Chapter 10: Motivation
Chapter 10: Motivation
Motivation
the study of "whys" of behavior---
The factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motives: The desired goals that underlie behavior
Motivational Concepts
Instinct theories--there is some inborn, genetic component to motivation.
Instinct: complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned
Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that drives/motivates an organism to satisfy or reduce the need
drive: A motivated, aroused state
when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive) is produced
internal tensions (produced by the body's demand for homeostasis) "push" the organism toward satisfying basic needs, the organism learns which specific behaviors will meet this goal.
homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a steady balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
motivation results from the "pull" of external environmental stimuli also
Incentive--a positive or negative stimuli that attract or repel; that motivates behavior
Need and incentive—strongly driven
Arousal Approaches to motivation: The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary
According to the arousal motive, people seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.
Sensory deprivation studies show that we all need a minimal amount of stimulation for brains to function properly.
There are individual differences in this need: research done by Zuckerman relates high sensation seekers are biologically "pre-wired" to need a higher level of stimulation, the reverse is true for low sensation seekers.
Cognitive theories emphasize the importance of thoughts, attributions, and expectations.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs or motives that incorporates both biological and psychological theories. --believed that basic physiological and survival needs must be satisfied before a person can attempt to satisfy higher needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Pyramid of human needs
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
self-actualization: A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way
Some critics point out inconsistencies in Maslow’s theory that each individual’s lower needs must be met before attempting to satisfy higher needs.
Motivation - Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Blood sugar level and hunger
Set Point-- point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate--body’s base rate of energy expenditure
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Psychology of hunger
Taste preference—biological and cultural
Obesity and Weight Control
Most lost weight is regained
Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television
Social effects of obesity
Losing Weight
Close-up: Helpful hints on losing weight
The Need to Belong
Social animals--need for Affiliation and to belong, to attach to others and to strive for friendship
Need to belong; need for affiliation—a need to establish and maintain relationships with other people
Aiding survival—social bonds keep people alive; innately social creatures
Cooperate in groups enhance survival
Happy and healthy when need to belong satisfied by close, supportive relationship
Wanting to belong—many answer question of what makes life meaningful by saying close, satisfying relationships.
The need to belong impacts thoughts and emotions
Research by Sheldon—response to question: what was most satisfying moment in past week? Satisfaction of self esteem and relatedness-belonging needs
Ubuntu
Acting to increase social acceptance-self esteem gauge of how valued and accepted you feel; behave to increase our belong or social acceptance
Maintaining relationships—some fear of being alone exists
need to feel deep attachments
Pain of ostracism—social exclusion
Williams research—worldwide various forms ostracism used to control social behavior.
Shunned—given the “cold shoulder”; have ones’s need to belong threatened
Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary: “human beings are fundamentally and pervasively motivated by a need to belong”
Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, or ideas and for attaining a high standard
Achievement involves the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks.
The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success
A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction comes from striving for and achieving a level of excellence
Achievement -
Research with intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation shows that extrinsic rewards can lower interest and achievement motivation.
intrinsic motivation: Motivation by which people participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them
extrinsic motivation: Motivation by which people participate in an activity for a tangible reward
Measuring Achievement
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A test consisting of a series of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a story, which is taken to be a reflection of the writer’s personality
Emotion, Arousal, Behavior and cognition
Emotion: is a response of the whole organism
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
Basic emotions
10 emotions in infants
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Physiology of emotion
Expressed and experienced emotion
Detection:
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one
Communicate nonverbally as well as verbally
Fear and anger read mostly from the eyes: happiness from the mouth.
Introverts are better emotion-detectors than extraverts; extraverts are easier to read.
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one
Gender and expressiveness
Women are better than men at reading emotions.
Culturally universal expressions
Effects of Facial Expression
on emotional experience
Facial feedback hypothesis: expressions communicate emotion, amplify the felt emotion and signal the body to respond accordingly.
Experienced Emotion---Anger
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis: “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- tom sawyer chapter 10 summary
- chapter 10 photosynthesis quizlet
- chapter 10 photosynthesis pdf
- chapter 10 photosynthesis key
- chapter 10 photosynthesis answer key
- chapter 10 photosynthesis answers
- chapter 10 photosynthesis reading guide
- chapter 10 vocabulary us history
- the outsiders chapter 10 answers
- chapter 10 outsiders questions quizlet
- chapter 10 biology test answers
- chapter 10 vocabulary words