ReviewSheets-Enviroment&Society



Environment & Society

APES Review Sheets

Based on Miller's 13th Edition of Living in the Environment and Ben Smith’s notes, Palo Verdes High School, amended by Pamela Shlachtman, Miami Palmetto High School

|Conservation |-"Controlled Use", "Scientific Management" of natural resources. "Greatest good for the greatest number of people. |

|Preservation |-Remaining wilderness areas on public lands should be left untouched |

|Restoration |-To bring back to former condition (Former Natural State/.Condition), active restoration seeks to reestablish a diverse, dynamic community at |

| |sited that have been degraded. |

|Remediation |-Most often used with cleanup of chemical contaminants in a polluted area. |

|Mitigation |-Repairing/Rehabilitating a damaged ecosystem or compensation for damage, Most often by providing a substitute or replacement area; frequently |

| |involves wetland ecosystems. |

|Reclamation |-Typically used to describe chemical or physical manipulations carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open-pit mines or large-scale |

| |construction |

Environmental Legislation/Agreements

|International Acts |Antarctic Treaty, p. 35 |

| |CITES Treaty, 1975, p. 582 |

| |Kyoto Conference, 1997, p. 469 - 471  |

| |Montreal Protocol, 1987,p. 477 - 478 |

| |Rio Earth Summit, 1992, p. 731, 732 |

| |UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972, p. 731 |

|U.S. Clean Water Act (p. 503,505) |-Goals: Safe surface waters (fishing, Swimming), to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and |

| |biological integrity of the nations water. |

|NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) |-Requires an environmental statement (E.I.S.) for any project which receives federal funding |

|Energy Policy Act |-Extends tax benefits to solar and wind energy industries. Provides a subsidy ($.015 per. Kwh) to utilities|

|(1992) |for electricity provided by using renewable resources.  |

| |-Requires 75% of federally purchased cars and light trucks run on fuels such as natural gas, propane, |

| |ethanol, or, methanol. -Prohibits oil and gas drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, among |

| |others. |

|Clean Air Acts |-Set standards for six ('The Six') criteria pollutants (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) |

|('62 '65 '65 '70 '77 '90) |Particulates (PM), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)*, Ozone (O3), and Lead|

|Pgs. 439 – 442 |(PB).  |

| |-Set Limits on SO2 Emitted by coal-fired (burning) power plants. Established SO2 pollution permits sold on |

| |the Chicago Board of Trade. |

| |-1997 Voluntary emissions program for NOx |

| |* NO2= Nitrogen dioxide, N2O= Nitrous Oxide |

| |NO= Nitrogen monoxide. |

|RCRA |-Requires E.P.A. to I.D. hazardous waste and set standards for there management |

|(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976, 1984) |-Provides Guidelines and money-aid for states with established waste management programs. |

| |-Also requires all firms that store, treat, or dispose of more than 100 kg.(220 lbs.) of hazardous waste |

| |per month to have a permit stating how much wastes are to be managed. |

| |-Cradle to the grave tracking system |

|CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, |I.D./ Cleanup abandoned hazardous waste dumpsites, and leaking underground tanks. |

|Compensation and Liability Act) 1980 |Protect / clean up groundwater sites |

|P.552 – 553 |"Polluter Pays Principle" – EPA ( find the responsible parties, order them to pay, sue them if they don’t |

| |Worst sites ( National Priotity List (NPL) |

| |Superfund |

|FIFRA (Federal, Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodent |- Requires all commercial pesticides to be approved by the EPA for general or restricted use. (P.518 - |

|Control Act, '72, '75, '78, '88) |519) |

|Federal ,Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act |-EPA sets tolerance levels, limits for pesticide residuals in food |

| |-1958 – Delaney Clause ( zero tolerance |

| |1996 Amendments( acceptable risk ( one in a million level |

| |( risks vs. benefits |

| |( extra protection for children |

|Lacey Act (1900) |-Prohibits transportation of live or dead animals or their parts across state boarders without a federal |

| |permit. P. 582 |

|National Federal Wildlife Refuge System (1903) p.586 |Established by Teddy Roosevelt |

| |First refuge – Pelican Island in FL |

| |¾ of the refuges are wetlands protecting migratory waterfowl |

| |20% of US threatened/ endangered species have habitats in this system |

|Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (1934) |-Required waterfowl hunters to buy a federal duck-hunting license. |

| |-Sale of these permits goes to waterfowl research and purchasing of land for waterfowl refuges. |

