Chapter 44: The American People Face a New Century
APUSH
DOIDGE
Chapter Studyguides
CHAPTER 1: NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS: 33, 000 B.C.—A.D. 1769
Introduction
Know: Old World, New World
1. What conditions existed in what is today the United States that made it "fertile ground" for a great nation?
The Shaping of North America
Know: Appalachian Mountains, Tidewater Region, Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, Great Lakes, Missouri-Mississippi-Ohio River System
2. Speculate how at least one geographic feature affected the development of the United States.
Peopling the Americas
Know: Land Bridge
3. "Before the arrival of Europeans, the settlement of the Americas was insignificant." Assess this statement.
The Earliest Americans
Know: Maize, Aztecs, Incas, Pueblo, Mound Builders, Three-sister Farming, Cherokee, Iroquois
4. Describe some of the common features North American Indian culture.
Indirect Discoverers of the New World
Know: Finland, Crusaders, Venice, Genoa
5. What caused Europeans to begin exploring?
Europeans Enter Africa
Know: Marco Polo, Caravel, Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand and Isabella, Moors
6. What were the results of the Portuguese explorations of Africa?
Columbus Comes upon a New World
Know: Columbus
7. What developments set the stage for “a cataclysmic shift in the course of history?”
When Worlds Collide
Know: Corn, Potatoes, Sugar, Horses, Smallpox
8. Explain the positive and negative effects of the Atlantic Exchange.
The Spanish Conquistadors
Know: Treaty of Tordesillas, Vasco Nunez Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Coronado, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Pizarro, Encomienda
9. Were the conquistadors great men? Explain.
Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadors
Know: Granada, Moors, "Reconquista"
10. Were the conquistadors' motives successfully fulfilled? Explain.
The Conquest of Mexico
Know: Hernan Cortes, Tenochtitlan, Montezuma, Mestizos
11. Why was Cortes able to defeat the powerful Aztecs?
The Spread of Spanish America
Know: John Cabot, Giovanni da Verazano, Jacques Cartier, St. Augustine, New Mexico, Pope's Rebellion, Mission Indians, Black Legend
12. What is the “Black Legend,” and to what extent does our text agree with it?
CHAPTER 2: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA: 1500—1733
England's Imperial Stirrings
Know: Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, Catholic Ireland
13. Why was England slow to establish New World colonies?
Elizabeth Energizes England
Know: Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Virginia, Spanish Armada
14. What steps from 1575-1600 brought England closer to colonizing the New World?
England on the Eve of Empire
Know: Enclosure Movement, Primogeniture, Joint-stock company
15. Explain how conditions in England around 1600 made it "ripe" to colonize N. America.
England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
Know: Virginia Company, Jamestown, John Smith, Powhatan, Pocahontas, Starving Time, Lord De La Warr
16. Give at least three reasons that so many of the Jamestown settlers died.
Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake
Know: Powhatan's Confederacy, Anglo-Powhatan Wars
17. What factors led to the poor relations between Europeans and Native Americans in Virginia?
Virginia: Child of Tobacco
Know: John Rolfe, Tobacco, House of Burgesses
18. "By 1620 Virginia had already developed many of the features that were important to it two centuries later." Explain.
Maryland: Catholic Haven
Know: Lord Baltimore, Indentured Servants, Act of Toleration
19. In what ways was Maryland different than Virginia?
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
Know: West Indies, Sugar, Barbados Slave Code
20. What historical consequences resulted from the cultivation of sugar instead of tobacco in the British colonies in the West Indies?
Colonizing the Carolinas
Know: Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, Rice
21. Why did Carolina become a place for aristocratic whites and many black slaves?
The Emergence of North Carolina
Know: Tuscarora
22. North Carolina was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit." Explain.
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
Know: James Oglethorpe
23. In what ways was Georgia unique among the Southern colonies?
Makers of America: The Iroquois
Know: The Iroquois Confederacy, Deganawidah, Hiawatha, Five Nations, Handsome Lake
24. How did the political structure of the Iroquois prove to be first a strength and ultimately a weakness?
The Plantation Colonies
25. Which Southern colony was the most different from the others? Explain.
CHAPTER 3: SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES: 1619—1700
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
Know: John Calvin, Conversion Experience, Visible Saints, Church of England, Puritans, Separatists
26. How did John Calvin's teachings result in some Englishmen wanting to leave England?
The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
Know: Mayflower, Myles Standish, Mayflower Compact, Plymouth, William Bradford
27. Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Plymouth colony.
