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Mr. Nelson – Global History & Geography 10Absolutism/The Scientific Revolution/The EnlightenmentScientific Revolution & Enlightenment1. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from1. divine right rulers3. a strong military2. the middle class4. those who are governed2. A major concept promoted by philosophers of the Enlightenment was the need for1. a return to traditional medieval ideas3. overseas expansion by western European nations2. the use of reason for rational and logical thinking4. strengthening the power of the organized religions3. One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they1. encouraged the spread of new ideas3. led to the Protestant Reformation2. strengthened traditional institutions4. rejected Renaissance individualism4. ". . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . . " --Declaration of the Rights of Man andof the Citizen, 1789Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?1. natural law3. free trade2. nationalism4. socialism5. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by1. relying on faith and divine right3. applying reason and the laws of nature2. borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome4. studying the practices of successful leaders6. Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment?1. The king is sacred and answers only to God.3. Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed.2. History is a continuous struggle between social classes.4. All individuals have natural rights.7.) ? The Chinese applied the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to their government.? The French embraced the divine right of kings.These statements show a similarity in the way these cultures(1) supported the same religious principles (2) justified the right to rule(3) created limited monarchies(4) promoted economic equality8.) Which statement best expresses the ideas of the Scientific Revolution?(1) Religious authorities are responsible for understanding and interpreting new information.(2) Superstition and magic are important aspects of the natural world.(3) Scientific ideas should be made to conform with existing thought systems.(4) People should use reason and experimentation to draw scientific conclusions.9.) The term “divine right” is best defined as a(1) revolution to gain political rights and freedoms (2) philosophy that encourages religious toleration (3) belief that a ruler’s authority comes from God (4) system in which a monarch has limited power10.)The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in(1) challenges to the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church(2) support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe(3) confirmation of Darwin’s theory of evolution(4) a renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau11.) Base your answer to question 11 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.“Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work]. Let no one untrained in geometry enter here.” — Nicholas Copernicus of Torun?, Six Books on the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresIn this passage, Copernicus states that he accomplished his work by(1) excluding the teachings of ancient societies (2) combining old and new observations(3) questioning the principles of the scientific method (4) denying the importance of geometryAnswer the following questions (12-15) based on your reading of the document below:018034012.) In this passage Galileo is describing how:His ideas were readily accepted by academics looking for new ideas on the worldHe was thrown out of his university for espousing (saying) new ideas that they had never heard beforeThere was a lot of skepticism for the observations he made through his use of technology While most people rejected his new views of the world, many accepted them right away13.) When he says, “. . .They seemed to forget that the increase of known truths stimulates the investigation, establishment, and growth of the arts; not their diminution. . .” He is referring to:The clergy of the Protestant ChurchAcademics and Professors of UniversitiesThe clergy of the Roman Catholic ChurchThe absolute monarchs of Europe14.) Using the same quote from question 13 (above), he is saying thatPeople should understand the value in new ideas in helping the worldNew ideas, such as Copernicus’ heliocentric theory would bring about an end to the Church as it was known at the timeThat heliocentrism was the incorrect way to look at the universe as we know itThat his ideas aren’t proven yet15.) When he says, “. . .they sought to deny and disprove the new things which, if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them.” He is discussing:Laboratory tests that could have been used to prove this theoriesThe observation step of the Scientific Method that all scientists use to create hypothesesThe doubt he had that his own new theories, which challenged the Church, might not be trueThe theories of Copernicus in detail Answer questions 16-20 based on the following document, our class notes, and our class discussion:01771650016.) The philosopher listed in the document is most well known for:His belief in the separation of powers in government, in order to avoid absolute monarchs from having too much powerHis belief in the divine right of kings and queensHis belief in the equality between men and women at the timeHis belief that men and women have the right to life, liberty, and property17.) This philosopher also believed that:Men are sometimes evil and sometimes not evilMen are born basically good, and therefore don’t need a strong central government Men are born basically evil, and therefore need a strong government to control thingsThat men are not born either good or evil, but become one way or the other based on their environment 18.) The beliefs of this philosopher directly contradicted which existing philosophy at the time?The divine right of kingsThe separation of powers into branches of governmentThe taxation system of Europe in the 1700’sThe social class system of Europe in the 1700’s19.) The last box in the document states “Governments are made by the consent of the people” This means that the philosopher would support:A ruler chosen by the citizens of a country or city-state to be their rulerA divine right monarch, such as Phillip II of Spain, or Louis XIV of France20.) As discussed in class and in your notes, the philosopher in the document:Never supported the idea of political revolutionsOnly supported revolutions against English monarchs because he was BritishOnly supported revolutions in which monarchs violated peoples natural rights Believe that all revolutions were justified if people wanted to revolt for any reason21.) One previous historical era (time period) that led to the Scientific Revolution was:European contact with Islamic civilizations, which were far more advanced at the timeThe rise of civilizations in ancient river valley civilizations (such as Mesopotamia)The conquest of the