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Table of contents

|Welcome ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… |3 |

|Organization ………………………………………………………………………………………………… |4 |

|Sponsors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… |4 |

|Scientific Programme ……………………………………………………………………..…………… |5 |

|Abstracts: | |

|Session: WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY ………………………………… |14 |

|Session: CONSERVATION GENETICS ……………………………………….………………… |20 |

|Session: MYCORRHIZA ……………………………………..………………………………………… |24 |

|Session: POLLINATION ………………………………………………………………….…………… |29 |

|Session: PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS ………………………………………………… |36 |

|Session: IN SITU GERMINATION AND SEEDLING PHYSIOLOGY ………………. |40 |

|Session: POPULATION DYNAMICS ……………………………………………………………… |46 |

|Session: SEED STORAGE AND GERMINATION, EX SITU PROPAGATION … |50 |

|Session: TAXONOMY …………………………………………………………………………………… |56 |

|Session: ENDANGERED SPECIES, THEIR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION |61 |

|Session: MODELLING AND DATA ANALYSIS ……………………………………………… |69 |

|POSTERS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… |74 |

Welcome

The 4th International Congress on Orchid Conservation follows on from the successful congresses held in Perth (Western Australia) in 2001, Sarasota (Florida) in 2004 and San José (Costa Rica) in 2007. We are now experiencing dramatic changes in most aspects of our life. Modern technologies are being devised and deployed with increasing frequency; although they make our lives easier, their consequences, such as pollution of air, soil and water, greatly increase the pressure on our already stressed environment. To keep up with the rapidly growing human population, agricultural practices tend to be more and more intensive, which has a negative effect on biodiversity in agricultural landscape. Due to human activities, global temperature is increasing, with unpredictable consequences on ecosystems. Therefore, we have decided to dedicate this congress to „Orchids in a Changing World“. We hope that this theme will offer much scope for discussion.

Organization

Scientific Board

• James D. Ackerman, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, USA

• Richard M. Bateman, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK

• Mark W. Chase, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK

• Salvatore Cozzolino, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

• Kingsley W. Dixon, Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Perth, Australia

• Michael F. Fay, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK

• Michael J. Hutchings, University of Sussex, UK

• Hans Jacquemyn, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium

• Pavel Kindlmann (Head), CzechGlobe & Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

• Tiiu Kull, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia

• Marilyn H.S. Light, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,Canada

• Hong Liu, Florida International University, Miami, USA

• Giuseppe Pellegrino, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

• Robert W. Pemberton, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Lauderdale, USA

• Franco Pupulin, Jardín Botánico Lankester, Univ. Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica

• Hanne N. Rasmussen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

• David L. Roberts, University of Kent, Kent, UK

• Raymond L. Tremblay, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico, USA

• Philip T. Seaton, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK

• Marc-Andre Selosse, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

• Richard P. Shefferson, University of Georgia, Athens, USA

• Dennis Whigham, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA

• Lawrence W. Zettler, Illinois College, Jacksonville, USA

Local Organizing Committee

• Pavel Kindlmann (Head), CzechGlobe & Charles University, Prague

• Olga Ameixa, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Bishnu Bhattarai, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Karolína Černá, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Prakash Kumar Paudel, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Iva Schodelbauerová-Traxmandlová, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Lenka Atexingerová, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Michal Heřman, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

• Luboš Matějíček, Charles University, Prague

• Věra Klestilová, CzechGlobe, České Budějovice

Sponsors

• CzechGlobe, Global Change Research Centre, Brno, Czech Republic

• Biodiversity Research Centre, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

• Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

• Orchid Specialist Group, IUCN

Monday, May 30

Session: WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY

Room: Orangery

Moderators: James D. Ackerman and David L. Roberts

|8:30-9:00 |Opening session |

|9:00-9:30 |The natives fight back: endemic florivorous weevils attack flowers of an alien orchid and reduce plant |

| |reproductive success |

| |James D. Ackerman, Carlos Vega, Isamalish Espino, Ana A. Cuevas |

|9:30-10:00 |What determines worldwide orchid species richness? |

| |Pavel Kindlmann, James D. Ackerman, Raymond L. Tremblay, Dave Roberts, Iva Traxmandlová, Luboš Matějíček |