The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
Know: Puritans, Charles I, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Great Migration, John Winthrop
28. Why did the Puritans come to America?
Building the Bay Colony
Know: Freemen, Bible Commonwealth, John Cotton, Protestant Ethic
29. How democratic was the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Explain.
Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth
Know: Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism, Roger Williams
30. What happened to people whose religious beliefs differed from others in Massachusetts Bay Colony?
The Rhode Island "Sewer"
Know: Freedom of Religion
31. How was Rhode Island different than Massachusetts?
Makers of America: The English
32. In what ways did the British North American colonies reflect their mother country?
New England Spreads Out
Know: Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders
33. Describe how Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire were settled.
Puritans versus Indians
Know: Squanto, Massasoit, Pequot War, Praying Towns, Metacom, King Philip's War
34. Why did hostilities arise between Puritans and Native Americans? What was the result?
Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
Know: New England Confederation, Charles II
35. Assess the following statement, "The British colonies were beginning to grow closer to each other by 1700."
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution
Know: Dominion of New England, Navigation Laws, Edmund Andros, Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, Salutary Neglect
36. How did events in England affect the New England colonies' development?
Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands
Know: Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson, New Amsterdam, Patroonships
37. Explain how settlement by the Dutch led to the type of city that New York is today.
Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors
Know: Wall Street, New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant, Log Cabins
38. "Vexations beset the Dutch company-colony from the beginning." Explain.
Dutch Residues in New York
Know: Duke of York
39. Do the Dutch have an important legacy in the United States? Explain.
Penn's Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
Know: Quakers, William Penn
40. What had William Penn and other Quakers experienced that would make them want a colony in America?
Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
Know: East New Jersey, West New Jersey, Delaware
41. Why was Pennsylvania attractive to so many Europeans and Native Americans?
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
Know: Middle Colonies, Benjamin Franklin
42. What do the authors mean when the say that the middle colonies were the most American?
Varying Viewpoints: Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe?
43. “The picture of colonial America that is emerging from all this new scholarship is of a society unique—and diverse—from its inception.” Explain?
CHAPTER 4: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: 1607—1692
The Unhealthy Chesapeake
44. "Life in the American wilderness was nasty, brutish, and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers." Explain.
The Tobacco Economy
Know: Tobacco, Indentured Servants, Freedom Dues, Headright System
45. What conditions in Virginia made the colony right for the importation of indentured servants?
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon's Rebellion
Know: William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon
46. Who is most to blame for Bacon's rebellion, the upper class or the lower class? Explain.
Colonial Slavery
Know: Royal African Company, Middle Passage, Slave Codes, Chattel Slavery
47. Describe the slave trade.
Africans in America
Know: Gullah, Stono Rebellion
48. Describe slave culture and contributions.
Makers of America: From African to African-American
49. "And precisely because of the diversity of African peoples represented in America, the culture that emerged was a uniquely New World creation." Explain.
Southern Society
Know: Plantations, Yeoman Farmers
50. Describe southern culture in the colonial period, noting social classes.
The New England Family
Know: The Scarlet Letter
51. What was it like to be a woman in New England?
Life in the New England Towns
Know: Harvard, Town Meetings
52. Explain the significance of New England towns to the culture there.
The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trial
Know: Jeremiad, Conversions, Half-Way Covenant
53. What evidence shows that New England was becoming more diverse as the 17th century wore on?
The New England Way of Life
Know: Yankee Ingenuity
54. How did the environment shape the culture of New England?
The Early Settlers' Days and Ways
Know: Leisler's Rebellion
55. How much equality was evident in the colonies?
CHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION: 1700-1775
Conquest by the Cradle
Know: Thirteen Original Colonies
1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies?
A Mingling of Races
Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement
2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?
The Structure of Colonial Society
Know: Social Mobility
3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies.
Makers of America: The Scots-Irish
Know: The Session
4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics?
Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists
Know: Smallpox, Diphtheria
5. Why has the relative prestige of the professions changed from colonial times to today?
Workaday America
Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act
6. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies.
Horsepower and Sailpower
Know: Taverns
7. What was it like to travel in early America?
Dominant Denominations
Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians
8. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain?
The Great Awakening
Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists
9. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference?
Schools and Colleges
Know: Latin and Greek
10. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?
A Provincial Culture
Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin
11. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.
Pioneer Presses
Know: John Peter Zenger
12. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?
The Great Game of Politics
Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications
13. How democratic was colonial America?
Colonial Folkways
14. What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in America during the colonial period?
Colonial America: Communities of Conflict or Consensus?
Know: Nash's Urban Crucible Theory
15. Were the colonies marked more by internal consensus or internal conflict? Explain.
CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA: 1608—1763
France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France
16. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?
New France Fans Out
Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle
17. What factors led to the French settlement of New France?
The Clash of Empires
Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg
18. Describe the early wars between France and Britain.
George Washington Inaugurates War with France
Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians
19. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?
Global War and Colonial Disunity
Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die"
20. What was meant by the statement, “America was conquered in Germany?
Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath
Know: Edward Braddock
21. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?
Pitt's Palms of Victory
Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec
22. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War?
