisymbrium altissimum Sisyrinchium angustifolium Smilacina racemosa
Smilacina stellata
Solanum rostratum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago gigantea
Solidago missouriensis
Solidago moll is
Solidago occidentalis
Solidago rigida
Sonchus arvensis
Sphaeralcea ambigua
Sphaeralcea coccinea
Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia
Sphaeralcea munroana
Stanleya pinnata
Stellaria jamesiana
Stellaria media
Suaeda calceoliformis
Suaeda intermedia
Taraxacum officinale
Thalictrum fendleri
Thalictrum occidentale
Thalictrum venulosum
Termopsis Montana
Thlaspi arvense
Thlaspi montanum
Tradescantia occidentalis
Tragopogon dubius major
Common Name
Sheep sorrel
Curly dock
Veiny dock
Widgeongrass
Duckpotato arrowhead Glasswort
Utah glasswort,
samphire Russian thistle Lancedleaved sedum Spikemoss selaginella Showy alpine groundsel Wooly groundsel
Thickleaf groundsel Lambstongue groundsel Lobeleaf groundsel
Groundsel Groundsel Groundsel
Arrowleaf groundsel
Moss silene
Tumblemustard
Blue-eyed-grass
Fat Solomon-plume
Starry Solomon-plume
Buffalobur nightshade
Canada goldenrod
Giant goldenrod
Missouri goldenrod
Velvety goldenrod
Western goldenrod
Stiff goldenrod
Dield sowthistle
Desert globemallow
Scarlet globemallow
Gooseberryleaf
Globemallow
Munro globemallow
Desert princesplume
Tuber starwort
Chickweed
Seepweed
Seepweed
Common dandelion
Fendler meadowrue
Western meadowrue
Veiny meadowrue
Mountain thermopsis
Field pennycress
Blue pennycress
Prairie spiderwort
Yellow salsify
7
YSSFW MMMML MMMLL LMMLL LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
MMLLM
LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL
MML-HHM-HHM-MML-MMM-MMM-MHMLL HHM-
MMMLL MMMLL MM--
MMMLL MMMLL MMMLL LLLLL LLLLL
LMLLL
LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLLL LMLL-
MMMML MMMML MMMML
MMMML
LLLLL
MMMML
-
LLLLL
LLLLL
HHHHH
HHHLL
HHHLL
MMMLL
LLLLL
LLL—
LLL—
-
MHMMM
FORBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Common Name
Vegetable-oyster
salsify Meadow salsify Puncture vine
Whiproot clover Strawberry clover Hollyleaf clover Alsike clover Longstalk clover
Dwarf clover
Parry clover
Red clover
White clover
Seaside arrowgrass Marsh arrowgrass Cattail
Common cattail
Big stinging nettle Lessor bladderwort Common bladderwort Edible valerian California false
hellebore Flannel mullein American vetch
Hairy vetch
Hook violet
Nuttall violet Watermeal
Mulesear wyethia Whitehead wyethia Badlands wyethia Cocklebur
Beargrass
Common poolmat Mountain deathcamas Foothill deathcamas Meadow deathcamas
Genus and Species
Tragopogon porrifolius
Tragopogon pratensis
Tribulus terrestris
Trifolium dasphyllum
Trifolium fragiferum
Trifolium gymnocarpon
Trifolium hybridum
Trifolium longipes
Trifolium nanum
Trifolium parryi
Trifolium pretense
Trifolium repens
Triglochin maritimum – P
Triglochin palustre
Typha angustifolia
Typha latifolia
Urtica dioica
Utricularia minor
Utricularia vulgaris
Valeriana edulis
Veratrum californicum
Verbascum thapsus
Vicia americana
Vicia villosa
Viola adunca
Viola nuttallii
Wolffia punctata
Wyethia amplexicaulis Wyethia helianthoides Wyethia scabra
Xanthium strumarium Xerophyllum tenax
Zannichellia palustris Zigadenus elegans - P Zigadenus paniculatus-P Zigadenus venenosus - P
8
YSSFW MHMMM
MHMMM LLL-HHHHH LLLLL HHHHH HHHHH MMMMM HHHHH MMMMM MMMMM HHHHH
L
L
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
L
L
HHHHL MMMML
LLLLL
HHHHHHHHMMM-HHH-L
MHMLL MMMLL MMMLL LLLLL LLMLL
-
LMMLL LMMLL LMLLL
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Acer glabrum Rocky Mountain Maple
Acacia qreggii Catclaw acacia
Allenrolfea occidentalis Iodine bush
Alnus tenuifolia Thinleaf alder
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Bur-sage
Ambrosia psilostachya Bur-sage
coronopifolia
Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon serviceberry
Amelanchier utahensis Utah serviceberry
Amorpha canescens Leadplant amorpha
Amorpha fruticosa Indigobush amorpha
Arctostaphylos patula Greenleaf manzanita