|10:00-10:30 |Flora Malesiana. Orchids of New Guinea |

| |Ed De Vogel, André Schuiteman, Jaap Vermeulen |

|10:30-11:00 |Coffee break |

|11:00-11:30 |Revealing the decline and expansion of orchids of NW European Russia |

| |Peter G. Efimov |

Session: MYCORRHIZA

Room: Orangery

Moderator: Richard P. Shefferson and Mélanie Roy

|11:30-12:00 |North American Orchid Conservation Center - a concept for a national focus on orchid conservation and |

| |restoration |

| |Dennis Whigham, Barbara Faust, Holly Shimizu, Gary Krupnick, Frank Clements, Melissa Mccormick, John Kress |

|12:00-12:30 |A biological comparison between non-photosynthetic (albino) and photosynthetic individuals in Cephalanthera |

| |damasonium suggests why green orchids rarely shift to mycoheterotrophy |

| |M. Roy, C. Gonneau, A. Rocheteau, D. Berveiller, B. Schatz, J.-C. Thomas, C. Damesin, M.-A. Selosse |

|12:30-14:00 |Lunch |

Session: CONSERVATION GENETICS

Room: Regent's Hall

Moderators: Mike Fay and Ovidiu Paun

|14:00-14:30 |Genetic variability in widespread Cephalanthera species with different reproductive systems |

| |Mike Fay |

|14:30-15:00 |Adaptation in Dactylorhiza allopolyploids - a story from beyond genetics |

| |Ovidiu Paun, Richard M. Bateman, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase |

|15:00-15:30 |Coffee break |

|15:30-16:00 |Pollination in Ophrys: insights from population genetics and genomics |

| |Helena C. Cotrim, Filipa A. Monteiro, Maria S. Pais |

|16:00-16:30 |Genetic differentiation among Gymnadenia conopsea and G. densiflora, and their conservation genetics in |

| |anthropogenic vs. seminatural habitats |

| |Walter Durka, Christiane Stark |

|16:30-17:00 |A comparative study of two leafless Vanilla species V. roscheri Rchb. and V. humblotii Rchb. f. from the |

| |South West Indian Ocean, using reproduction biology and genetic analyses |

| |Rodolphe Gigant, Laurence Humeau, Thierry Pailler, Alexandre De Bryun, Guillaume Viscardi, Brigitte Church, |

| |Valérie Guiot, Michel Grisoni, Pascale Besse |

|17:00-17:30 |Addressing the flow cytometric and morphological puzzle in the fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea agg.) |

| |Vladislav Čurn, Barbora Kubátová, Eva Krajníková, Kristina Kotlanová, Jana Rauchová, Pavel Trávníček, Jana |

| |Jersáková, Jan Suda |

Session: MYCORRHIZA

Room: Orangery

Moderator: Richard P. Shefferson and Mélanie Roy

|15:00-15:30 |Specialised symbioses and their role in orchid rarity |

| |Ryan D. Phillips, Rod Peakall, Matthew D. Barrett, Kingsley W. Dixon And Stephen D. Hopper |

|15:30-16:00 |Coffee break |

|16:00-16:30 |Specificity of mycorrhizal associations in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids: an open question |

| |Lorenzo Pecoraro, Tiiu Kull |

|16:30-17:00 |Stable isotopes as a tool to study nutrient exchange between orchids and fungi |

| |Gerhard Gebauer |

WELCOME PARTY

19:00-22:00 Restaurant „Knights of Rose“

Tuesday, May 31

Session: POLLINATION

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Giuseppe Pellegrino and Robert W. Pemberton

|9:00-9:30 |Biotic resource needs of specialist orchid pollinators |

| |Robert W. Pemberton |

|9:30-10:00 |Differences in pollen viability in Mediterranean orchids |

| |Giuseppe Pellegrino, Francesca Bellusci Alessia Luca, Aldo Musacchio |

|10:00-10:30 |Challenges in pollinator restoration with considerations for orchid conservation |

| |Myles H.M. Menz, Ryan D. Phillips, Kingsley W. Dixon, Rod Peakall |

|10:30-11:00 |Coffee break |

|11:00-11:30 |Orchids of the genus Broughtonia: a small Caribbean group with contrasting reproductive strategies |

| |Ángel Vale, Danny Rojas, Julio C. Álvarez, Luis Navarro, Yosvanis Acanda Artiga |