Restless Colonials
23. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?
Makers of America: The French
Know: Louis XIV, The Great Displacement
24. What contributions to American culture were made by the French?
War’s Fateful Aftermath
Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763
25. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British?
CHAPTER 7: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION: 1763—1775
The Deep Roots of Revolution
26. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore?
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto
27. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.
28. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy?
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties
29. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies?
30. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?
The Stamp Tax Uproar
Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation
31. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies?
Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act
Know: Stamp Act Congress, Nonimportation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act
32. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?
The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre"
Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams
33. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties?
The Seditious Committees of Correspondence
Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence
34. How did Committees of Correspondence work?
Tea Brewing in Boston
Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party
35. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?
Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"
Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act
36. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?
Bloodshed
Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord
37. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress?
Imperial Strength and Weakness
Know: Hessians, Tories
38. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
American Pluses and Minuses
Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals
39. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
A Thin Line of Heroes
Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army
40. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?
CHAPTER 8: AMERICA SECEDES FROM THE EMPIRE: 1775—1783
Congress Drafts George Washington
Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington
41. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings
Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians
42. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why?
The Abortive Conquest of Canada
Know: Richard Montgomery
43. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.
Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
44. Why was Common Sense important?
Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism"
Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy
45. Why did Paine want a democratic republic?
Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence
Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights
46. What does the Declaration of Independence say?
Patriots and Loyalists
Know: Patrick Henry
47. What kinds of people were Loyalists?
Makers of America: The Loyalists
48. What happened to Loyalists after the war?
The Loyalist Exodus
49. What happened to Loyalists during the war?
General Washington at Bay
Know: William Howe, Trenton, Princeton
50. What were some of the flaws of General William Howe?
Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion
Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates
51. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?
Revolution in Diplomacy?
52. Why did the French help America win independence?
The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
Know: Armed Neutrality
53. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause?
Blow and Counterblow
Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis
54. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers
55. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?
Yorktown and the Final Curtain
Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown
56. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?
Peace at Paris
Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris
57. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?
A New Nation Legitimized
Know: Whigs
58. Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain.
Whose Revolution?
59. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.
CHAPTER 9: THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION: 1776—1790
The Pursuit of Equality
Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley
1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?
Constitution Making in the States
Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law
2. What was the importance of the state constitutions?
Economic Crosscurrents
Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation
3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America?
A Shaky Start toward Union
Know: Natural Rights
4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government?
Creating a Confederation
Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation
5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war?
The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution
6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it?
Landmarks in Land Laws
Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787
7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.
The World's Ugly Duckling
Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers
8. Using examples, explain the title of this section.
The Horrid Specter of Anarchy
Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy
9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain.
A Convention of "Demigods"
Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry
10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government?
Patriots in Philadelphia
11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.
Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises
Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise
12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.
Safeguards for Conservatism
Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers
13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written?
The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists
Know: Antifederalists, Federalists
14. Who were the antifederalists and why did they oppose the Constitution?
The Great Debate in the States
15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why?
The Four Laggard States
Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist
16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution?
A Conservative Triumph
17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?
The Constitution: Revolutionary or Counterrevolutionary?
Know: Nationalist School of Historians, Critical Period, Charles Beard, Gordon Wood
18. Why have historians disagreed about the reason why our Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution?
CHAPTER 10: LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE: 1789—1800
Growing Pains
Know: Trans-Appalachia
19. Did America appear to have a bright future in 1789? Explain.
Washington for President
Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox
20. Was Washington an important president? Explain.
The Bill of Rights
Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay
21. What important steps were taken by the first congress?
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit
Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts
22. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia?
Customs Duties and Excise Taxes
Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes
23. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.
Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause
24. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
Know: Whiskey Rebellion
25. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain.
The Emergence of Political Parties
Know: Factions, Parties
26. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad?
The Impact of the French Revolution
Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror
27. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet
28. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.
Embroilments with Britain
Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville
29. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?
Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell
Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address
30. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty.
John Adams Becomes President
Know: John Adams, High Federalists
31. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president?
Unofficial Fighting with France
Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute
32. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?
Adams Puts Patriotism above Party
Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800
33. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?
The Federalist Witch Hunt
Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act
34. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions
Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification
35. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.
Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans
36. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?
CHAPTER 11: THE TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
37. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
38. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
39. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
40. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
41. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
42. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
43. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
44. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
45. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies
Know: Aaron Burr, James Wilkinson
46. How did Aaron Burr demonstrate the weakness of the US government?
America: A Nutcracked Neutral
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
47. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
48. Who opposed the embargo and why?
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
48. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
50. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
51. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
CHAPTER 12: THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
52. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
53. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
54. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
55. What did the Hartford Convention do?
The Second War for American Independence
56. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
57. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
58. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
59. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
60. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
Growing Pains of the West
61. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
62. Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
63. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
Makers of America: Settlers of the Old Northwest
Know: Old Northwest, Butternuts, Yankees
64. How did Southern and Northern settlers of the Old Northwest differ?
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
65. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
66. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
67. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
68. How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
69. How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
70. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
CHAPTER 13: THE RISE OF A MASS DEMOCRACY
The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824
Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain
1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
Know: John Quincy Adams
2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards
3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.
