Just for Adults Deductions
[Pages:40]Just for AdultsTM
Deductions
by Kathryn J. Tomlin
Skills
Ages
s deductive reasoning s reading and auditory comprehension s inclusion and exclusion s inferences s vocabulary s critical thinking
s 16 through adult
Grades
s high school and up
Evidence-Based Practice
According to the Clinical Guidelines of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (resources, 2005) and the National Stroke Association (2006), the following therapy principles are supported.
s Communication, both verbal and nonverbal, is a fundamental human need. Meeting this need by facilitating and enhancing communication in any form can be vital to a patient's well-being.
s Therapy should include tasks that focus on semantic processing, including semantic cueing of spoken output, semantic judgments, categorization, and word-to-picture matching.
s Therapy may target the comprehension and production of complex, as well as simple, sentence forms.
s Therapy should be conducted within natural communication environments.
s Rehabilitation is an important part of recovering from a stroke, and the goal is to regain as much independence as possible.
This book incorporates the above principles and is also based on expert professional practice.
LinguiSystems, Inc. 3100 4th Avenue East Moline, IL 61244 800-776-4332
FAX: 800-577-4555 E-mail: service@ Web:
Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
All of our products are copyrighted to protect the fine work of our authors. You may only copy the client materials as needed for your own use. Any other reproduction or distribution of the pages in this book is prohibited, including copying the entire book to use as another primary source or "master" copy.
Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-0-7606-0716-9
About the Author
Kathryn J. Tomlin, M.S., CCC-SLP, has been a speech-language clinician in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and in long-term care facilities for over 25 years. She has authored many materials with LinguiSystems over the last 20 years. Some of her works include:
Kathy and her therapy dog, Zanmi
WALC 1 (Workbook of Activities for Language and Cognition)? Aphasia Rehab
WALC 2?Cognitive Rehab WALC 8?Word Finding WALC 9?Verbal and Visual Reasoning WALC 10?Memory WALC 11?Language for Home Activities The Source for Apraxia Therapy
Zanmi, Kathy's Samoyed, goes to work with her to encourage the clients. Her clients enjoy feeding and spending time with Zanmi, and Zanmi enjoys their company. Everybody wins!
Dedication
This book is respectfully dedicated to Danielle Fedele. Thanks for all your help in using the exercises in this series of books. I couldn't have done it without you. May your journey in the world of speech-language pathology be fulfilling and fruitful.
Edited by Lauri Whiskeyman Page Design by Christine Buysse
Cover Design by Jeff Taylor Illustrations by Margaret Warner
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Word Deductions--Sentence Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Word Deductions--Three Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Syllogisms--If / Then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 What May Result--If / Then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 What May Result--What /If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Inferential Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Who Would Say...?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 What Might Cause Someone to Say...? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Which One Is It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figural Classes--Given Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Object Classes--Given Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figural Patterns--Inclusion /Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Determine the Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Critical Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
Introduction
Deductive reasoning and making inferences are an integral part of our daily communication. We use critical thinking in multiple ways every day. We reason whenever information is presented to us. The ability to use this kind of thinking is frequently impaired in someone who has language or thinking difficulties. Communication, decision making, and problem solving can become very confusing or overwhelming if these skills are impaired. Many factors can hinder the ability to use deductive reasoning, such as:
? Difficulty understanding language or concepts due to aphasia. ? Difficulty using convergent and divergent language skills. ? Difficulty mentally holding and manipulating information so one can come to a logical
conclusion. ? Impulsivity causing action before receiving and analyzing all pertinent information. ? Becoming overwhelmed with mentally-held information and new input.
The exercises in Just for Adults: Deductions were developed to address verbal/written deductive reasoning and inferencing followed by figural and object deduction. These skills are the foundation for many language and thought processes and for activities of daily functioning. The exercises in this book can be done in multiple ways.
? Have the clients read items silently and complete them independently. ? Have the clients read task items aloud and write the response. In general, performance
improves when a person has multi-modality input (i.e., hearing it while reading it). ? Read the items to the client and have the client give responses verbally.
Mental manipulation and deduction are more complex thinking skills so be sure to give your client ample time to reason and think before responding. It is important to remember that the clients who will use these exercises are very concrete thinkers and will tend to have divergent reasoning patterns that link information tangentially. The items have been written to assist in re-establishing convergent thinking, but at times your client may need cues to aid with convergence.