| |Q.-What type :Economic Solution/Approach" is this? |

| |p.590 |

|Endangered Species Act |Authorizes the (NMFS) National Marine Fisheries Service to I.D. and list endangered and threatened species.|

|(1973, '82, '85, '88) | |

| |- Authorizes the Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) to I.D. out list endangered/threatened species that are|

| |not under the authority of the NMFS. |

| |- These species cannot be hinted, killed, collected, or injured in the U.S. (Over 1,000 animals on the |

| |list, with approx. 700 animals outside of the U.S.) |

| |Designate and protect critical habitat |

| |Habitat Conservation Plans – landowners, developers, loggers are allowed to destroy some habitat and/or |

| |some endangered or threatened species in exchange for taking steps to that species |

| |Pages 583 - 586 |

|Taylor Grazing Act (1943) |-Permit required and fees for use of federal grazing lands.  |

| |-Limits on number of livestock that could be grazed. |

|Wilderness Act (1964) |-To preserve large expanses of pristine lands |

| |p. 627 – 628. |

|Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968) |-Preservation of and no development of certain rivers. |

|Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) |-Requires reclamation of lands mined |

| |Tax on mining companies to restore land damaged prior to the law being passed |

| |p. 343 |

Species Related Terms and Concepts

Know the  "Parts of", "Dynamics and Processes of ", "Significance/Meaning of", AND be able to explain/discuss each of the following:

|Types (Define these terms) |Examples (know why) |

|Endangered/Threatened |Giant Panda, Florida Manatee, Presido Manzanita, Black-footed ferret, Kangaroo Rat, Florida Panther, Sand Verbena, Bladder |

| |Pod, Torreya, Monk Seal, Northern Spotted Owl, Red Wolf, Wyoming Toad, Gopher Tortoise, Black Rhino, California Condor, |

| |Boulder Darter Scrub Mint, American Burying Beetle, Piping Plover, Florida Key Deer, Grizzly Bear, Chinook Salmon, Arizona |

| |Agave, Oahu Tree Snail, Greenback Cutthroat Trout, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Wood Stork, Ocelot, American Crocodile, Green |

| |Pitcher Plant, black rhinoceros |

|Characteristics of  |Low reproduction rate, Specialized feeding habits, Feed at high trophic levels, Large size, Limited or specialized nesting |

|Extinction-Prone Species |or breeding areas,  Found in only one place or region, Fixed migratory patterns,  Preys on livestock or people,  Behavior |

| |patterns |

|Keystone |Alligator, Wolf, Prairie Dog, Fig Trees, Plankton, Kelp/Sea Otters, Mycorrhizae Fungi. |

|Indicator |Most Songbirds (e.g. Warblers), Amphibians (Frogs, Salamanders), Lichens, Aquatic macro invertebrates (Aquatic macro |

| |invertebrates differ in their sensitivity to water pollution) |

|Introduced/Non-Native |Kudzu, Water Hyacinth, Purple Loosestrife, Rabbits in Australia, Argentine Fire Ants, European wild Boar. Dutch Elm Disease|

| |(Fungus), Zebra Mussel, Quagga Mussel, Melaleuca, Brazilian Pepper, Bufo marinas (cane toads). |

|Pests |Gypsy Moth, European Red Mite, Boll Weevil, tobacco Horn worm, Grasshopper (Locust), Pink Bullworm, Brown Plant hoppers, |

| |Aphids, Screwworm flies, cottony cushion scale, Anopheles mosquito, caterpillars |

|Biological Control of Pest Species |Wasps, Beetles (Lady Beetles, Lady Bugs), Vedalia Beetle Larva, Praying mantises, Bacillius thuringiensis. |

|Interactions |Interspecific Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Interference Competition, Exploitation |

| |Competition, Competitive Exclusion, Resource Partitioning, Realized Niche, Fundamental Niche, Predator-Prey Relationship |

| |(in food chain or web arrows go from the source to the eater) |

|r- or K-strategist |r |

| |many small offspring, little or no parental care or protection of offspring, early reproductive age, most offspring die, |

| |small adults, adapted to unstable climate, high population growth rate, population size fluctuates wildly above and below ,|

| |generalist niche, low ability to compete, early successional species |

| |K |

| |fewer, larger offspring, high parental care, later reproductive age, most offspring survive, larger adults, adapted to |

| |stable climate, lower population growth rate, population fairly stable, specialist niche, high ability to compete, late |

| |successional species |

| | |

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