|11:30-12:00 |Compatible and incompatible pollination of Dendrobium flowers |

| |Saichol Ketsa, Kanjana Luangsuwalai |

|12:00-12:30 |Effects of light quality on vegetative growth, flowering and expression of FT-like gene in Phalaenopsis |

| |Kumala Dewi, Yohana, M. T. Astuti, Yekti A. Purwestri, Lila Natasaputra And Parmi |

|12:30-14:00 |Lunch |

|14:00-14:30 |Role of stigmatic fluid on ovary growth of pollinated Dendrobium 'Pompadour' flowers |

| |Saichol Ketsa, Apinya Wisuttiamonkul |

Session: PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Salvatore Cozzolino and Mark W. Chase

|14:30-15:00 |An intriguing morphological variability of Platanthera s.l. |

| |Peter G. Efimov |

|15:00-15:30 |Where have the hexaploids vanished? The role of breeding barriers in coexistence of Gymnadenia conopsea |

| |cytotypes |

| |Jana Jersáková, Stefan Dötterl, Sílvia Castro, Pavel Trávnícek, Jana Rauchová, Barbora Kubátová, Vladislav |

| |Curn, Jan Suda |

|15:30-16:00 |Coffee break |

|16:00-16:30 |Conservation significance of the renewed assessment of the molecular phylogenetic and mycorrhizal |

| |relationships in Pterostylidinae (Cranichideae) |

| |Mark Alwin Clements, Christopher Garry Howard, Joel Tupac Otero, Joseph Miller |

Session: CONSERVATION GENETICS

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Mike Fay and Ovidiu Paun

|16:30-17:00 |The Orchid Conservation Strategy and Research in China |

| |Jing Cai, Yong Fu Yu, Sheng Li Zhao, Si Peng Lei, Lai Qiang Huang, Yi Bo Luo, Wen Chieh Tsai, Yu Yun Hsiao, |

| |Hong Hwa Chen, Xun Xu, Jun Wang, Jian Wang, Zhong Jian Liu |

Session: ENDANGERED SPECIES, THEIR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION

Room: Regent's Hall

Moderators: Marilyn H.S. Light and Dennis Whigham

|17:00-17:30 |Orchids of the cloud forests of southwestern Colombia and opportunities for their conservation |

| |Jorge E. Orejuela-Gartner |

Session: IN SITU GERMINATION AND SEEDLING PHYSIOLOGY

Room: Regent's Hall

Moderators: Kingsley W . Dixon and Hanne N. Rasmussen

|14:00-14:30 |Methods of studying field germination and seedling physiology: present potential and drawbacks |

| |Hanne N. Rasmussen |

|14:30-15:00 |Seed propagation and re-introduction of the U.S. Federally endangered Hawaiian endemic, Platanthera holochila |

| |(Hbd.) Kral. (Orchidaceae) |

| |Lawrence W. Zettler, Erin M. Wood, Lynnaun J.A.N. Johnson, Anna K. Kirk, Steve Perlman |

|15:00-15:30 |Protocorms of an epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum amphistomum A. Richard) recovered in situ, and subsequent |

| |identification of associated mycorrhizal fungi using molecular markers |

| |Laura L. Corey, Lillian L. Moller-Jacobs, April Y. Ross, Lawrence W. Zettler, Larry W. Richardson |

|15:30-16:00 |Coffee break |

|16:00-16:30 |The embryology of Gastrodia nantoensis: embryo development |

| |Yung-I Lee |

|16:30-17:00 |Limitations to orchid distribution inferred from in situ germination experiments |

| |Tamara Malinová, Jana Jersáková, Jakub Tešitel, Marc-André Selosse |

Wednesday, June 1

WHOLE DAY TRIP

9:00-18:00 Sumava mountains – orchids and bark beetle, historical city of Cesky Krumlov

