University of Miami



BIL 160 - Spring 2019 - KrempelsSTUDY GUIDE FOR THE CUMULATIVE PORTION OF THE FINAL EXAMYour Study Guide for the Final Exam should always consist of: Your first three study guides (Understand, connect and apply concepts. Don’t just memorize facts). The posted class notes from all lectures. Consider all videos embedded in all lectures to be required viewing.Your own notes from class.Your textbook readings (Try the problems at the end of the chapters. They really do help.)The exam will be approximately 50% on the most recent material and about 50% cumulative, focusing on major points. If you’re not sure about a word or concept…Google it. Resistance is futile.The following is a brief checklist to help you focus on the major concepts on the cumulative part of the exam. SystematicsRemember the hierarchy of classification (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc.) and be able to know which taxonomic groups are nested within which. What is meant by “most inclusive” group and “least inclusive” group.Be able to recognize, understand and apply the following terms and concepts.primitive vs. derived characters (How can you distinguish them from each other?)symplesiomorphy vs. synapomorphy (How can you distinguish them from each other?)homologous vs. analogous characters (How can you distinguish them from each other?)Know how to correctly write a scientific name: Capitalize only the genus; italicize the entire name, you Homo sapiens. Know how to read a phylogenetic tree. Be able to recognize (and know the meaning of):monophyletic groupscommon ancestorswhich taxa share the most recent common ancestryparaphyletic groupscladescharacters that unite members of given cladesoutgroupEvolutionWhat is evolution? Is it a theory? A process? Is it something an educated person “believes” or not?What are Darwin’s four tenets of evolution by means of natural selection? What is implied by each of them?What is artificial selection? How did it guide Darwin in devising his theory of natural selection?What is the precise meaning of Darwinian (evolutionary) fitness. What does it imply?What is a “Lamarckian” idea about evolution? Be able to recognize examples of Lamarckian thinking.What is the difference between the gradualism view of evolution vs. the concept of punctuated equilibrium?Origin of LifeWhat are the characteristics a thing must have in order to be considered alive?What is “spontaneous generation”? Abiogenesis?Be familiar with the work of the following pioneers in this area, and what each discovered.Alexandr OparinStanley Miller and Harold UreyJohn Sutherland Watch the two videos linked to the lecture notes web site:“What was the Miller Urey Apparatus” HYPERLINK "" “Origin of Life – PBS Nova” HYPERLINK "" What is the RNA World Hypothesis?Get yourself a nice cup of latte or tea, settle in, and watch: Dinopocalypse. It’s long, but very entertaining. And scary. (In a nutshell, a recent hypothesis about what triggered extinction of the dinosaurs suggests that the earth’s temperature rose to about 1200oF only a few hours after asteroid impact, frying almost all life on the planet.)Know what is meant by “Hardy Weinberg equilibrium”. Be able to do a very simple HW calculation (how to figure out p and q, and how to figure out predicted genotypes)Origin of Species and Extinction of SpeciesKnow the biological definition of a species (but be aware that there are other definitions).Review and understand the following terms and concepts: ( )prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanismspostzygotic reproductive isolating mechanismsspecies fusionallopolyploidyhybrid zonespecies stability (hybrid equilibrium)autopolyploidyspecies reinforcementhybrid speciationMullerian mimicrycryptic coloration (camouflage)Batesian mimicryaposematic coloration (warning)allometric vs. isometric growthconvergent evolutionhorizontal vs. vertical gene transferadaptive radiationUnderstand the differences and mechanisms ofallopatric speciationsympatric speciationperipatric speciationparapatric speciationstabilizing selectiondirectional selectiondiversifying selectionWhat was the “Great Oxygen Catastrophe”? What caused it?What was the “Cambrian Explosion”? What was its result?Biodiversity: GeneralRecall the general similarities and differences between true bacterial, archaean and eukaryotic cells.What is a plasmid?Remember the similarities and differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagellum.What is the Autogenous Model of eukaryotic evolution? What does it imply about eukaryotic cellular components?What is the Endosymbiosis Model of eukaryotic evolution? What does it imply about eukaryotic cellular components?Know the general characteristics of protists. Are they mostly terrestrial? Aquatic? Prokaryotic? Eukaryotic?Know the general characteristics of (and which are unique to) BacteriaArchaeaProtistaAnimaliaFungiPlantaeReview the various types of species interactions and symbioses here: HYPERLINK "" What are zooxanthellae? Where are they found? What is their significance?What kind of organisms cause “red tides”?What are mycorrhizae? What does each symbiotic partner get out of the association?What is the difference between an ectoparasite and an endoparasite? Which would you predict to have the most or least developed sensory and other organ systems? Which organ system would you NEVER expect to be reduced in a healthy organism of any type?Biodiversity: PlantaeBe able to recognize the main anatomical feature of a generalized plant:stem cross sectionwhole plantKnow what the following plant structures are, and their general function:rootxylemmeristemsporophyllsporophytesporestemphloemepidermisflowerparts of a flowerfruit (what is it?)leafvascular cambiumstomatagametophyteseedspringwood/summerwoodBe able to recognize the general characteristics ofBryophytes (liverworts, mosses)gymnospermsmonocotsPteridiophytes (ferns)angiosperms (Anthophytes)dicotsBiodiversity: AnimaliaKnow the meaning and significance of the following terms, and know which animals groups exhibit which of them.zygoteectodermcephalizationpseudocoelomindeterminate cleavageblastulaendodermarchenteroncoelomcomplete vs. incomplete gutgastrulamesodermblastoporeschizocoelycloacadiploblastyradial symmetryblastocoelenterocoelymetamerismtriploblastybilateral symmetryacoelomatecoelomdeterminate cleavageWhat organ systems are unique to animals?Know the basic taxonomic hierarchy of the major animal groups:Metazoa = all animalsEumetazoa = all animals with true tissuesRadiata = all radially symmetrical animalsCtenophora = comb jelliesCnidaria = cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, hydras, etc.)Bilateria = all bilaterally symmetrical animalsProtostomia = protostomesLophotrochozoa Syndermata (rotifers & acanthocephalans)Annelida (segmented worms)Lophophorates (bryozoans, phoronids, brachiopods)Mollusca (chitons, snails, clams, cephalopods)EcdysozoaNematoda (roundworms)Arthropoda (arthropods)DeuterostomiaEchinodermata (sea lilies, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers)Chordata (tunicates, lancelets, craniates) ................
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