“Old Hickory” as President
Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob
4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?
The Spoils System
Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office
5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey
6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?
"Nullies" in South Carolina
Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill
7. Describe the nullification crisis.
The Trail of Tears
Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles
8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?
The Bank War
Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle
9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, “Czar Nicholas I?” Explain.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
Know: Anti-Masonic Party
10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?
Burying Biddle’s Bank
Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular
11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.
The Birth of the Whigs
Know: Democrats, Whigs
12. What is so alluring about being associated with “the common man?”
The Election of 1836
Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren
13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician"
Know: Martin Van Buren
14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury
15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?
Gone to Texas
Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett
16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans?
The Lone Star Rebellion
Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto
17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?
Makers of America: Mexican or Texan?
Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos
18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land?
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?
Politics for the People
20. Is the federal government today more concerned with the “common man” or “aristocracy?” Explain.
The Two-Party System
21. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?
Varying Viewpoints: What Was Jacksonian Democracy?
Know: Frederick Jackson Turner, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Richard Hofstadter
22. Explain at least three theories about what motivated the followers of Andrew Jackson.
CHAPTER 14: FORGING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
The Westward Movement
Know: "Self-Reliance"
23. What were settlers of the frontier like?
Shaping the Western Landscape
Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin
24. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.
The March of the Millions
Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters
25. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?
The Emerald Isle Moves West
Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail
26. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain.
The German Forty-Eighters
Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer
27. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.
Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism
Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party
28. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?
Makers of America: The Irish
Know: Potato Famine, Famine Irish, Boss System, Political Machines
29. Describe the hardships of the Irish in Ireland and America.
Creeping Mechanization
Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution
30. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton
31. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.
Makers of America: The Germans
Know: Forty-Eighters, Mennonites, Milwaukee, Amish
32. What kind of lives did Germans live in the United States? Why?
Marvels in Manufacturing
Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse
33. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.
Workers and "Wage Slaves"
Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt
34. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?
Women and the Economy
Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes
35. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture
36. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?
Highways and Steamboats
Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton
37. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?
"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York
Know: Erie Canal
38. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.
The Iron Horse
39. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders
Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express
40. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.
The Transport Web Binds the Union
Know: Division of Labor
41. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.
The Market Revolution
Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility
42. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?
CHAPTER 15: THE FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE
Reviving Religion
Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney
43. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?
Denominational Diversity
Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists)
44. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?
A Desert Zion in Utah
Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young
45. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?
Free Schools for a Free People
Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers
46. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?
Higher Goals for Higher Learning
Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines
47. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?
An Age of Reform
Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix
48. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements?
Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder"
Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851
49. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.
Women in Revolt
Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments
50. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.
Wilderness Utopias
Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers
51. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon
52. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.
Makers of America: The Oneida Community
Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism
53. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.
Artistic Achievements
Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster
54. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.
The Blossoming of a National Literature
Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant
55. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman
56. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.
Glowing Literary Lights
Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson
57. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.
Literary Individualists and Dissenters
Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville
58. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?
Portrayers of the Past
Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman
59. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?
Varying Viewpoints: Reform: Who? What? How? and Why?
60. Were 19th century reformers compassionate, religious people; fanatics who didn't care if their actions had negative results; or conservatives who wanted to control the lower classes? Explain.
CHAPTER 16: THE SOUTH AND THE SLAVE CONTROVERSY
"Cotton is King!"
Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin
1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have?
The Planter "Aristocracy"
Know: Chivalry
2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"
Slaves and the Slave System
Know: One crop economy
3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton?
The White Majority
Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly
4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery?
Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
Know: Emancipate, mulattoes
5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain.
Plantation Slavery
Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe
6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves.
Life Under the Lash
Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South
7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible?
The Burdens of Bondage
Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner
8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement?
Early Abolitionism
Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe
9. Describe some of the early abolitionists.
Radical Abolitionism
Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass
10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be?
The South Lashes Back
11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists?
The Abolitionist Impact in the North
12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success?
Varying Viewpoints: What Was the True Nature of Slavery?
Know: Ulrich B. Phillips, Stanley Elkin, Eugene Genovese, "Sambo," Kenneth Stampp, Lawrence Levine
13. What do historians agree on about slavery? Disagree about?
CHAPTER 17: MANIFEST DESTINY AND ITS LEGACY
The Accession of "Tyler Too"
Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler
14. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text.
