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APES Federal Land Agency HomeworkDirections: There are 6 different government land agencies that you must know for the APES test. Read information on the following six agencies and fill in the table below. Then do the assessment.Name of AgencyExamples (At Least 2)Basic NotesMotto of AgencyLand Agency AssessmentDirections: Below are statements regarding the various land agencies in the United States. Identify whether the statement is true of false. If the statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. 1) Yosemite National Park was the first national park in the United States.2) Hunting is allowed in a national park.3) Gifford Pinchot was the first Chief Forester of the National Forest Service.4) Resource extraction is allowed in a national forest.5) The Wilderness Act of 1964 designated wilderness areas in the United States.6) One of the conditions for being designated as wilderness is that there are opportunities for solitude and recreation.7) National Wildlife Refuges manage a full range of habitat types, from wetlands to prairies.8) At six National Wildlife Refuges, one can hunt and fish.9) The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency.10) The Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary is the marine sanctuary that is closest to our school.11) Most public BLM lands are found in the west, especially Texas.12) The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 allowed grazing on public, BLM lands. #1 National Park Service37242753175000The United States?National Park Service?(NPS) is the?U.S. federal agency?that manages all?national parks, many?national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by?Congress?through the?National Park Service Organic Act. It is an?agency?of the?United States Department of the Interior, a?federal executive department?whose head, the?Secretary of the Interior, is a Cabinet?officer nominated by the?President?and?confirmed?by the?Senate. Most of the direct management of the NPS is delegated by the Secretary to the National Park Service Director, who must also be confirmed by the Senate.The 21,989 employees of the NPS oversee 398?units, of which 58 are designated?national parksNational parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by?business magnate?and?conservationist?Stephen Mather, as well as?J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist?Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the?Department of the Interior. They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service. On August 25, 1916, President?Woodrow Wilson?signed a bill that mandated the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3, 1933, President?Herbert Hoover?signed the Reorganization Act of 1933. The act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasn't until later that summer when the new President,?Franklin D. Roosevelt, made use of this power. Deputy Director?Horace M. Albright?had suggested to President Roosevelt that the historic sites from the American Civil War should be managed by the National Park Service, rather than the War Department. President Roosevelt agreed and issued two?Executive orders?to make it happen. These two executive orders not only transferred to the National Park Service all the War Department historic sites, but also the national monuments managed by the Department of Agriculture and the parks in and around the capital, which had been run by an independent office. In 1951,?Conrad Wirth?became director of the National Park Service and went to work on bringing park facilities up to the standards that the public expected. The demand for parks after the end of the?World War II?had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President?Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began?Mission 66, a ten-year effort to upgrade and expand park facilities for the 50th anniversary of the Park Service. New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. National Park System?is a term that describes the collection of all units managed by the National Park Service. The title or designation of a unit need not include the term?park; indeed, most do not. The system encompasses approximately 84.4 million?acres?(338,000?km?), of which more than 4.3 million acres (17,000?km?) remain in private ownership. The largest unit is?Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. At 13,200,000?acres (53,000?km?), it is over 16 percent of the entire system. The smallest unit in the system is?Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial,?Pennsylvania, at 0.02?acre (80?m?).Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States' national parks, which have grown in number over the years to 58.Yellowstone National Park?was the first?national park?in the United States. In 1872, there was no?state government?to manage it, so the?federal government?assumed direct control.?Yosemite National Park?began as a?state park; the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of?California?in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership.Lastly, the motto of the National Park Service is “take only photos, leave only footprints.” Hunting is not allowed in a National Park. Logging or mining are also prohibited. There are concessions, however, in a National Park. For example, in Yosemite National Park, there is a ski resort (Badger Pass) in which you can pay to go skiing. #2 National Forest Service4295775000The?United States Forest Service?is an agency of the?United States Department of Agriculture?that administers the nation's 155?national forests?and 20?national grasslands, which encompass 193 million acres (780,000?km2). Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, and the Research and Development branch.In 1876, Congress created the office of Special Agent in the Department of Agriculture to assess the quality and conditions of forests in the United States.?Franklin B. Hough?was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed?Division of Forestry. The?Forest Reserve Act of 1891?authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the?Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the?Bureau of Forestry. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the?General Land Office?of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry, henceforth known as the?United States Forest Service.?Gifford Pinchot?was the first Chief Forester of the United States Forest Service in the?administration of President Theodore Roosevelt.In February 2009, the?Government Accountability Office?evaluated whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the?National Park Service, the?Fish and Wildlife Service, and the?Bureau of Land Management, managing some 438,000,000 acres (1,770,000?km2) of public land. The mission of the Forest Service is "To sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations." Its motto is "Caring for the land and serving people." As the lead Federal agency in natural resource conservation, the US Forest Service provides leadership in the protection, management, and use of the Nation’s forest, rangeland, and aquatic ecosystems. The agency's ecosystem approach to management integrates ecological, economic, and social factors to maintain and enhance the quality of the environment to meet current and future needs. Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people. The everyday work of the Forest Service balances resource extraction, resource protection, and providing recreation. The work includes managing 193,000,000 acres (780,000?km2) of national forest and grasslands, including 59,000,000 acres (240,000?km2) of? HYPERLINK "" \o "Roadless area (page does not exist)" roadless areas; 14,077 recreation sites; 143,346 miles (230,693?km) of trails; 374,883 miles (603,316?km) of roads; and the harvesting of 1.5 billion trees per year.?Further, the Forest Service fought fires on 2,996,000 acres (12,120?km2) of land.The 193 million acres (780,000?km2) of public land that are managed as national forests and grasslands are collectively known as the National Forest System. These lands are located in 44 States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands and comprise about 9% of the total land area in the United States. The lands are organized into 155 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The mission of the National Forest System is to protect and manage the forest lands so they best demonstrate the sustainable multiple-use management concept, using an ecological approach, to meet the diverse needs of people.The history of the Forest Service has been fraught with controversy, as various interests and national values have grappled with the appropriate management of the many resources within the forests. These values and resources include?grazing,?timber,?mining,?recreation, wildlife habitat, and?wilderness. Because of continuing development elsewhere, the large size of National Forests have made them de facto wildlife reserves for a number of rare and common species. In recent decades, the importance of mature forest for the?spotted owl?and a number of other species led to great changes in timber harvest levels.In certain fire-adapted ecosystems, the ensuing decades of fire suppression unintentionally caused a buildup of fuels that replaced the historically natural fire regime of slow-burning, relatively cool fires with fast-burning, relatively hot wildfires in the fire-adapted forest lands across the nation.#3 Wilderness Areas: National Wilderness Preservation System356870041211500The?National Wilderness Preservation System?(NWPS) of the United States protects?federally?managed?wilderness?areas designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal land management agencies: the?National Park Service, the?U.S. Forest Service, the?U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the?Bureau of Land Management. The term wilderness is defined as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" and "an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions."During the 1950s and 1960s, as the American transportation system was on the rise, concern for clean air and water quality began to grow. A conservation movement began to take place with the intent of establishing designated wilderness areas.?Howard Zahniser?created the first draft of the Wilderness Act in 1956. It took nine years and 65 rewrites before the Wilderness Act was finally passed in 1964. The Wilderness Act of 1964, which established the NWPS, was signed into law by?President?Lyndon B. Johnson?on September 3, 1964. The Wilderness Act mandated that the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service review all federal lands under their jurisdiction for wilderness areas to include in the NWPS.?The Great Swamp in New Jersey?became the first formally designated wilderness refuge in the United States. It had been declared a wildlife refuge on November 3, 1960. In 1966, it had been declared a?National Natural Landmark?and, in 1968, it was given wilderness?status. The Bureau of Land Management was not required to review its lands for inclusion in the NWPS, however, until in 1976, when the?Federal Land Policy and Management Act?was passed by Congress. This resulted in the creation of hundreds of wilderness areas within already protected federally administered lands, consisting of approximately 9.1 million acres (3,700,000?ha).This act clarified the landholdings of the?Bureau of Land Management?and set up a deadline for review of the lands by November 1980. This deadline corresponds to the dramatic spike of acreage added for that year and also explains why 1980 became the year with the most wilderness acreage added in the United States by far. As of August 2008, a total of 704 separate wilderness areas, encompassing 107,514,938 acres (43,509,752?ha) had been set aside. With the passage of the Omnibus Public Lands Act in March 2009, there are now 756 wilderness areas. The Elkhorn Ridge Wilderness, which was officially initiated into the system on January 13, 2011, is the newest area protected by the act. This came five years after the 2006 law that designated the area to the system due to restorations on 1,565 acres of land reacquired from the public. On?federal?lands in the United States,?Congress?may designate an area as wilderness under the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Multiple agencies, including the?Bureau of Land Management, the?National Park Service, the?Fish and Wildlife Service, the US Forest Service, among others are responsible for the submission of new areas that fit the criteria to become wilderness to congress. Congress then reviews these cases on a state-by-state basis and determines which areas and how much land in each area will become part of the WPS. There have been multiple occasions in which Congress designated more federal land then was recommended by the nominating agency. Whereas the Wilderness Act stipulated that a wilderness area must be "administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such a manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness.", the?Eastern Wilderness Act, which added 16 National Forest areas to the NWPS, allowed for the inclusion of areas that had been severely modified by human interference. The?Wilderness Act?provides criteria for lands being considered for wilderness designation. Though there are some exceptions, the following conditions must be present for an area to be included in the NWPS: (1) the land is under federal ownership and management, (2) the area consists of at least five thousand acres of land, (3) human influence is “substantially unnoticeable,” (4) there are opportunities for solitude and recreation, and (5) the area possesses “ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value.”Wilderness areas are subject to specific management restrictions; human activities are limited to non-motorized recreation (such as?backpacking,?hunting,?fishing, horseback riding, etc.),?scientific research, and other non-invasive activities. During these activities, patrons are asked to abide by the "Leave No Trace" policy. This policy sets guidelines for using the wilderness responsibly, and leaving the area as it was before usage. These guidelines include: Packing all trash out of the wilderness, using a stove as opposed to a fire, camping at least 200 feet from trails or water sources, staying on marked trails, and keeping group size small. When closely observed, the "Leave No Trace" ethos ensures that wilderness areas remain untainted by human interaction.[7]?In general, the law prohibits?logging,?mining, mechanized vehicles (including?bicycles), road-building, and other forms of development in wilderness areas, though pre-existing mining claims and grazing ranges are permitted through?grandfather clauses?in the Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas are parts of?national parks, wildlife refuges,?national forests, and the public domain and may include land in several different units managed by different agencies. Initially, the NWPS included 34 areas protecting 9.1 million acres (37,000?km2) in the national forests. As of August 2008, there were 704 wilderness areas in the NWPS, preserving 107,514,938 acres (435,097.52?km2). This is approximately 5% of the entire?United States, though only about 2.5% of the 48 contiguous states. The states with the highest number of wildernesses are?California,?Arizona,?Nevada,?Alaska, and?Oregon, however, when measured in wilderness acres the list changes dramatically as?Alaska?contains many of the largest areas protected under the act. In terms of total acres,?Alaska,?California,?Arizona,?Idaho, and Washington?compose the list of the five states with the most wilderness. Wilderness areas exist in every state except?Connecticut,?Delaware,?Iowa,?Kansas,?Maryland, and?Rhode Island. #4 Wildlife Refuges41148008763000National Wildlife Refuge?is a designation for certain?protected areas of the United States?managed by the?United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife and plants. Since President?Theodore Roosevelt designated Florida's?Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge?as the first wildlife refuge in 1903, the System has grown to more than 95,000,000 acres (384,451?km2), 556 national wildlife refuges and other units of the Refuge System, plus 38 wetland management districts.The mission of the Refuge System is to manage a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate, restoration of fish, wildlife and plant resources and their habitat. The Refuge System maintains the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of these natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans.National Wildlife Refuges manage a full range of habitat types, including wetlands; prairies; coastal and marine areas; and temperate, tundra and boreal forests. The management of each habitat is a complex web of controlling or eradicating invasive species, using fire in a prescribed manner, assuring adequate water resources, and assessing external threats like development