õ¯Ú Ai¨£øh 1
E¡ã???
E¡ã?? C?\??? Ai¡§??h
1
A[QP?? Eh? ??¡Â?? C?\???a ¡Â\???P??U ?P?sk??x. ??¡Â??
¡ë?P[P? ¡Â???mh ???P?? ¡è?n¡§??h?x Ca ¡Â\???P??
E???UQ????.
C???P¡ã? P?n¡§?k? 92 ¡ë?P[P?? 25 ¡ë?P[P? A[QP?? Eh??
P?n¡§?kQ???. C?? Eh?? ???¡Â?? Ch[P?? ???¡Â?? ?i?[P??
P?n¡§?kQ??. A[QP?? Eh? ???x??P P???, Iu?\?, Jm]\?, ?|u?\?
BQ? |??S ¡ë?P[P???? BUP¡§?mk??x. C???US ¡Â??vP??P P?uP?,
???_??_, ¡Â\?i??, ??????]??, P?]??, ?U?]??, C???, S¡Â????
BQ? ¡ë?P[P?? A[QP?? {???PUS Azv???]????????S?.
??u Eh?? P?n¡§?k? ¡è?u?? ¡ë?P[P?? vo?? ????u A??¡§??
¡è???? ?h? ¡ë?? P?mh???.
Jm]\?
P???
Iu?\?
?|u?\?
¡Â??
E?
1.1
??u Eh?? Ah[Q??? ¡è?u?? ¡ë?P[P?? ????u A??¡§? (vo?US H??)
E¡ã?a \h¡§?????P? BUP¡§?mk?? C?\???a ¡Â\???P?? ¡Â\u?a
¡Â\???P?, A¡Â\u?a¡Â\???P? G? C?sk Tmh[P??P ??P¡§?kzu ?i??.
P??? ¡ë?P? Ah[Q??? ¡Â\???P? ¡Â\u?a ¡Â\???P? G??? P???
¡ë?P? Ah[P?u ¡Â\???P? A¡Â\u?a ¡Â\???P? G??? A??UP¡§?k?.
E¡ã?a\h¡§????? BUP¡§?mk??
¡è?u?? ¡Â\u?a ¡Â\???P? E¡ã???
¡ë?UT?P? G? A??UP¡§?k?. C?? |??S ??P¡§?k?. A?????? :
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
¡¤
P?¡Â????u¡Â???
??u?
C?¡§¡èmk
{?UQ?UP???
C??\¡§ ??h??
1
}?, P??¡§?UP?, ???UP? G???? E¡ã?a\h¡§?????P?? E???US?u?S
????k? A¡Â\u?a ¡Â\???P??S?.
¡Â??vP A??UP?P
¡ë?P?
vo??
????u?
Eh?? P?n¡§?k? Ch[P?
O
65
A??zx¡§????[P?, C???[P?,
G??, ??u?
Eh? ???x?
A??zx¡§????[P?, C???[P?,
G??, ??u?
A??zx¡§????[P?, C???[P?,
??u?
¡ë??, _??\¡§??, ]?}?P?, D??,
Cu??, ?u¡Â??¡ãmk u?\, G??
G??, ]?}?¡§??
?|?v?[P?
??u?
A??zx¡§????[P?, C???[P?
¡ë??, _??\¡§??, ]?}?P?, D??,
Cu??, ?u¡Â??¡ãmk, u?\
C
18
H
10
N
3
Ca
1.5
P
1.0
K
0.35
S
0.25
Na
0.15
Mg
0.05
Cl
Fe
I
}
~so????
1.1 P?¡Â????u¡Â??? (Carbohydrates)
¡ì?¡ã? ¡Â????¡§¡è? ??????? P?n¡§?k? ¡Â\u?a ¡Â\??? P?¡Â????u
¡Â??? BS?. Cx ?a?\zu???[P???? ¡Â???P???¡§?k? J?z?u?S¡§?a
?\?????¡ã?¡Â??x
E??zv
?\??¡§?kQ?x.
A???h
?????
E???kUP¡§?k? En?P?? E???UQ?US, ??????, u??? ??PP?,
^?, ?? BQ??? P?¡Â????u¡Â??? Ah[Q? En? ??PP?UP?? ]?
Eu??n[P??S?.
P?¡Â????u¡Â??? P???, Iu?\?, Jm]\? BQ? ¡ë?P[P??U ?P?shx.
C[S Iu?\?, Jm]\? BQ? ¡ë?P[P? ???¡Â? 2:1 ?Quzv? P?n¡§?kQ?x.
2
C??\¡§ ??h??
P?¡Â????u¡Â???? ¡ë?UT??a `zv??
Cx (H2O) y
P?¡Â????u¡Â??? ¡Â\??? E???UP¡§?mk?? ???US H?? A????
¡è?????? ??P¡§?kzu ?i??.
P?¡Â????u¡Â???
J?\UP??mk
(C6H12O6)
yy S?U¡ÂP?_
yy ¡è?U¡Â??_
yy P?U¡Â??_
C?\UP??mk
??\U??mk
(C12H22O11)
(C6H10O5)n
yy ¡Â????¡Â??_
yy _US¡Â??_
yy C?U¡Â??_
yy ??¡§?????
yy ?\?¡Â??_
yy Q??U¡ÂP?¨¢?
n = S?U¡ÂP?_ ¡ë?UT?P?? GsoU?P
¡¤ J? \UP??mk (Monosaccharide)
P?¡Â????u¡Â???? Pmh??¡§??S J? \UP??mk BS?. C?? ???x??P
G?? ????[P? G??? A??UP¡§?k?. C?? ??[S? A??¡§??U
P?mkQ???. }?? P??Q???. C?¡§?a _?? ?P?sh??. S?U¡ÂP?_,
¡è?U¡Â??_, P?U¡Â??_ G???? J?\UP??mkUS Eu??n[P??S?.