John Tyler: A President Without a Party
Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay
15. What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him?
A War of Words with England
Know: Caroline, Creole
16. Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's.
Manipulating the Maine Maps
Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster
17. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty?
The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone
Know: Lone Star Republic
18. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845?
The Belated Texas Nuptials
Know: Conscience Whigs
19. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union?
Oregon Fever Populates Oregon
Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail
20. What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary?
A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny
Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse
21. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election?
Polk the Purposeful
22. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success.
Misunderstandings with Mexico
Know: John Slidell, Nueces River
23. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico?
American Blood on American (?) Soil
Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions
24. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico.
The Mastering of Mexico
Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott
25. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico?
Fighting Mexico for Peace
Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
26. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Profit and Loss in Mexico
Know: Wilmot Proviso
27. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the Mexican-American War?
Makers of America: The Californios
Know: Californios, Father Junipero Serra, Franciscans, Secularization, Anglos
28. How did the Californios gain and then lose power?
CHAPTER 18: RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE
The Popular Sovereignty Panacea
Know: Mexican Cession, Fire-eaters
29. What were the advantages and disadvantages of popular sovereignty?
Political Triumphs for General Taylor
30. Why was the Free-Soil party formed? Was it important? Explain.
"Californy Gold"
31. Did the California Gold Rush make people rich? Explain.
Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad
Know: Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman
32. "The South was in a politically weak position in the 1850's." Assess this statement.
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
Know: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster
33. What effect did Webster's speech have?
Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill
Know: William H. Seward, Higher Law
34. How did William Seward contribute to the tension between North and South in 1850?
Breaking the Congressional Logjam
Know: Compromise of 1850
35. What factors led to the acceptance of the Compromise of 1850?
Balancing the Compromise Scales
36. Explain the quote, "No single irritant of the 1850's was more consistently galling to both sides...."
Defeat and Doom for the Whigs
37. What was important about the election of 1852?
Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border
Know: William Walker, Commodore Matthew C. Perry
38. Explain the Ostend Manifesto, and what consequences it had.
The Allure of Asia
Know: Treaty of Wanghia, Caleb Cushing, Commodore Perry
39. Is China or Japan more important to American trade today?
Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsen Purchase
40. What was the reason for the Gadsen Purchase?
Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Scheme
Know: Stephen A. Douglas
41. Why were northerners so opposed to popular sovereignty?
Congress Legislates a Civil War
42. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
CHAPTER 19: DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION
Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries
Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper
43. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.
The North-South Contest for Kansas
Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians
44. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas?
Kansas in Convulsion
Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution
45. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party?
"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon
Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks
46. What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South?
"Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder"
Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party
47. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election.
The Electoral Fruits of 1856
48. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.
The Dred Scott Bombshell
Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney
49. Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive?
The Financial Crash of 1857
50. How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely?
An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges
51. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background.
The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas
Know: Freeport Doctrine
52. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr
Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee
53. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?
The Disruption of the Democrats
Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell
54. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860?
A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union
55. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward?
The Electoral Upheaval of 1860
56. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincoln’s election, or were they helpless?
The Secessionist Exodus
Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis
57. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why?
The Collapse of Compromise
58. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail?
Farewell to Union
59. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to?
Varying Viewpoints: The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible
60. Was the Civil War irrepressible? Explain.
CHAPTER 20: GIRDING FOR WAR: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
6. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
CHAPTER 21: THE FURNACE OF WAR
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
14. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
15. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
16. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
17. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
18. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
19. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
19. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
21. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
22. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
23. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
24. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
25. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe
26. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
27. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?
28. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?
CHAPTER 22: THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
29. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
30. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
31. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
32. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
33. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
34. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
Congressional Reconstruction
35. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
36. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
37. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
38. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
39. Describe military reconstruction.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
40. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
41. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
42. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
43. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
44. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
45. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
46. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was Reconstruction?
47. Do you believe that the primary motive in Reconstruction was revenge or the desire to help African-Americans? Explain.
CHAPTER 23: POLITICAL PARALYSIS IN THE GILDED AGE
The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt
48. Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?
The Era of Good Stealings
Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden
49. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.
A Carnival of Corruption
Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap
50. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.
The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872
Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley
51. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?
Depression and Demands for Inflation
Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act
52. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age
Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine
53. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden
54. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),
55. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?
The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South
Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson
56. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513.
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes
Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act
57. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
Garfield and Arthur
Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883
58. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?
Makers of America: The Chinese
Know: Chinatowns, Chinese Exclusion Act
59. Why did most Chinese immigrants come to America?
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884
Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion
60. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.
“Old Grover" Takes Over
61. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."
Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff
62. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?
The Billion Dollar Congress
Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
63. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers.
The Drumbeat of Discontent
Know: Populists
64. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence.