Mongol Empire over modern day China and RussiaThe new iPhoneX22.) Rationalism was the idea thatInformation comes mostly from Church teachings, but not entirelyThat on what is written in scientific texts and papers is trueThat information has to come from what’s logical and can be provenThat all information makes sense all the time23.) The Spanish Inquisition in Europe was an attempt to:Allow the free flow of new ideas discovered by scientists of the timeSeek out heresies that contradicted the teachings of the church and destroy themAllow for scientists to explain their ideas to a high council, located in SpainTorture people for no reason24.) In general, we can say that the Enlightenment, as an historical period was:A time when brand new scientific theories were accepted as trueA time when certain philosophers questioned the nature of types of governmentA time when revolutions were promoted, and most kings were overthrownA time when the beliefs of Ancient Rome were brought back to Europe after years of them being lost25.) Baron de Montesquieu would be most in favor of which modern example in government: The president using just his own power to suspend immigration from certain countriesCongress voting on a law and passing it for the countryThe Supreme Court ruling on a controversial case that’s been argued in front of themThe Supreme Court overturning a decision of the president and declaring it unconstitutional 26.) As opposed to John Locke, the Enlightenment philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed:That Revolution was almost always justifiedThat men are born good, and therefore can be trusted to govern themselves That Revolution is only justified if natural rights are violatedThat men are born evil, and therefore need a strong government (such as an absolute monarch) to control the chaos27.) The term ‘social contract’ refers to:An agreement among citizens as to whether or not they’re going to revolt A series of discussions between kings, queens, and other monarchsAnother term of the state of nature The agreement between the governed and rulers at to what role each will play28) One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Louis XIV are similar is that they both(1) centralized political power(2) introduced a new national religion(3) strengthened the authority of the nobility (4) freed peasants from feudal obligations29.) In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between(1) capitalism and communism (2) science and religion(3) colonialism and nationalism (4) isolationism and globalism30.) In which way did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?(1) Superstition and ignorance were promoted.(2) The principles of mercantilism were glorified.(3) The divine right theory of kings was challenged.(4) Punishments for criminal acts were rooted in vengeance.028829000Answer questions 31-32 based on the document below:31.) One way in which the author argues that the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread is:Ideas were spread by word of mouth and gradually spread over all of EuropeThe use of the printing press allowed books to be printed that more people can readPeople were more likely to believe the new ideas because they were tired of the control of the Catholic ChurchIt diffused from the Americas to Europe32.) A primary argument of the document is that:Scientific knowledge came from a variety of cultures around the world Scientific knowledge came exclusively from other places such as China and IndiaScientific knowledge was unique to Europeans, who came up with most of the theoriesScientific knowledge came from academics and philosophers at universities only33.) Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?(1) Karl Marx (2) John Locke(3) Thomas Hobbes (4) Niccolo? Machiavelli34.) One scientific belief held by both Rene? Descartes and Isaac Newton is that(1) reasoned thought is the way to discover truth (2) new theories should be made to fit existingtraditional ideas (3) the method by which discoveries are made is unimportant (4) difficult problems should be solved by reading religious texts35.) Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by(1) centralizing control (2) granting democratic reforms (3) practicing religious toleration (4) reducing the size of the bureaucracy36.)? Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe ? Newton’s law of gravitation ? Descartes’ belief in truth through reason:This set of ideas from the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to(1) view humankind’s place in the universe (2) support the core beliefs of the church (3) authenticate historical facts(4) verify civil liberties37.) Which characteristic is associated with the rule of both Akbar the Great and Suleiman the Magnificent?(1) promoting equal rights for women(2) expanding the role of legislative bodies(3) forcing the conversion of citizens to Christianity (4) practicing tolerance toward religious members of society38.) Historians frequently portray Louis XIV’s construction of the palace of Versailles and Peter the Great’s building of the city of Saint Petersburg as(1) shrines to religious beliefs(2) monuments to personal rule(3) examples of colonial architectural influences (4) efforts to isolate and protect the ruler39.) One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both(1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe(2) sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science(3) questioned traditional values and past practices(4) promoted nationalistic revolutions in Eastern Europe-698559728100-20887543629850040.)41.) At the top of the hierarchy in colonial Latin America were which social class?1.) Creoles 2.) African Slaves 3.) Penninsulares 4.) Mestizos42.) The region known as “Latin America” is called such because:1.) Different languages spoken in these countries are all based on Latin 2.) the area borders Canada, and is thus close to the Americas 3.) It was a name giving by the French 4.) The people in those areas speak primarily Latin43.) Touissant L’Overture led which country to independence:1.) Columbia 2.) Haiti 3.) Trinidad 4.) Mexica44.) Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, were inspired by successful revolutions in1.)United States 2.) the Soviet Union and China 3.) Columbia and Venezuela 4.) Cuba and Costa Rica 45.) “I will never allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain.” This statement was most likely made by a1.)Latin American nationalist 2.) Portuguese explorer 3.) Roman Catholic bishop 4.)Spanish conquistador 46.) Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?1.) nations of Latin America won independence 2.) revolutions occurred in North America and France 3.) the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power 4.) creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule 47.) Spaniards who were born in the “New World” (the Americas) were known as:1.) Penninsulares 2.) Creoles 3.) Mulattos 4.) Mestizos ................
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