Internationalizing U.S. Higher Education

CIGE Insights

Internationalizing U.S. Higher Education

Current Policies, Future Directions

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CIGE Insights

Internationalizing U.S. Higher Education: Current Policies, Future Directions

Robin Matross Helms Associate Director for Research Center for Internationalization and Global Engagement American Council on Education

CIGE Insights

This series of occasional papers explores key issues and themes surrounding the internationalization and global engagement of higher education. Papers include analysis, expert commentary, case examples, and recommendations for policy and practice.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of a number of colleagues to this report. Laura Rumbley, Patti McGill Peterson, Hans de Wit, and Brad Farnsworth provided invaluable editorial feedback and support throughout the project. Katie Weigel's role as fact-checker was instrumental in ensuring that the many citations included in the report provide accurate and easily accessible information; Lucia Brajkovic contributed on this front as well. As indicated in the text and footnotes, a number of agency and organization representatives were tapped for their policy knowledge and expertise, including Richard Boyum, Jarred Butto, Lara Campbell, Rachel Hanson, Miriam Kazanjian, Mark Overmann, Amanda Thorstad, and Gabriela Zelaya. Their input was critical in providing a well-rounded and detailed view of the U.S. higher education internationalization landscape.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Policy Actors and Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Current Policies and Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Type 1. Student Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Type 2. Scholar Mobility and Research Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Type 3. Cross-Border Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Type 4. Internationalization at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 International Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Toward a National Policy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A Focused Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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