OPTIONAL DINNER

19:00-22:00 Restaurant „Hunting lodge“

Thursday, June 2

Session: POPULATION DYNAMICS

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Michael J. Hutchings and Tiiu Kull

|9:00-9:30 |A lifetime of sex and indolence: reflections on a 30-year-long relationship with the rare terrestrial orchid |

| |(Ophrys sphegodes) |

| |Mike Hutchings |

|9:30-10:00 |25 years in life of Cypripedium calceolus genets |

| |Tiiu Kull |

|10:00-10:30 |Risk aversion and specificity in euglossine bee pollinated plants: do pollinator population stabilities, bee |

| |abundances, and flowering phenologies matter? |

| |James D. Ackerman, David W. Roubik |

|10:30-11:00 |Coffee break |

|11:00-11:30 |Conservation of Isotria medeoloides, a tale of dormancy and fungi |

| |Melissa K. McCormick, Dennis F. Whigham, John P. O'neill |

|11:30-12:00 |Vegetative dormancy, shrinkage, and fitness in two orchids |

| |Richard Shefferson |

|12:00-14:00 |Lunch |

Session: SEED STORAGE AND GERMINATION, EX SITU PROPAGATION

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Philip T. Seaton and Lawrence W. Zettler

|14:00-14:30 |Seed quality of endangered terrestrial orchid species Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm in Estonia |

| |Mirjam Metsare, Kadri Tali |

|14:30-15:00 |Mycorrhiza assisted conservation of two commercially important and endangered orchids of India: Dactylorhiza |

| |hatagirea D.Don (Soo) and Vanda coerulea Griff Ex Lindl. |

| |Simmi Aggarwal, C. Nirmala, Shanuja Beri, Sachin Rastogi, Alok Adholeya |

|15:00-15:30 |Conservation through in vitro propagation and acclimatization of the endangered orchid Laelia speciosa |

| |Irene Ávila-Díaz, Martha Mireya Ortega-Loeza And Rafael Salgado-Garciglia |

Session: TAXONOMY

Room: Regent's Hall

Moderator: Ed De Vogel

|14:00-14:30 |Colour-scent associations in a tropical orchid: three colours but two odours |

| |Thierry Pailler, Roxane Delle-Vedove, Nicolas Juillet, Jean-Marie Bessiere, Claude Grison, Nicolas Barthes, |

| |Laurent Dormont, Bertrand Schatz |

|14:30-15:00 |Sympodial and monopodial types of growth: why it's important in orchid biology and ecology? |

| |Irina Tatarenko |

|15:00-15:30 |Taxonomic uncertainty in species identifications and its potential consequences |

| |David L. Roberts |

|15:30-16:00 |Coffee break |

|16:00-16:30 |Scientific Committee meeting - Proceeedings |

|18:00-20:00 |Poster setup in Parkhotel |

|20:00-21:00 |Orchid Specialist Group meeting |

| |Room: Orangery |

| |Mike Fay |

Friday, June 3

Session: ENDANGERED SPECIES, THEIR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION

Room: Orangery

Moderators: Marilyn H.S. Light and Dennis Whigham

|9:00-9:30 |Potential impact of insect herbivores on orchid conservation |

| |Marilyn H. S. Light, Michael MacConaill |

|9:30-10:00 |Conservation and reintroduction of the native orchids of Singapore |

| |Tim Wing Yam, Peter Ang, Felicia Tay, Weijing Soh |

|10:00-10:30 |Conservation recommendations from a large survey of French orchids |

| |Daniel Prat |

|10:30-11:00 |Coffee break |

|11:00-11:30 |Use and conservation of Vanilla planifolia J. in México |

| |Victor Manuel Salazar-Rojas, Braulio Edgar Herrera-Cabrera, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado, Marcos Soto-Hernández, |

| |Fernando Castillo González, Jorge Campos-Contreras, Juana Cervantes-Vargas |

Session: MODELLING AND DATA ANALYSIS

Room: Orangery

Moderator: Pavel Kindlmann

|11:30-12:00 |Darwin's "uniform green carpet": modelling the theoretical limits to the dispersal of orchid seeds |

| |David L. Roberts, Gil Bohrer |

|12:00-12:30 |Population viability in Cypripedium calceolus in sites with different light regimes |

| |Anne Jäkäläniemi, Juha Tuomi |

|12:30-14:00 |Lunch |

|14:00-14:30 |Ex situ conservation of tropical African orchids |

| |Tariq Stévart, Bonaventure Sonké, Murielle Simo, Jean Philippe Biteau, Faustino De Oliveira, Steven Dessein, |

| |Claire Micheneau, Vincent Droissart |

|14:30-15:00 |Closing session – future of IOCC, next venue |

| | |

POSTER SESSION and refreshments

16:00-17:30 Parkhotel

17:30-18:00 Poster removal - Parkhotel

FAREWELL BANQUET

19:00-22:00 Restaurant „Knights of Rose“

The natives fight back: endemic florivorous weevils attack flowers of an alien orchid and reduce plant reproductive success