Amh??n 1.1 J? \UP??mk ?u?h???? uP??P?
Eu??n?
P?n¡§?k? Ch?
S?U¡ÂP?_ ??zu ??[P?, ¡Âu?
¡Â?? uP??P?
yy ??¡§?????
Ah[Q?
G???
En?P?? }?¡§?S¡§??h?? ¡Â??x
???¡§?k? C?v ????????
yy CU S?U¡ÂP?_ APzx?g\¡§?mk
S?v?h? ¡Â\?UP¡§?kQ?x.
yy u???
J?z?u?S¡§?a
?\??
???¡ã? ¡è?u?? ????????
S?U¡ÂP?_ BS?.
yy P?a_??\zv? ¡Â??x S?U¡ÂP?_
E?hUP¡§?mk \Uv ?k?UP¡§?k
Q??x.
C??\¡§ ??h??
3
¡è?U¡Â??_
P?U¡Â??_
??zu ??[P?
yy ??????? G? A??UP¡§?kQ?x.
¡Âu?
C?¡§?¡§ ¡ì\o
yy P??P? ??US? ¡Â??x ¡è?U¡Â??_
E???Q?x.
P?m
yy C?¡§?a_?? Ti?x.
?????zv En?P?
yy C?U¡Â??]? \???mk ????P??
J???S?.
yy C?¡§?a _?????x.
C? \UP??mk (Disaccharide)
¡¤
C?sk J?\UP??mkUP? ¡Â\??x C?\UP??mk E???Q??x. Cu? ¡Â??x
}?¡ë?UT? J?? ???¡Â??Q??x. C???¡Â? C?\UP??mkUP?? }¡Â????
?\??u? ¡ë?? J?\UP??mkUP? ???¡§?kQ?x. C?¡§? _????h?x.
??[S????x. }?? P???UTi?x.
2 C6H12O6
C12H22O11 + H2O
¡Â????¡Â??_,
_US¡Â??_,
C?U¡Â??_
G????
C?\UP??mkUS
Eu??n[P??S?. C?\UP??mkUP? ?u?h???? uP?? Ah[Q? Amh??n
1.2 C? u?¡§?mk??x.
Amh??n
Eu??n?
1.2
C?\UP??mk ??P, A?? P?n¡§?k? Ch?, ?¡Â\h uP??P?
P?n¡§?k?
Ch?
¡Â?? uP??P?
¡Â????¡Â??_ ???US? yy C?sk S?U¡ÂP?_ ¡ë?UT?P? C?n?x
?zxUP?
¡Â????¡Â??_ E???S?.
¡Â????¡Â??_
S?U¡ÂP?_ + S?U¡ÂP?_
+ }?
yy ??¡§?????? }¡Â???? ¡Â??x ¡Âu????
C?h ????
4
C??\¡§ ??h??
_US¡Â??_
C?U¡Â??_
?????,
yy ¡è?U¡Â??_
¡ë?UT?,
S?U¡ÂP?_
]?¡§?^?¡ã?
¡ë?UT?h?
C?n?x
_US¡Â???\
P???, ?m¡Ám,
E???US?.
_US¡Â??_
¡è?U¡Â??_ + S?U¡ÂP?_
]? ??[P??,
E??a\???
yy
C?¡§?a _????h?x.
yy P?U¡Â??_ ¡ë?UT????? S?U¡ÂP?_
¡ë?UT?h?
¡Â\??x
C?U¡Â???\
E???US?.
P?U¡Â??_ + S?U¡ÂP?_
C?U¡Â??_
+ }?
yy u???[P??
P?n¡§?h?u
?????
Cx??S?.
yy C?¡§?a _?? S???ux.
yy ???? E?? C?U¡Â??_ ????u A??¡§?
4 % - 6 % BS?.
yy u??¡§???? E?? C?U¡Â??_ \u?u?
?????zv
En?P?
6%-7%
¡¤
??\UP??mk (Polysaccharide)
J? \UP??mk ¡ë?UT?P?? ???Sv???UP? ¡ë?? ??\UP??mkP?
E???Q???. A???¡Â? ??\UP??mkUP? }??S¡§???h?x ?sk?
J?\UP??mkP?? E???US?. C?? Q?? ?P?sh A??x Q?????
\[Q? A??¡§¡è? P?n¡§?k?. }?? P????x. ??[S????x. ?\?¡Â??_,
??¡§?????, Q??U¡ÂP?¨¢? G???? ??\UP??mkUS Eu??n[P??S?.
?\?¡Â??_, ??¡§?????, Q??U¡ÂP?¨¢? BQ? ??\UP??mkUP??
Pmh??¡§??S S?U¡ÂP?\?S?. P?n¡§?k? S?U¡ÂP?_ ¡ë?UT?P??
GsoU?P, ¡ë?UT?P? ?u?h???mk?? ??? BQ?????¡ÂP?? A????
C???P? J?????x J?? ¡Â???kQ???.
¡Â??vP A???P?P
E?
C??\¡§ ??h??
1.2
S?U¡ÂP?_ ¡ë?UT??
A??¡§?
5
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