platyphylla
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Artemisia arbuscula
Artemisia biglovii
Artemisia cana cana
Artemisia cana viscidula
Artemisia cana bolanderi
Artemisia dracunculus
Artemisia filifolia
Artemisia frigida
Artemisia nova
Artemisia pedatifida
Artemisia pygmaea
Artemisia scorpulorum
Artemisia spinescens
Artemisia tridentata
tridentata
Artemisia tridentata
vaseyana
Artemisia tridentata Wyoming big sagebrush
wyomingensis
Artemisia tripartita Wyoming threetip sagebrush
rupicola
Artemisia tripartita
tripartita
argentea
bonnevillensis
canescens
confertifolia
corrugata
cuneata
falcata
gardneri
garrettii
nuttallii
Genus and species
Artiplex Artiplex Artiplex Artiplex Artiplex Atriplex Artiplex Artiplex Artiplex Artiplex
Common Name
Bearberry
Low sagebrush
Biglow sagebrush
Silver sagebrush Mountain silver sagebrush Bolander silver sagebrush
Sand sagebrush Fringed sagebrush Black sagebrush Birdfoot sagebrush Pygmy sagebrush
Bud sagebrush
Basin big sagebrush
Mountain big sagebrush
Tall threetip sagebrush
Saltbush Saltbush
Fourwing saltbush Shadscale
Mat saltbush
Castle valley clover
Gardner saltbush Garrett saltbush Saltbush
* Y=Year Round, S=Spring, S=Summer, F=Fall, W=Winter ** H=High, M=Medium, L=Low
YSSFW*
MMMMM** LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
HHMHH
HHMHH
M
M
LLLLM
LLLLM
MMLLM
LLLMM
M
M
-
M
LLLLM
HHMMH
LLLLL
L
LLLLL
LLMMM
HHMMH
LLLLL
MLLMM
MLLMM
LLLLM
LLLMM
LLLLM
LLLMM
LLLMM
MMMMH
LLLLM
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
LLLLL
Data from USFS, Range Analysis Handbook, Region 11/86
1
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Artiplex obovata Berberis fendleri Ceanothus fendleri Ceanothus martinii
Ceanothus anguineus Ceanothus velutinus Celtis occidentalis
Cercocarpus intricatus
Cercocarpus ledifolius Cercocarpus montanus
Chamaebratiaria
millefolium
depressus
greenei
nauseosus
albicaulis
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
consimilis
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
graveolens
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
hololeucus
Crrysothamnus nauseosus
nauseosus
Chrysothamnus nauseosus Rubber rabbitbrush
salicifolius
chrysothamnus parryi Parry rabbitbrush
parryi
Vasey rabbitbrush
Low rabbitbrush
elegans
Mountain low rabbitbrush
lanceolatus
Low rabbitbrush
pumilus
Narrowleaf low rabbitbrush LLLMM
stenophyllus
Stickyleaf low rabbitbrush LLLMM
viscidiflorus
Blackbrush
Douglas hawthorn
Nevada ephedra
Torrey ephedra
Green ephedra
Eriogonum
Genus and SDecies
Chrysothamnus Chrysothamnus Chrysothamnus
Chrysothamnus vaseyi
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus Coleogyne ramosissima Crataegus douglasii
Ephedra nevadensis
Ephedra torreyana
Ephedra viridis
Eriogonum microthecum
laxiflorum Eriogonum ovalifolium Eriogonum umbellatum
aureum Fallugia paradoxa
Grayia brandegei
Common Name
Saltbush Barberry
Fendler ceanothus
Martin ceanothus
Redstem ceanothus
Snowbush ceanothus
Common hackberry
Littleleaf mountain
mahogany Curlleaf mountain mahogany True mountain mahogany Desert sweet
Greens rabbitbrush
White rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Green rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Rubber rabbitbrush
Cushion eriogonum Sulfur eriogonum
Apache-plume Spineless hopsage
2
YSSFW
LLLLL
LLLMM
MMMMM
LLLLM LLLLM
LLLLM
LLLLL
MMMHH
HHHHH HMHHM
LLLLL
MLMMM MMMMM MMMMM
LLLLM
MMMMM
MMMMM
LLLLM
HMMHH
MMLMM
MMLMM LLLMM
MLLMM
MLMMM
LLLLL
M
LLLLM LLLLM MLLMM LLLLM
LLLLL LLLLM
LLLLM LLLMM
- - u - - - - -
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Grayia spinosa
Guttierrezia sarothrae Haplopappus acaulis Holodiscus discolor Holodiscus dumosus Juniperus communis Juniperus horizontalis Juniperus monosperma Juniperus osteosperma Juniperus scopulorum Kochia americana
Common Name
YSSFW
Spiny hopsage LLLMM
Broom snakeweed LMLML
Goldenweed MLLMM
Rockspirea (creambush) MLLMM
Bush ocean-spray MLLMM
Mountain commom juniper LLLLM
Creeping juniper LLLLM
One-seed juniper LLLLM