or contamination.Among these hundreds of national refuges are home to some 700 species of birds, 220 species of mammals, 250 reptile and amphibian species and more than 200 species of fish. Endangered species are a priority of National Wildlife Refuges in that early sixty refuges have been established with the primary purpose of conserving 280 threatened or endangered species. National Wildlife Refuges are also places for outdoor recreation. The Refuge System manages six wildlife-dependent recreational uses in accordance with the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act, including?hunting,?fishing,?birding,?photography,?environmental education, and interpretation. Hunters visit more than 350 hunting programs on refuges and on about 36,000 Waterfowl Production Areas. Opportunities for fresh or saltwater fishing are available at more than 340 refuges. There is at least one wildlife refuge in each of the fifty states.The National Wildlife Refuge System faces a number of challenges and ongoing issues, including urban intrusion/development,?habitat fragmentation, degradation of water quantity and quality,?climate change,invasive species, increasing demands for recreation, and increasing demands for energy development. However, the system has had numerous successes, including providing a habitat for?endangered species,?migratory birds, plants and numerous other valuable animals; implementation of the NWRS Improvement Act, acquisition and protection of key critical inholdings, and establishing leadership in habitat restoration and management.Physical featuresArea of land under management = 95,972,133 acres (388,385?km2) Area of wetlands = 23,952,089 acres (96,931?km2) Number of management units = 586 refugesNumber of Wilderness areas = 75Area of Wilderness = 20,699,257 acres (83,767?km2) Length of rivers within the National Wild & Scenic Rivers System = 1,086 miles (1,748?km) 49250601841500#5 National Marine SanctuariesA?U.S. National Marine Sanctuary?is a federally designated area within?United States?waters that protects areas of the marine environment with special conservation,?recreational, ecological, historical, cultural,?archeological, scientific, educational, or aesthetic qualities. The National Marine Sanctuary System consists of 14?marine protected areas?that encompass more than 150,000 square miles (390,000?km2). Individual areas range from less than 1 to 137,792 square miles. The National Marine Sanctuaries Program (NMSP), a division of the?National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration?(NOAA) administers the 14 national marine sanctuaries. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument?is a?marine protected area?but not a national marine sanctuary.?The program began after the?1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of?California?brought the plight of marine?ecosystems?to national attention. The?United States Congress?responded in 1972 with the?Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act?which allowed for the creation of marine sanctuaries. The resources protected by U.S. national marine sanctuaries range from?coral reef?ecosystems in?Florida,?Hawaii, and?American Samoa?to shipwrecks in?Lake Huron?and the wreck of the?USS Monitor. The? HYPERLINK "" \o "Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, while not a U.S. national marine sanctuary, is also jointly administered by the NMSP, in conjunction with the U.S.?Fish and Wildlife Service?and the State of Hawaii.List of U.S. National Marine SanctuariesChannel Islands National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary?(Atlantic,?Gulf Coast)Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary?(Gulf Coast)Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary?(Atlantic)Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Monitor National Marine Sanctuary?(Atlantic)Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary?(Pacific)Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary?(Atlantic)Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary?(Great Lakes)Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument?(Pacific)The mission of NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries is to serve as the trustee for the nation's system of marine protected areas, to conserve, protect, and enhance their biodiversity, ecological integrity and cultural legacy. The national marine sanctuaries embrace part of our collective riches as a nation. Within their protected waters, giant humpback whales breed and calve their young, temperate reefs flourish, and shipwrecks tell stories of our maritime history. Sanctuary habitats include beautiful rocky reefs, lush kelp forests, whale migrations corridors, spectacular deep-sea canyons, and underwater archaeological sites. Our nation’s sanctuaries can provide a safe habitat for species close to extinction or protect historically significant shipwrecks. Ranging in size from less than one square mile to 137,792 square miles, each sanctuary site is a unique place needing special protections. Natural classrooms, cherished recreational spots, and valuable commercial industries—marine sanctuaries represent many things to many people.Under the 1972 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Secretary of the Department of Commerce is authorized to designate discrete areas of the marine environment as national marine sanctuaries to promote comprehensive management of their special conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, research, educational, or aesthetic resources. The U.S. Congress can also designate national marine sanctuaries. The President can also use the authority of the Antiquities Act to establish Marine National Monuments to be managed as part of the National Marine Sanctuary System.41814757747000#6 Bureau of Land ManagementThe?Bureau of Land Management?