Private Pilot Flight Training



Student:_____________________ Date Completed:________________Private Pilot Flight TrainingBasic Instrument ManeuversObjective:To develop the students ability to maneuver the airplane solely by reference to instrumentsElements:Instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control. How instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and airspeed. Trim technique. Conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight attitudes. The two basic unusual flight attitudes - nose-high (climbing turn) and nose-low (diving spiral). Control sequence for recovery from a nose-high attitude and the reasons for that sequence. Control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude and the reasons for that sequence. How unusual flight attitudes are recognized. Reasons why the controls should be coordinated during unusual flight attitude recoveries.View limited flight procedures:Straight & Level -Constant airspeed climb -Constant airspeed descent -Turns to headings -Unusual Attitudes -Schedule:Preflight Discussion0:15Lesson 1: Demonstration and Student Practice1:00Lesson 2: Student Practice1:00Lesson 3: Student Practice1:00Postflight Discussion after each lesson0:15All Times Dependent on Pilot's AbilityEquipment:AircraftDrawing Surface and Marking UtensilInstructor's Actions:Student's Actions: PREFLIGHT:? Discuss lesson objective? Discuss common student errorsDiscuss the FAA's emphasis on safety including collision avoidance and division of attention.? INFLIGHT:? Demonstrate the maneuver.? Coach student practice.? Evaluate student understanding of maneuver.?POSTFLIGHT:? Critique student performance.? Answer student questions.? Assign homework for next lesson.PREFLIGHT:? Discuss lesson objective.? Listens and takes notes.? Resolves Questions.? INFLIGHT:? Reviews maneuvers.? Pays attention and asks questions.? Practices maneuver as directed.? Answers questions posed by instructor.? POSTFLIGHT:? Ask pertinent questions.? Answers questions posed by instructor.? Critiques own performance.? Completes assigned homework.Private Pilot Flight TrainingCompletion Standards: FAA–S-8081-14AS (Private PTS IX., E., 1-2)Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.Transitions to the pitch attitude and power setting using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application to achieve desired result.Demonstrates straight-and-level flight; straight, constant airspeed climbs; straight, constant airspeed descents; and turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; levels off and maintains altitude, ±200 feet; maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 mon Errors:"Fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check. Improper instrument interpretation. Improper control applications. Failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections. Improper entry or rollout technique. Faulty trim technique. Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude. Consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual flight attitude by "feel" rather than by instrument indications. Inappropriate control applications during recovery. Failure to recognize from instrument indications when the airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.References:FAA-S-8081-14a (Private PTS, IX. , E., 1-2)NTSB ReportsPersonal StoriesThings to Remember:Be aware of inadvertent control wheel pressure.Perform a 180 degree turn.This is an emergency.Maintain control of the airplaneWorry about consequences later.ATC can offer navigation assistanceUse the autopilot if equipped and tested normal on the groundPrivate Pilot Flight TrainingFlight by sole reference of the flight instruments (Technique):INFLIGHT MANEUVERS:CFI - remember to divide attention!!Straight-and-Level FlightEstablish attitude with AI,TrimConfirm straight flight with HI & TCConfirm level flight with ALT, VSIConstant Airspeed ClimbsPitch up to climb attitude with AI (practice without hood to determine cruise to climb attitude?)Add climb powerTrimConfirm straight flight with HI & TCConfirm climb airspeed with ASI, observe VSIConstant Airspeed DescentsReduce to descent powerPitch down to descent attitude with AI,TrimConfirm straight flight with HI & TCConfirm descent airspeed with ASI, observe VSITurns to HeadingsEstablish bank attitude with AI (approximate bank angle = KTAS/10 + 7)Check TC for std rate, change bank accordinglyTrim, keep well coordinatedAdd power to maintain airspeed (only if needed - under-powered aircraft)Begin roll out of turn at approximately half the bank angleRecovery from Unusual Flight AttitudesDetermine attitude (see examples). If the attitude is:Nose HighApply forward pressure (to break or prevent stall)Full PowerLevel wings with coordinated use of aileron & rudderNose LowReduce Power to idleLevel wings with coordinated use of aileron & rudderApply back pressure to raise nose to level attitudeIn both cases, recovery to straight & level flightPOSTFLIGHTConduct a critique and review procedures and techniques.Instructor notes and visual aidsFlight by sole reference of the instruments (narrative)INTRODUCTIONIn an emergency situation, or inadvertent flight into IMC or marginal VMC, the ability to control maneuver the airplane solely by reference to flight instruments could save the pilot’s life.Unless a pilot moves on to instrument training, this typically does not get practiced after practical exam.MOTIVATIONIn the event that you accidentally find yourself in a cloud (because of an emergency, or because you accidentally flew into one that you don't see at night, you will be able to stay calm, and know what to do.DEVELOPMENTExplain that none of the following is intended to scare the student, but rather to prepare and show importance of preflight planningAccident stats: weather cited more frequently than any other in GA accidentsWeather involved accidents are more likely to result in fatal injuriesLow ceilings, rain & fog head list in weather related GA accidentsPilot’s involvement is usuallyInadequate preflight preparation / planning (often no WX briefing)Continued VFR flight into IMCAttempted operation beyond pilot’s experience / abilityLogical to assume that if an adequate preflight briefing & planning had occurred, the rate of WXrelated accidents would decreaseBe conservative in judging your capabilitiesIf inadvertently caught in poor weather, the VFR pilot shouldMaintain control of the planeContact FAA facility by radio, and follow their instructionsRemain calm, and comply180 may be best actionSenses during Instrument FlightOnly way to control a plane in low-visibility is by using & trusting the instrumentsOrientation senses not designed to cope w/obscured visual reference (clouds, fog, haze), unless visualreference is transferred to flight instrumentsNo problem w/attitude ctrl with visual sense w/ref points (ground, horizon). Visual sense overrides other senses.When visual refs obscured, trouble develops for pilots who lack training, experience, proficiency in instrument flightVestibular sense (motion sensing by inner ear) cannot detect slight attitude changes, or accurately sense attitude changes at uniform rate over timeFalse sensations lead pilot to believe attitude has changed when it has not – Spatial DisorientationWhen disoriented pilot recovers from turn, bank, climb, descent, there is a very strong illusion that plane has entered a T,B,C,D in opposite direction -> Graveyard SpiralAll pilots must be aware of these illusions - we will experience these sensations under controlled condAttitude Control by reference to all instruments, but AI is primary (It’s your World)Relax Grip - learn to control with eyes & brain (takes considerable conscious effort)When aware of tenseness - Control pressure should be released. When trimmed, plane is inherently stable and will maintain S&L flight if left alone (except in turb)No attitude change unless instruments show need. Then immediate small corrections.Explain Instrument crosscheck (scan), instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.Keep up the scan - avoid fixation, omission & emphasisHub & spoke - AI is center of scan -AI is window to horizon through clouds. Put the plane in the AI where you want it w/r to horizonInterpret the what the instrument say.Make immediate small correctionsBreak tasks (tuning radios) into small parts to maintain scan ................
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