Cleveland and Depression
Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act
65. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil?
Cleveland Breeds a Backlash
Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff
66. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the “forgettable presidents” a fair one? Explain.
Varying Viewpoints: The Populists: Radicals or Reactionaries?
67. Were the Populists romanticized, or were they truly “authentic reformers with genuine grievances?”
CHAPTER 24: INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
Know: Land grants
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford
2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.
Binding the Country with Railroad Ties
Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill
3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars
4. What technological improvements helped railroads?
Revolution by Railways
Know: Time Zones
5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools
6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?
Government Bridles the Iron Horse
Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission
7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?
Miracles of Mechanization
Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison
8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?
The Trust Titan Emerges
Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate
9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?
The Supremacy of Steel
Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process
10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel
Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan
11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose
Know: Kerosene
12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?
The Gospel of Wealth
Know: Social Darwinism
13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?
The South in the Age of Industry
15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.
In Unions There is Strength
Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town
17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
Labor Limps Along
Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor
18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor
Know: Haymarket Square
19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
The AF of L to the Fore
Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop
20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?
Makers of America: The Knights of Labor
Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly
21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?
Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight
22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?
CHAPTER 25: AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY
The Urban Frontier
Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements
23. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?
The New Immigration
24. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
Southern Europe Uprooted
25. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
Makers of America: The Italians
Know: Birds of Passage, padrone
26. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?
Reactions to the New Immigration
Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley
27. How did political bosses help immigrants?
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty
28. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA
29. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
30. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
The Lust for Learning
Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua
31. What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People
Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP
32. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act
33. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?
The March of the Mind
Know: William James
34. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.
The Appeal of the Press
Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism
35. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
Apostles of Reform
Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy
36. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?
Postwar Writing
Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
37. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.
Literary Landmarks
Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.
38. What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?
The New Morality
Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock
39. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
Families and Women in the City
Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells
40. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton
41. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?
Artistic Triumphs
Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition
42. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"
The Business of Amusement
Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith
43. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
CHAPTER 26: THE GREAT WEST AND THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
The Clash of Cultures on the Plain
Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry
44. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.
Receding Native Americans
Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo
45. How was the West "won?"
Bellowing Herds of Bison
Know: Buffalo Bill Cody
46. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?
The End of the Trail
Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act
47. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators
48. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?
Makers of America: The Plains Indians
49. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok
50. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?
The Farmers’ Frontier
Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden
51. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?
The Far West Comes of Age
Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone
52. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?
The Fading Frontier
Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington
53. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?
The Farm Becomes a Factory
Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine
54. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."
Deflation Dooms the Debtor
Know: Deflation
55. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?
Unhappy Farmers
56. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?
The Farmers Take Their Stand
Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver
57. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?
Prelude to Populism
Know: The Farmers’ Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease
58. What steps did the Farmers’ Alliance believe would help farmers?
Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike
Know: Coxey’s Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company
59. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?
Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan
Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech
60. Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain.
Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders
Know: Fourth Party System
61. “The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864.” Explain.
Republican Standpattism Enthroned
Know: Dingley Tariff Bill
62. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president?
Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really “Won”?
Know: Frederick Jackson Turner
63. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain.
CHAPTER 27: EMPIRE AND EXPANSION
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
CHAPTER 28: PROGRESSIVISM AND THE REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT
Progressive Roots
Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
20. What were the goals of the Progressives?
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
21. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
22. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
23. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
24. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
25. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
26. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
27. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
28. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
29. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
30. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
31. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
Know: Dollar Diplomacy
32. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
Taft the Trustbuster
Know: Rule of Reason
33. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
34. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
35. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
CHAPTER 29: WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM AT HOME AND ABROAD
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912
Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
36. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
37. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
38. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
Know: Underwood Tariff
39. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
40. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
41. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
42. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
43. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
44. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
45. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
46. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
47. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
48. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
49. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
CHAPTER 30: THE WAR TO END WAR
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
50. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
51. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
52. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
53. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
54. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
55. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
56. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
57. How did the war affect women?
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
58. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
59. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Fighting in France--Belatedly
60. How were American troops used in Russia?
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
61. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
62. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
63. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
64. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
65. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
66. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
67. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
68. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Defeat Through Deadlock
69. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
70. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
71. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
72. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
CHAPTER 31: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE "ROARING TWENTIES"
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
CHAPTER 32: THE POLITICS OF BOOM AND BUST
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
17. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
18. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
19. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
20. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
21. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
22. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
23. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
24. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
25. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
26. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
27. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
28. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
29. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
30. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
31. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
32. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
33. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
34. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
35. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
36. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?