Utah juniper LLLLM
Rocky Mountain juniper LLLLM
Green molly summer cypress LLLMM
or red sage
MMMHM MMMHH LLLLL LLLLL MMLLM
MMLLM
LLLLL
MMMMM LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
LLLLL MLMLM MLMMM MLLMM
Kochia scoparia Summer cypress
Krascheninnikovia lanata Common winterfat
Larrea tridentata Spreading creosotebush
Leptodactylon pungens Prickly phlox
Lonicera involucrata Bearberry honeysuckle
Lonicera utahensis Utah honeysuckle
Mahonia fremontii Fremont barberry
Mahonia repens Creeping barberry
Mammilaria missouriensis Nipple cactus
Opuntia echinocarpa Strawtop pricklypear
Opuntia fragilis Brittle pricklypear
Opuntia polyacantha Plains pricklypear
Paxistima myrsinites Myrtle pachistima
Peraphyllum ramosissimum Squaw-apple
Philadelphus microphyllus Mockorange
occidentalis
Physocarpus malvaceus Mallow ninebark
Physocarpus monogynus Mountain ninebark
Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite (juliflora)
Prunus emarginata Bittercherry
Prunus virginiana - P Common chokecherry
Purshia glandulosa Desert bitterbrush
Purshia mexicana Stansbury cliffrose
Purshia tridentata Antelope bitterbrush
Quercus gambelii Gambel oak
Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak
Quercus turbinella Shrub live oak
Rhamnus cathartica Common buckthorn
Rhus glabra Rocky Mountain sumac
Rhus trilobata trilobata Skunk bush sumac
Ribes aureum Golden currant
Ribes cereum Wax currant
Ribes hudsonianum Currant
Ribes inerme Whitestem gooseberry
Ribes montigenum Gooseberry currant
Ribes setosum Missouri gooseberry
Ribes viscosissimum sticky currant
Robinia neomexicana New Mexico locust
Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust
Rosa arkansana Rose
3
LLLML LLLML
LLLLL MHMMM MHMMM
MLLMM HHMHH HMHHH HMMHH HMMHH
LLLLL
LLLLL MLMHL LLLMM
HMHMH MLMMH LLLLM MLMMH
MMMHH MMMHH MMMHH MMMHH MMMML MMMML
Mountain snowberry Gray horsebush Littleleaf horsebush Nuttal horsebush cottonhorn horsebush Dwarf blueberry
Big whortleberry Myrtle whortleberry Grouse whortleberry Canyon grape
Grape
Datil yucca
Joshua-tree yucca Yucca
MLMMM LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL HHLHM
MMMMM MHLMM MMMMM
LLLML
LLLML
LLLLL LLLLL LLLLL
SHRUBS - Plant Preference Listing for Elk Scientific Names
Genus and Species
Rosa woodsii
Rubus deliciosus
Rubus idaeus sachalinensis Rubus parviflorus
Salix amygdaloides
Salix arctica
Salix bebbiana
Salix boothii
Salix brachycarpa
Salix commutata
Salix drummondiana
Salix eastwoodiae
Salix exigua exigua
Salix exigua melanopsis
Salix geyeriana
Salix lasiandra
Salix lemmonii
Salix lutea
Salix planifolia
Salix nigra
Salix nivalis
Salix scouleriana
Sambucus cerulea
Sambucus racemosa
Sarcobatus vermiculatus Shepherdia argentea
Shepherdia canadensis Shepherdia rotundifolia Spiraea betulifolia Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos longiflorus Symphoricarpos
Occidentalis
Symphoricarpos oreophilus TetradYmia canescens TetradYmia glabrata TetradYmia nuttallii TetradYmia spinosa
Vaccinium caespitosum vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium scoparium
Vitis arizonica
Vitis riparia
Yucca baccata
Yucca brevifolia
Yucca glauca
Common Name
Woods rose
Raspberry
American red raspberry Thimbleberry Peachleaf willow Arctic willow
Smooth bebb willow Booth willow Short-fruit willow Undergreen willow Drummond willow Eastwood willow
Coyote sandbar willow Dusky willow
Geyer willow
Whiplash willow Lemmons willow
Yellow willow Planeleaf willow Black willow
Snow willow
Scouler willow Blueberry elderberry Elder
Black greasewood Silver buffaloberry Russet buffaloberry Roundleaf buffaloberry Spirea
Common snowberry Longflower snowberry Western snowberry
4
YSSFW
HMHHH LLLML
MLMML MLMML MLLMM
HMMHH HMMHH
MMMMM HMMHH HMMHH MMMMM MMMMM HMMHH
MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM HMMHH
MMMMM MLLMM HMMHH
HHHHH HHHHH
HMHHH LLLLM
MLLMM MLMMM MLMMM MLMML
MLMHH
MLMHH
MLMMM
................
................
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