James D. Ackerman1,2, Carlos Vega1, Isamalish Espino1, Ana A. Cuevas1,2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan PR 00936-8377, USA; email: ackerman.upr@

2 Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, PO Box 23341, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3341, USA

Invasive plant species are often generalists in their mutualistic interactions, specialists on widespread taxa, or are adept at self-pollination, or vegetative reproduction. Their invasiveness may be due to release from enemies, such as competitors, herbivores or seed predators. Or they may be superior competitors as is often suggested for plants that invade islands. From a single naturalized population 30 years ago, the autogamous Spathoglottis plicata has spread across the island of Puerto Rico. Inflorescences, though, often become deformed and abort flowers and fruits. An orchid-specialist, endemic florivorous weevil, Stethobaris polita, attacks the flowers and reduces reproductive success. Ants that forage at extrafloral nectaries sometimes attack the weevils, but have no effect on plant reproductive success. Plants protected from weevils had 4-6( higher fruit set than those treatments that allowed weevil access. Weevil abundance is weakly density dependent. The frequency of weevils is positively associated with at the number of open flowers on an inflorescence, and the more flowers in the neighborhood, the more weevils that are observed. White and pink morphs exist, and the weevils prefer the pink morphs both in the field and in laboratory choice experiments. Although S. plicata encounters new enemies in Puerto Rico and suffers reduced reproductive success, it remains invasive. With weevil preference for pink flowers, we expect white-flowered morphs to become relatively more frequent until balanced by density dependent effects.

What determines worldwide orchid species richness?

Pavel KINDLMANN1,3, James D. ACKERMAN2, Raymond L. TREMBLAY2, Iva TRAXMANDLOVÁ1, Luboš MATĚJÍČEK3

1) Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic; email: pavel.kindlmann@centrum.cz

2) Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, 100 Carr. 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico, 00791-4300.

3) Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

The dependence of the number of orchid species in a location on its area, and habitat heterogeneity has been studied previously by Ackerman on a data set from the Caribbean archipelago. The relative importance of latitude and that of the total size of a location vs. the size of protected areas in the location as factors determining the number of orchid species in that location was studied by Schödelbauerová et al. The importance of connectivity with other habitats for determination of the number of orchid species in a location was, however, never tested. Here we reanalyze the dataset on the numbers of orchid species in the Caribbean archipelago that was previously used by Ackerman and add the connectivity to the analysis. We first fit the relationship between the number of orchid species in each island and the area of this island by a power function. Then we correlate the residuals with habitat heterogeneity and negative exponential connectivity with other potential orchid habitats using a stepwise linear regression. Habitat heterogeneity is measured (i) as the altitude of the highest point in the island, (ii) as the mean slope in the island, measured on 1x1km pixel scale. We then discuss the relative importance of individual factors.

Flora Malesiana. Orchids of New Guinea

Ed de VOGEL¹, André SCHUITEMAN² and Jaap VERMEULEN¹

¹ Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (section NHN), Leiden University, the Netherlands

² Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Great Britain

This project started in 1996 with the production of a Demo CD using Linnaeus 2 from ETI, Amsterdam. First author André Schuiteman was full time implementer; Ed de Vogel coordinated and contributed part time; Jaap Vermeulen was co-author of the last CD on Bulbophyllum. In 2001-2010 six CD-ROM’s were produced, treating all recognized 2716 species and 65 taxa of lower rank. The last CD appeared exactly 100 year after the first installment of Schlechter’s Die Orchideeen von Deutsch Neu Guinea.

The actual project lasted 13 years. All texts including the descriptions are in English; Latin descriptions of c. 2000 species known only from the type(s) were translated. Illustrations comprise almost 4500 drawings, most of types described by R. Schlechter and J.J. Smith. More than 3450 digital photographs are present, including 1000 sets of Peter Jongejan stereo images in Vol. 6, to be viewed in 3D with a stereo viewer. Volume 6 covers 635 Bulbophyllum species in 33 sections. The division of Bulbophyllum in sections, including some new ones, was revised by Vermeulen. The CD’s contain more than 2400 distribution maps; Vol 2 features a limited number of hand-made maps; subsequent CD’s have digitally constructed maps for all species. and more than 2050 photographs of types are included.

