Children’s Needs – Parenting Capacity
Children's Needs ? Parenting Capacity
Child abuse: Parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse, and domestic violence
2nd edition
Hedy Cleaver Ira Unell
Jane Aldgate
CHILDREN'S NEEDS ? PARENTING CAPACITY
Child abuse: Parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse and domestic violence
2nd edition
HEDY CLEAVER, IRA UNELL AND JANE ALDGATE
LONDON: TSO
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Published for the Department for Education under licence from the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
All rights reserved. ? Crown Copyright 2011 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit or e-mail: psi@nationalarchives..uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is also available for download at official-.uk ISBN: 9780117063655
Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited J2441707 C2.5 09/11 11130
Contents
List of figures and tables
vi
Preface
vii
Acknowledgements
viii
Introduction
1
Research context
1
Legal and policy context
8
Limitations of the research drawn on in this publication
16
Structure of the book
18
PART I: GENERAL ISSUES AFFECTING PARENTING CAPACITY 21
1 Is concern justified? Problems of definition and prevalence
23
Problems with terminology
23
Prevalence
27
Prevalence of parental mental illness: general population studies
28
Prevalence of parental learning disability: general population studies
33
Prevalence of parents with problem drinking or drug misuse: general
population studies
36
Prevalence of domestic violence: general population studies
43
Summary of the evidence for a link between parental disorders and
child abuse
47
To sum up
48
2 How mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse and domestic
violence affect parenting capacity
49
Physical and psychological impact on parents' health and well-being
50
iv
Children's Needs ? Parenting Capacity
Impact on parenting
61
Social consequences
74
To sum up
80
3 Which children are most at risk of suffering significant harm?
85
What constitutes significant harm?
85
Vulnerable children
86
Protective factors
90
To sum up
93
Moving on to explore the impact on children at different stages of
development
95
PART II: ISSUES AFFECTING CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES 97
4 Child development and parents' responses ? children under 5 years 99
Pre-birth to 12 months
99
Pre-birth to 12 months ? the unborn child
99
To sum up
108
Pre-birth to 12 months ? from birth to 12 months
108
To sum up
115
Children aged 1?2 years
116
To sum up
124
Children aged 3?4 years
125
To sum up
134
Identified developmental needs in children under 5 years
135
5 Child development and parents' responses ? middle childhood
137
Children aged 5?10 years
137
To sum up
155
Identified unmet developmental needs in middle childhood
157
Contents
v
6 Child development and parents' responses ? adolescence
159
Children aged 11?15 years
159
To sum up
179
Children aged 16 years and over
180
To sum up
193
Identified unmet developmental needs in adolescence
195
PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND
PRACTICE
197
7 Conclusions
199
8 Implications for policy and practice
201
Early identification and assessment
201
Joint working
204
Flexible time frames
205
Information for children and families
206
Training and educational requirements
207
To sum up
208
Bibliography
211
Index
253
List of figures and tables
Figures Figure 1.1 The Assessment Framework
Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3
Table 4.1
Table 5.1
Table 6.1
Prevalence of mental illness among adults in the general population
Prevalence of mental illness among parents in the general population
Relationship between the rate of recorded parental problems and the level of social work intervention
Proportion of children with identified unmet needs ? children under 5 years
Proportion of children with identified unmet needs ? middle childhood
Proportion of adolescents with identified unmet needs
Preface
It is probably true to say that, for most people, childhood is a mixed experience where periods of sadness and loss are balanced with moments of happiness and achievement. Such complexity, however, is rarely represented in the literature of childhood. Indeed, much of the written word in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries depicts childhood in one of two contrasting ways. For example, A.A. Milne's poem `In the Dark', first published in 1927, (Milne 1971) shows childhood as a golden era where children are loved and nurtured by caring parents. It is a time characterised by innocence, unqualified parental love, irresponsibility, peer friendships and a thirst for adventure and knowledge.
I've had my supper, And had my supper, And HAD my supper and all; I've heard the story Of Cinderella, And how she went to the ball; I've cleaned my teeth, And I've said my prayers, And I've cleaned and said them right; And they've all of them been And kissed me lots, They've all of them said `Good-night.' But never far away is the alternative experience, typified by parental desertion, illness, isolation and poverty. James Whitcomb Riley (1920), who penned uplifting poems of perhaps questionable quality for children during the 1890s, paints a much bleaker picture in his poem `The Happy Little Cripple'. I'm thist a little cripple boy, an' never goin' to grow An' get a great big man at all! ? `cause Aunty told me so. When I was thist a baby onc't, I falled out of the bed An' got "The Curv'ture of the Spine" ? `at's what the Doctor said. I never had no Mother nen ? fer my Pa runned away An' dassn't come back here no more ? `cause he was drunk one day An' stobbed a man in thish-ere town, an' couldn't pay his fine! An' nen my Ma she died ? an' I got "Curv'ture of the Spine!"
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