Learn Languages - Grammar and Vocabulary



1- Plural Lesson

While in English, the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular. In Spanish, to form the plural of nouns and adjectives we add (-s) to words ending in a vowel and (-es) to words ending in a consonant. Here are some examples:

Un amigo (a friend) becomes: Unos amigos (some friends)

Una mujer (one woman) becomes: Unas mujeres (some women)

Esa es mi coche roja (this is my red car) becomes: Esas son mis coches rojas (these are my red cars)

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2- Adverbs Lesson

While in English adverbs are usually formed by adding (-ly) to adjectives. In Spanish many adverbs are formed from adjectives, simply by adding the suffix -mente to the singular feminine form of adjectives. Examples:

Lento (slow) becomes lentamente (slowly)

Perfecto (perfect) becomes perfectamente (perfectly)

However that’s not always the case. Some words are adverbs by nature. For example:

Ahora (now), verdad (really), and pronto (soon) are all Spanish adverbs.

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3- Adjectives Lesson

While in English an adjective doesn’t change when the noun changes, in Spanish an adjective should agree in gender and number with the noun. For example:

a) Masculine to feminine example:

Esto es mi hijo pequeño (this is my little son) becomes: Esa es mi hija pequeña (this is my little daughter)

As you can see from the example above, the adjective comes after the noun and also takes the feminine form.

b) Singular to plural example:

Este es mi gato blanco (this is my white cat) becomes: Esas son mis gatos blancos (these are my white cats).

As you can see from the example above, the adjective comes after the noun and also takes the plural form.

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4- Numbers Lesson

In Spanish numbers from 1 to 20 are unique and therefore need to be memorized individually. Numbers from 21 and upwards are formed by using the following pattern: for example 21 can be formed by using 20 + 1 while connecting them. 22 = veintidós. 45 can be formed by using 40 + e + 5 while connecting them: 45 = Quarenta e cinco.

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5- Articles Lesson

Definite Article:

Unlike English, which has only one definite article “the", Spanish has 4 definite articles:

El (masculine singular), el libro (the book)

La (masculine singular) la casa (the house)

Los (masculine plural) los libros (the books)

Las (feminine plural) las casas (the houses)

Indefinite Article:

While we have (a / an / some) in English as indefinite articles, we also have un/ una. unos/ unas in Spanish .

In general, whenever (a, an) are used in English you, you need to use (un) or (una) to say the equivalent in Spanish.

Un (masculine singular), un libro (a book)

Una (masculine singular) una casa (a house)

Unos (masculine plural) unos libros (some books)

Unas (feminine plural) unas casas (some houses)

Example: Los libros que tengo son en una casa de un amigo (The books I have are in a house of a friend)

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6- Verbs Lessons

- Present Tense

In Spanish, verbs take the following endings to form the present tense:

ich -e, du -st, er (sie, es) -t, wir -en, ihr -t, Sie -en, sie -en. Example:

ich spiele, du spielst, er (sie, es) spielt, wir spielen, ihr spielt, Sie spielen, sie spielen.

These endings can help you a lot, because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense, you only need the stem of the verb, for example the stem of (spielen: to play) is (spiel).

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- Past Tense

In Spanish as well as in English the simple past tense (imperfect) is used to describe past events. The endings for the past tense verbs are:

ich -te, du -test, er (sie, es) -te, wir -ten, ihr -tet, Sie -ten, sie -ten. Example :

ich spielte, du spieltest, er (sie, es) spielte, wir spieltten, ihr spieltet, Sie spielten.

So just take any regular verb stem and add it to the endings above, for example our previous verb spielen (to play), its stem is “spiel”, plus the endings above becomes ich spielte (I platyed).

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- Future Tense

To form the future in Spanish it’s very easy, just use the whole infinitive verb plus these following ending: je -ai, tu -as, il -a, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils –ont. Example:

je partirai, tu partiras, il partira, nous partirons, vous partirez, ils partiront,

This means that you don’t have to worry about the stem of a verb, just take it as an infinitive and add the above future endings to it.

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7- Asking a Question Lesson

In Spanish there are 4 ways of asking a question to get a yes or no answer, and they are the following:

-Verb + pronoun: Unlike English, the auxiliaries do and does are not used. ¿Tiene ella tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?)

-Pronoun + verb: Only the intonation makes the sentence interrogative: ¿Ella tiene tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?)

-Verb +...+ pronoun. The pronoun goes last ¿Tiene tiempo libre ella? (Does she have free time?)

-Finally you can also make a question by adding a tag question to the end of a statement. Ella tiene tiempo libre ¿no?

Ella tiene tiempo libre, ¿verdad? (She has free time, doesn’t she)

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8- Negation Lesson

In Spanish, negation can be made simply by placing "No" before the main verb. But sometimes a double negative is required. "No" is the most common negative.

No puedo hacerlo (I can't do this). 

No tienen nada que hacer (they don't have anything to do – Double Negative). 

No lo quiero (I don't like it)

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9- Feminine Lesson

To form a feminine word from the masculine in Spanish, you simply add (-a) if the word ends in a consonant. But if a word ends in a vowel then you need to remove the vowel before adding the “a”. Here are some examples:

Hijo (son) becomes Hija (daughter), alumno (student masc.) becomes alumna (student fem.)

Note that some words cannot change into feminine; instead a whole new word should be used, example: Hombre (man), Mujer (woman).

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10- Pronouns Lesson

In English personal pronouns are (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), and (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them), In Spanish, the personal pronouns are:

Yo… (I), tú… (you), él… (he), ella… (she), 

Nosotros… (we), ellos… (they masc.), ellas… (they fem.)

Examples: yo aprendo (I learn), tú aprendes (you learn), él aprende (he learns), ella aprende (she learns), Usted aprende (you learn [polite]), nosotros aprendemos (we learn), vosotros aprendéis (you learn [plural, friendly]), ellos aprenden (they learn), ellas aprenden (they learn), ustedes aprenden (you learn [plural, polite]).

Indirect Object Pronouns:

Indirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person.

Me (me), te (you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them):

Examples: Dame il libro (give me the book). Te quiero (I love you).

Possessive Pronouns:

Mío (mine masc.), mía (mine fem.), míos (mine, plural masc.), mías (mine, plural fem.), tuyo / tuya (yours), suyo / suya (his, hers), nuestro / nuestra (ours), vuestro / vuestra (yours), suyo / suya (theirs).

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