Chapter 10 Section 1 Lecture notes - Mrs. Macomber's Class



Chapter 10 Section 1 Lecture notes Where did Agriculture Originate?

I. What is Agriculture?

A. Agri – _______________________________________________________.

B. Culture – a set of learned behaviors that is characteristic of a group of people and is passed from generation to generation.

C. Therefore, agriculture is the ______________ behaviors of people associated with…

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

II. Introduction

A. Agriculture— _______________________________________________________________

1. Today remains the ____________________________________________ in the world

2. Globally employs _______________________ of the working population

3. In some parts of Asia and Africa, over 80 percent of labor force is engaged in agriculture

B. Importance of agriculture

4. All humans depend on agriculture for ___________________

5. ________________________________________ depend on the food surplus generated by farmers and herders

6. Without agriculture there could be no cities, schools, factories, or offices

III. History of Agriculture

A. Until 10,000 years ago, most humans lived as _____________________________________.

B. They generally lived in __________________________________ known as band societies.

C. Lived in small groups because they ____________________________________________

IV. First Agricultural Revolution

A. About 11,000 years ago, humans determined how & when plants ripened; used for ___________________ & _________________________. Called _______________________

B. Led to _____________________________________

C. Occurred in __________________________________________ & diffused ________________________________________

D. Advent of agriculture prompted the ____________________________ when access for food surplus led to radical changes in human life.

1.

2.

3. use of metal tools

4.

5.

6. Start of complex societies (more free time)

V. Agricultural diffusion (Plants)

A. Agriculture began with plant domestication

1. Domesticated plant—_______________________________________________________

a. Genetically distinct from wild ancestors because of improvement through ________________________________

b. Tend to be larger than wild species, bearing larger, more abundant crops

VI. Agricultural diffusion (Animals)

A. Domesticated animal—______________________________________________________

1. Differs from wild species in _____________________________________________

2. Result of controlled breeding and daily contact with humans

B. Occurred _____________ than the first planting of crops

C. People may have first domesticated cattle and some birds for religious reasons

VII. Carl Sauer’s Theory on domestication

A. Domestication probably did not develop in response to hunger

B. Starving people must spend every waking hour searching for food

C. ____________________________________________________________________

D. Did not occur in grasslands or river floodplains because of thick sod and periodic flooding

E. _________________________________________________________________

F. Started in hilly district areas, ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________

G. Most experts believe repeated domestication ____________________________________________________________

VIII. Diffusion of domesticated plants did not end in antiquity

A. Crop farming reached its present extent ______________________________

B. Example-__________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

C. Even more important diffusion of American Indian crops to the Eastern Hemisphere

D. The pig and the dog may have attached themselves to human settlements to feast on garbage

IX. Agricultural Diffusion in the Fertile Crescent in Middle East (Iraq between Tigris and Euphrates)

A. Bread grains, grapes, apples, olives; and many others

B. ________________________________________________________

C. Farmers of the Fertile Crescent deserve credit for the ____________________

_________________________________________________________

D. Cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats

E. In this region or nearby, farmers __________________ domesticated plants and animals

F. People began using _______________________, increasing _________________

_______________________

G. Out of necessity, a portion of the harvest was put aside as livestock feed

X. Agricultural Diffusion in SE Asia

A. Possibly included land now covered by shallow seas

B. Rice, citrus, taro, bananas, and sugarcane, plus others

C. Stimulus diffusion yielded a secondary center—northeastern China

XI. Agricultural diffusion in Mesoamerica

A. started about 5,000BC

B. _____________________________________________________________

C. Maize, tomatoes, chili peppers, and squash, among many others

D. Stimulus diffusion produced a secondary center in northwestern South America, from which came the white potato and manioc

XII. The 2nd Agricultural Revolution

A. In the seventeenth century, a second agricultural revolution took place which ______________________________________________ as well as _________________ which allowed more people to ___________________________________________________ got under way.

B. Occurred in urban places and diffused ______________________________________

C. The eighteenth century's European colonies became sources of _________________________

________________________________________ for the industrializing nations.

D. Now, many of the countries which were once colonies of Europe, especially those in Central America, are still heavily involved in the same types of agricultural production as they were hundreds of years ago

E. Late Middle Ages

F. Occurred in tandem with _________________________________________

1. Enclosure of individually owned fields

2. Emergence of urban industrial markets

G. Modification of subsistence farming practices

1. Crop rotation

2. Use of natural and semi-processed fertilizers

3. New tools and equipment

a. Horse-drawn farm machinery

H. _________________________________________________________________

I. Transportation technology linking farm and urban commercial food market

XIII. 3rd Agricultural Revolution

A. Origins in _____________________________________________

B. _____________________________ of agriculture

1. __________________________________

a. Replacement of human labor with machines

2. ______________________________________

a. Use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides

3. _____________________________________

a. Addition of economic value through processing, canning, refining, packaging

C. __________________________________________

1. Plant breeding

D. ________________________________________________

1. Genetic manipulation

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