(BLM) is an agency within the?United States Department of the Interior?that administers America's?public lands, totaling approximately 253 million acres (1,020,000?km2), or one-eighth of the landmass of the country.?The BLM also manages 700 million acres (2,800,000?km2) of subsurface mineral estate underlying federal, state, and private lands. Most public lands are located in western states, especially Alaska. With approximately 10,000 permanent employees and close to 2,000 seasonal employees, this works out to over 21,000 acres (85?km2) per employee. The agency's budget was US$960,000,000 for 2010 ($3.79 per surface acre, $9.38 per hectare). The BLM's stated mission is to sustain the health, diversity and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.The late 19th century marked a shift in federal land management priorities with the creation of the first national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges. By withdrawing these lands from settlement, Congress signaled a shift in the policy goals served by the public lands. Instead of using them to promote settlement, Congress decided that they should be held in public ownership because of their other resource values.In the early 20th century, Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the?Executive Branch?to manage activities on the remaining public lands. The?Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as?coal,?oil,?gas, and?sodium?to take place on public lands. The?Taylor Grazing Act?of 1934 established the U.S. Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands. The?Oregon?and?California?(O&C) Act of August 28, 1937, required sustained?yield management?of the timberlands in western Oregon.In 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office (a product of the country's territorial expansion and the federal government's nineteenth-century homesteading policies) to form the Bureau of Land Management within the?Department of the Interior. When the BLM was initially created, there were over 2,000 unrelated and often conflicting laws for managing the public lands. The BLM had no unified legislative mandate until Congress enacted the?Federal Land Policy and Management Act?of 1976 (FLPMA).The BLM regulates activities in hunting,?fishing,?camping,?hiking,?boating,?hang gliding,?shooting, off-highway vehicle driving,?mountain biking,?birding, and visiting natural and cultural heritage sites.The BLM administers 205,498 miles (330,717?km) of fishable streams, 2.2 million acres (8,900?km2) of?lakes?and reservoirs, 6,600 miles (10,600?km) of floatable rivers, over 500 boating access points, 69?National Back Country Byways, and 300 Watchable Wildlife sites. The BLM also manages 4,500 miles (7,200?km) of National Scenic, Historic, and Recreational Trails, as well as thousands of miles of multiple use trails used by motorcyclists, hikers, equestrians, and mountain bikers.Of the BLM’s 253 million acres (1,020,000?km2), the Bureau manages 55 million acres (220,000?km2) of?forests?and woodlands, including 11 million acres (45,000?km2) of commercial forest and 44 million acres (180,000?km2) of woodlands within 11 western States and?Alaska. 53 million acres (210,000?km2) are productive forests and woodlands on Public Domain lands and 2.4 million acres (9,700?km2) are on?Oregon?and?California?Grant lands in western Oregon. Additionally, as part of its trust responsibility, the BLM oversees minerals operations on 56 million acres (230,000?km2) of Indian lands. In addition, the BLM also has a National Wild Horse and Burro Program in which it manages animals on public rangelands. Even though the BLM manages one of the largest amount of public land in the United States, resource protection of BLM public lands is being done on an on-going reduced budget, with uniformed law enforcement rangers patrolling an average of 1.45 million acres (5,900?km2) per ranger.The BLM is a significant revenue producer to the United States budget. In 2009, public lands were expected to generate an estimated $6.2 billion in revenues, mostly from energy development. Nearly 43.5 percent of these receipts are provided directly to states and counties to support roads, schools, and other community needs.[4]Increasingly, the BLM has had to address the needs of a growing and changing West. Ten of the 12 western states with significant proportions of BLM-managed lands have among the fastest rates of population growth in the?United States.One of the BLM's goals is to recognize the demands of public land users while addressing the needs of traditional user groups and working within smaller budgets. Perhaps one of the Bureau's greatest challenges is to develop more effective land management practices, while becoming more efficient at the same time.The BLM has a wide range of responsibilities, including collecting geographic information, maintaining records of land ownership and mineral rights, conserving wilderness areas while allocating other areas for grazing and agriculture, and protecting cultural heritage sites on public land. The BLM operates the?National Landscape Conservation System, which protects some?U.S. National Monuments, some?National Wild and Scenic Rivers, and some designated wildernesses among other types of areas including?wilderness study areas.The BLM is a major employer of wildland?firefighters, range conservationists, foresters, botanists, land specialists, geologists, archaeologists, biologists, outdoor recreation planners, and surveyors. ................
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