CHAPTER 33: The Great Depression and the New Deal
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
37. What kind of man was FDR?
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
38. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
39. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
40. Describe the New Deal.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
41. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
42. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
43. List other historical demagogues.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
44. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
45. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
46. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
47. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
48. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
49. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
50. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
51. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
52. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
53. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
54. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
55. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
56. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
57. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
FDR's Balance Sheet
58. What is the textbook author's opinion of Roosevelt? Do you agree?
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
59. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
CHAPTER 34: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE SHADOW OF WAR
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor
Know: Dutch East Indies, Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941
17. How did American actions contribute to Japan's decision to attack Pearl Harbor?
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
18. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
CHAPTER 35: AMERICA IN WORLD WAR II
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
19. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
20. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
21. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
22. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
23. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
24. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
Holding the Homefront
25. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
26. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
27. Why was Midway an important battle?
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
28. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
29. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
30. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
31. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
32. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
33. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
34. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
35. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
36. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
37. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
38. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
CHAPTER 36: THE COLD WAR BEGINS
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
39. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
40. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
41. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
42. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
43. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
44. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
45. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
46. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
47. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
48. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
49. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
50. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
51. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
52. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
53. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
54. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
55. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
56. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
57. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
58. What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
CHAPTER 37: THE EISENHOWER ERA
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
59. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
60. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
61. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
62. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
63. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
64. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
65. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
66. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
67. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
68. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
69. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
70. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
71. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
72. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
73. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
74. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
75. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
CHAPTER 38: THE STORMY SIXTIES
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
CHAPTER 39: THE STALEMATED SEVENTIES
Sources of Stagnation
Know: Productivity, Inflation
22. Describe the economic problems faced by the United States in the 1970s.
Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War
Know: Liberal Establishment, Vietnamization, Silent Majority, Nattering Nabobs of Negativism, My Lai
23. What was President Nixon’s plan for getting the US out of Vietnam?
Cambodianizing the Vietnam War
Know: Cambodia, Kent State University, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg
24. What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970 and 1971?
Nixon's Detente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow
Know: Henry Kissinger, Détente, ABM Treaty, SALT Treaty, MIRVs
25. What was the “China Card,” and how did Nixon use it?
A New Team on the Supreme Bench
Know: Judicial Activism, Miranda, Engel v. Vitale, Warren Berger, Roe v. Wade
26. Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court?
Nixon on the Home Front
Know: Aid the Families with Dependent Children, Reverse Discrimination, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Silent Spring, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Southern Strategy
27. How conservative was President Nixon? Explain.
The Nixon Landslide of 1972
Know: George McGovern
28. How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election?
The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act
Know: Pol Pot, War Powers Act
29. What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act?
Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table
30. "The shaky `peace' was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat." Explain.
The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis
Know: OPEC
31. Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil Embargo.
Watergate and the Unmaking of a President
Know: Watergate, CREEP, Enemies List, Plumbers, John Dean, Executive Privilege, Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Massacre
32. Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty?
The First Unelected President
33. Did President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon? Explain.
Defeat in Vietnam
34. What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam War?
Feminist Victories and Defeats
Know: Title IX, ERA, Roe v. Wade
35. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?
Makers of America: The Vietnamese
36. What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America?
The Seventies in Black and White
Know: Desegregation, white flight, affirmative action, United States v. Wheeler
37. Explain the significance of the Bakke case.
The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory
Know: Jimmy Carter
38. Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976?
Makers of America: The Feminists
39. Compare and contrast the first and second feminist waves.
Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy
Know: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords
40. Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.
Economic and Energy Woes
Know: Shah of Iran
41. How did Carter react to the renewed energy crisis?
Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio
Know: Leonid Brezhnev, SALT II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Afghanistan, Hostage Crisis
42. What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency?
CHAPTER 40: THE RESURGENCE OF CONSERVATISM (1980-1992)
The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980
Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, “ABC” movement
1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?
The Reagan Revolution
Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, “welfare state,” “boll weevils”
2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?
The Battle of the Budget
Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, “yuppies”
3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?
Reagan Renews the Cold War
Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, “Solidarity,” Olympic boycott
4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?
Troubles Abroad
Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, “Teflon president,” Sandinistas, “contra” rebels
5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.
Round Two for Reagan
Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty
6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio
Know: Iran-contra affair
7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.
Reagan’s Economic Legacy
Know: “Reaganomics”
8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?
The Religious Right
Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, “identity politics”
9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?
Conservatism in the Courts
Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey
10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988
Know: “Black Monday,” “Seven Dwarfs”
11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?
George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, “ethnic cleansing,” Nelson Mandela
12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?
The Persian Gulf Crisis
Know: Saddam Hussein, “Operation Desert Storm” (“hundred-hour war”)
13. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?
Bush on the Home Front
Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, “read my lips…”
14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?
Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?
Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will
15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.