The exercises in this book teach processes needed for successful deductive reasoning, decision making, and determining actions. All tasks are worded in a manner and set up on the pages in specific ways to assist clients in developing the processes needed for these critical thinking skills. When doing the tasks, it is more important to monitor the client's manner of processing rather than if the specific target answer is correctly determined. If the client is considering all of the salient information, using convergent reasoning, and is exhibiting all of the necessary thinking components when doing an exercise, then the task is successful, whether or not the exact target answer is determined. When a certain process seems to be missing from a client's line of reasoning, that is what should be cued in order to assist the client in re-establishing these basic foundational skills.
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
Introduction, continued
On page 6, you will find a screening tool that is not to be used as a test but rather as a way to observe a client's use of strategies and reasoning patterns. Some questions to think about while observing how the client completes the screening include:
1. Does the client need to use verbal rehearsal to aid comprehension? 2. Is the client impulsive, and does his impulsivity lead to errors? 3. Does the client read too much into the task and become confused? 4. Is the client aware of his error responses? 5. Does the client ask for clarification when having difficulty or does he just keep
going, whether the item is understood or not? 6. Does the client miss salient information? 7. Is the client able to think convergently and divergently? 8. Does the client have trouble shifting from one task to the next?
Use the information gleaned during your observations to help the client re-establish effective strategies while doing the exercises in this book.
These guidelines will help you present the activities in this book.
? The goals of the exercises are to improve a client's ability to reason, make inferences, and then come to a conclusion. There are multiple answers for many of the exercise items. Be f lexible with presentation and accept answers that differ from your viewpoint if the client can give a logical explanation. The answers in the Answer Key are provided as a reference and are not intended to be all inclusive.
? The exercises are not for testing purposes. Try to make them as enjoyable as possible. Talking about the specific task items, particularly when correcting error responses, will help to improve the client's ability for achieving the goals. Do not get into debates if the client is unable to see another viewpoint for a response. Just move on to the next item.
I hope you and your clients find these exercises enjoyable and beneficial.
Kathy
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
Screening
1. What do the clues describe? American, paper, equals 100 cents = ____________________
2. If it rains, then it must be Saturday. It is Saturday. Did it rain? Yes No Don't know
3. She called and called, but her son didn't hear her. Give three reasons he might not be hearing her. __________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
4.
1
2
3
4
Use these clues to determine which one is Megan's dog.
Her dog is not solid black. He is not the white dog, either. Her dog lost his collar last week. Which dog is it? ____________
5.
^
1
2
3
4
5
Which figure (s) have 4 sides? ____________ Which figure (s) are divided in half ? ____________ Which figure (s) are empty? _____________
6. A book is a lurt. A magazine is a lurt. A radio is not a lurt. Barking is not a lurt.
Is a meow a lurt?
Yes
No
Is a pamphlet a lurt?
Yes
No
Is a bird singing a lurt?
Yes
No
Is a postcard a lurt?
Yes
No
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
Word Deductions-- Sentence Form
Write or say the name of the object described. The first one is done for you.
1. What white beverage do we get from cows? __m__i_l_k_________
2. What has a screen and channels and shows movies? _______________ 3. What has legs and a seat and is used for sitting? _______________ 4. What do we read that has news and comics in it? _______________ 5. What animal is ridden and eats hay and oats? _______________ 6. What vehicle has brakes and is driven? _______________ 7. What grows tall and has roots and leaves? _______________ 8. What produces a small f lame to light a fire? _______________ 9. What appliance has suction to clean carpeting? _______________ 10. What animal swims and has gills and fins? _______________ 11. What are worn on the hands to keep them warm? _______________ 12. What pet meows and has claws? _______________ 13. What has pages and a cover and is read? _______________ 14. What body part has fingers and a palm? _______________ 15. What have lenses and frames to help you see better? _______________ 16. What part of your face is used for smelling? _______________
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
Word Deductions-- Sentence Form
Write or say the name of the object described. The first one is done for you.
1. What white beverage do we get from cows? __m__i_l_k_________
2. What pointed writing implement has an eraser? _______________ 3. What has a knob and hinges and can be shut? _______________ 4. What stinging insect makes honey? _______________ 5. What is browned and topped with butter or jelly? _______________ 6. What is made from wax, has a wick, and is burned? _______________ 7. What sport uses a bat and a glove? _______________ 8. What is frozen and put in drinks? _______________ 9. What sharp object has two handles and blades? _______________ 10. What does a carpenter use to pound in nails? _______________ 11. What f lying animal has feathers and lays eggs? _______________ 12. What cold, white f lakes fall in winter? _______________ 13. What is sealed and addressed, then sent in the mail? _______________ 14. What does a pilot f ly that has wings? _______________ 15. What striped, large cat lives in the jungle? _______________ 16. What framed object is hung on a wall? _______________
Just for Adults: Deductions
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Copyright ? 2007 LinguiSystems, Inc.
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