Many one month inventory trips were made for this project: in Indonesian New Guinea (3), in PNG (12), acquiring 4500 live orchids for Port Moresby Botanical Garden and Leiden Hortus Botanicus, adding many distribution data and images of species so far never photographed, and some 250 undescribed species.

The project ran almost entirely on funding from the Cheng Kim Loke Foundation, the Pacific Science Foundation, and Conservation International. Serious impediments were caused by the 9-11 incident and changing exchange rates.

A book with a selection of c. 700 species of New Guinea orchids is published in 2011 just before WOC 25, giving an example for every orchid genus and section in New Guinea, supplemented by species of horticultural and biological importance.

A presentation will be given of the major features of the Bulbophyllum CD-ROM.

Orchids of the cloud forests of southwestern Colombia and opportunities for their conservation

Jorge E. OREJUELA-GARTNER

Full Professor Autonomous University of the West

Environmental Study Group for Sustainable Development-GEADES

Director Cali Botanical Garden, Cali, Colombia; email: orejuela_jorge@

Orchids are fascinating examples of the natural world and key elements in the conservation of biodiversity. Colombia may well be the richest country in the world in orchid species. Nonetheless the orchid rich areas of the country are seriously threatened by human activities such as deforestation, illegal trade of valued species and more recently global warming. Based on inventories made in several cloud forests of southwestern Colombia, but mainly in the La Planada nature reserve in Nariño, the following results appear: A total of nearly 400 species of 85 genera are reported, 30% of the species found are endemics, seventeen new records for Colombia, and twenty species new to science are reported from these Andean forests in recent years. More than fifteen genera are recognized for their economic value and twenty-five additional have potential for sustainable economic use. Unfortunately there are twenty-five species reported in the Red Data Book for Colombia, which was based only on the analysis of eighteen genera. There are many opportunities for the conservation of ecosystems rich in orchids through habitat protection, increased knowledge of species and their distribution, coordination of in situ and ex situ efforts and the involvement of communities in sustainable rural tourism projects. The value of conservation programs along altitudinal gradients in the Andes is emphasized given the key links of orchid conservation efforts with watershed protection, the maintenance of environmental goods and services and meeting the goals of adaptation to climate change.

The Orchidaceae family species in the Northern Urals (Pechoro-Ilychsky Biosphere Reserve)

Irina KIRILLOVA

Russia, 167982, Komi, Syktyvkar, Kommunisticheskaya, 28; Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Science; e-mail: plotnikova@ib.komisc.ru

The Pechoro-Ilychsky Biosphere Reserve is located in southeast of the Komi Republic between 62° and 63° northern latitude in middle and northern taiga subzones. Its territory covers a part of western macroslope of the Northern Ural Mountains and adjoins the Pechora lowland. The total area of the protected territory numbers 721.300 hectares. In direction from west to east the territory of the reserve is divided into three landscape areas: plains, foothills and mountains.

Orchid flora in the Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve is counted 20 species from 12 genera. According to the classification by Dressler (1993), the orchids of the reserve belong to 6 tribes and 4 subfamilies of the family Orchidaceae. High diversity of orchids can be explained by extensive area of this territory, low human influences and significant diversity of ecotopes. The most orchid species occur in spring bogs and limestones within the foothills region of the Northern Urals. The half of orchid species is included in the Red Data Book of the Komi republic (2009) and three species are included in the Red Data Book of Russia (2008).

The age structure, number and density of orchid populations have been studied in the Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve during 10 years. The most populations were found to be normal and full-member. Within the age spectrum of species mainly immature or generative less adult vegetative individuals were dominated.

Revealing the decline and expansion of orchids of NW European Russia

Peter G. EFIMOV1

1 Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, Saint-Petersburg, 192288, Russia

An approach to reveal the dynamics of the taxa for incompletely investigated territories was developed to study the decline/expansion rates of the orchids of NW European Russia (Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov Regions, an area approx. 195000 sq. km.). The method was based on the comparison between the numbers of the grid cells where a certain taxon was recorded in various time intervals using specially designed software. More than 9000 records representing data as completely as possible were used, but the territory remained insufficiently and unevenly studied both spatially and over time. The study revealed the statistically significant (p ................
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