CHAPTER 41: AMERICA CONFRONTS THE POST-COLD WAR ERA
Bill Clinton: The First Baby-Boomer President
Know: William Jefferson Clinton, H. Ross Perot, Carol Moseley-Braun, Janet Reno, Ruth Bader Ginsburg
16. What popular concerns helped Clinton win the election?
A False Start for Reform
Know: “don’t ask, don’t tell,” Hillary Rodham Clinton, Brady Bill, Oklahoma City bombing, Branch Davidians, Waco, Texas, Columbine High School shooting, NRA, Michael Moore
17. Why did gun control become an important issue during the Clinton administration?
The Politics of Distrust
Know: Newt Gingrich, “Contract with America,” “unfunded mandates”
18. How did voters respond to Clinton’s “liberal mandate” and to Gingrich’s “conservative mandate?”
Clinton Again
Know: Welfare Reform Bill, Proposition 209, “” boom, NAFTA, WTO, “globalization,” campaign finance reform, John McCain
19. Describe the economy and trade under Clinton.
Problems Abroad
Know: Somalia, Rwandan genocide, Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, NATO, Slobodan Milosevic, “ethnic cleansing,” Kosovo, Yitzhak Rabin, PLO, Yasir Arafat, Madeleine Albright
20. How did events in Somalia shape US actions in Rwanda?
Scandal and Impeachment
Know: Monica Lewinsky, Kenneth Starr, “high crimes and misdemeanors,” impeachment
21. Did Clinton’s action reach the impeachable level? Explain.
Clinton’s Legacy
Know: “patients’ bill of rights,” presidential pardons
22. What is Clinton’s Legacy?
The Bush-Gore Presidential Battle
Know: Albert Gore, Ralph Nader, George W. Bush, “compassionate conservatism,” Richard Cheney
23. Describe how Bush and Gore planned to deal with the federal surplus.
The Controversial Election of 2000
Know: Florida, Bush v. Gore, Electoral College
24. How do you think Bush v. Gore should have been settled? Explain.
Bush Begins
Know: embryonic stem cells, Kyoto Treaty, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
25. What were Bush’s goals as president?
Terrorism Comes to America
Know: 9/11, Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, East Africa & Yemen, Afghanistan, the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, USA Patriot Act, Dept. of Homeland Security, habeas corpus, Guantanamo
26. How is the USA Patriot Act connected to 9-11?
Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq
Know: “Axis of Evil,” “neoconservatives,” WMDs, Colin Powell, U.N. weapons inspectors, “Mission Accomplished”
27. What reasons did Bush give for wanting to invade Iraq? What did skeptics like our European allies and Colin Powell say about his actions?
Owning Iraq
Know: Abu Ghraib
28. How has Iraq changed the view of the US by most nations around the world?
A Country in Conflict
Know: Enron and WorldCom, gay marriage, recall, Schwarzenegger, Gratz/Grutter v. Bollinger
29. Describe the myriad conflict impacting the US during 2003 and 2004.
Reelecting George W. Bush
Know: No Child Left Behind, John F. Kerry, “flip-flopper,” “Bible Belt”
30. Describe the differences between Bush and Kerry.
Chapter 42: The American People Face a New Century
Introductory Section (The Weight of History)
1. Summarize this section in one or two well constructed sentences.
Economic Revolutions
Know: Information Superhighway
2. In what ways is America’s high tech economy similar to and different from the American economy of several decades ago? Be specific.
The Makers of America: Scientists and Engineers
Know: “Big Science,” “Big Technology,” Human Genome Project
3. How and why has the federal government spurred America’s scientific and technological dominance in the post World War II era?
Affluence and Inequality
Know: Welfare Reform Bill of 1996
4. Your textbook suggests several possible causes for the widening income gap in America? Which cause or causes do you think are the most likely reason for this phenomenon? Explain.
The Feminist Revolution
Know: Family Leave Bill (1993)
5. What accounts for the enduring economic gap between women and men?
New Families and Old
6. Which of the statistics about families in this section most surprises you or do you feel is most significant? Explain.
The Aging of America
7. What are the implications of the aging of America?
Makers of America: The Latinos
8. According to your text, why have Mexican immigrants been relatively slow to become US citizens?
Beyond the Melting Pot
Know: United Farm Workers Organizing Committee/Cesar Chavez
9. Compare and contrast the status of Latino, Asian and Native Americans in America today.
Cities and Suburbs
10. Describe the changes that major American cities and suburbs have undergone in the last few decades.
Minority America
Know: Los Angeles riots
11. Describe the challenges that the African-American community still faces in this country.
E Pluribus Plures
Know: Multiculturalism
12. Do you think that the “melting pot” or “salad bowl” is more appropriate metaphor for our diversity? Why?
The Life of the Mind
13. Have you read any of the works or authors mentioned in this section? If so, briefly share your impressions.
The American Prospect
14. Of all the challenges facing America at the beginning of the 21st century, which do you think is most significant? Why?
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