ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH - GBV

ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH

The Official Journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) A Scientific Committee of the International Council for Science (ICSU)

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 5

SPACE DEBRIS

CONTENTS

Preface

859

W. Flury and H. Klinkrad

CHAPTER 1--RADAR AND OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS

Beam-Park Experiments at FGAN

863

D. Mehrhoh, L. Leushacke and D. Banka

Comparison of EISCAT Radar Data on Space Debris with Model Predictions by the Master

Model of ESA

872

M. Landgraf, R. Jehn and W. Flury

Monitoring the Low Earth Orbit Debris Environment Over an 11-Year Solar Cycle

878

E. G. Stansbery and J. L. Foster Jr.

Radar Interferometer Measurements of Space Debris Using the Evpatoria RT-70 Transmitter

884

/. Molotov, A. Konovalenko, V. Agapov, A. Sochilina, B. Lipatov, Yu. Gorshenkov, E. Molotov,

G. Tuccari, S. Buttaccio, X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Hong, X. Huang, A. Kus, K. Borkowski, Z. Sika,

V. Abrosimov, A. Tsyukh, V. Samodurov, I. Falkovich, L. Litvinenko, V. Stepaniants,

A. Dementiev, A. Antipenko, S. Snegirev, M. Nechaeva, A. Volvach, V. Saurin, A. Pushkarcv,

A. Deviatkin, I. Guseva and P. Sukhov

The Optical Orbital Debris Measurement Program at NASA and AMOS

892

J. L. Africano, E. G. Stansbery and P. W. Kervin

Optical Observations of Space Debris in GEO and in Highly-Eccentric Orbits

901

T. Schildknecht, R. Musci, M. Ploner, G. Beutler, W. Flury, J. Kuusela, J. de Leon Cruz and

L. de Fatima Dominguez Palmero

Orbit Improvement for GEO Objects using Follow-Up Observations

912

R. Musci, T. Schildknecht and M. Ploner

A New 1 m Telescope for Space Debris Survey Observations

917

S. Isobe, A. Asami, D. Asher, N. Hashimoto, S.-i. Nakano, K. Nishiyama, Y. Olishima,

J. Terazono, H. Umehara, T. Urata and M. Yoshikawa

First Optical Space Debris Detection Campaign in Italy

921

M. Porfi.Uo, F. Piergentili and F. Graziani

CHAPTER 2--MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING OF MICRODEBRIS AND METEOROIDS

ISIS: An In Situ Impact Sensor for Space Debris Monitoring

929

M. Porfilio and F. Graziani

Real-Time Detector for Hypervelocity Microparticles using Piezoelectric Material

935

T. Miyachi, N. Hasebe, H. ho, T. Masumura, H. Okada, H. Yoshioka, K. Nogami, T. Iwai,

H. Shibata, Y. Hamabe, S. Sasaki, S. Sugita, S. Hasegawa, H. Yano, H. Ohashi, K. Muranaga,

M. Sato and T. Tou

Multi-Layered Foil Capture of Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris in Low Earth Orbit

939

A. T. Kearsley and G. A. Graham

Contribution of Secondary Ejecta to the Debris Population

944

J.-C. Mandeville and M. Bariteau

In Situ Debris Measurements in MEO/HEO Using Onboard Spacecraft Surface Inspection System 951 H. Hirayama, T. Hanada and T. Yasaka

V1

Contents

CHAPTER 3--MODELLING OF DEBRIS AND METEOROIDS

The MASTER-2001 Model

959

J. Bendisch, K. Bunte, H. Klinkrad, H. Krag, C. Martin, H. Sdunnus, R Walker, P. Wegener and

C. Wiedemann

The Sensitivity of the ESA DELTA Model

969

C. Martin, R. Walker and H. Klinkrad

EVOLVE Historical and Projected Orbital Debris Test Environments

975

P. H. Krisko

LEGEND - A Three-Dimensional LEO-to-GEO Debris Evolutionary Model

981

J.-C. Liou, D. T. Hall, P. H. Krisko and J. N. Opiela

An Assessment of the NASA Explosion Fragmentation Model to 1 mm Characteristic Sizes

987

P. D. Anz-Meador and M. J. Matney

Environmentally-Induced Debris Sources

993

N. L. Johnson

Comparison of Debris Flux Models

1000

H. Sdunnus, P. Beltrami, H. Klinkrad, M. Matney, A. Nazarenko and P. Wegener

Obtaining the Properly Weighted Average Albedo of Orbital Debris from Optical and Radar Data 1006 D. J. Kessler and K. S. Jarvis

Assessment of Orbital Debris Size Estimation from Radar Cross-Section Measurements

1013

R. Lambour, N. Rajan, T. Morgan, I. Kupiec and E. Stansbery

Physical Properties of Orbital Debris from Spectroscopic Observations

1021

K. Jorgensen, J. Africano, K Hamada, E. Stansbery, P. Sydney and P. Kervin

CHAPTER 4--RE-ENTRY OF SPACE OBJECTS

BeppoSAX Equatorial Uncontrolled Re-Entry

1029

C. Portelli, L. Salotti, L. Anselmo, T. Lips and A. Tramutola

On the Accuracy of Satellite Reentry Predictions

1038

C. Pardini and L. Anselmo

Overview of Entry Risk Predictions

1044

R B. Mrozinski, G. F. Mendeck and R M. Cutri-Kohart

Analysis of Reentry Survivability of UARS Spacecraft

1049

W. C. Rochelle, J. J. Marichalar and N. L. Johnson

Spacecraft Destruction During Re-Entry - Latest Results and Development of the SCARAB Soft-

ware System

1055

T. Lips, B. Fritsche, G. Koppenwallner and H. Klinkrad

CHAPTER 5--HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS, PROTECTION AND RISK ANALYSIS

An Approach to Achieve Progress in Spacecraft Shielding

1063

K. Thoma, F. Schqfer, S. Hiermaier and E. Schneider

Single Bumper Shields Based on Vectran Fibers

1076

M. Tanaka and Y. Moritaka

A Study of Debris Impact Collision Probabilities to Space Tethers

1080

G. L. Gittins, G. G. Swinerd, H. G. Lewis and D. N. Williams

Radio-Wave Emission due to Hypervelocity Impacts in Relation to Optical Observation and

Projectile Speed

1085

K. Maki, T. Takano, A. Fujiwara and A. Yamori

Contents

vii

The Implementation of Cost Effective Debris Protection in Unmanned Spacecraft

1090

P. H. Stokes and G. G. Swinerd

Space Shuttle Debris and Meteoroid Impacts

1097

E. L. Christiansen, J. L. Hyde and R. P. Bernhard

Bounding the Risk of Crew Loss Following Orbital Debris Penetration of the International Space

Station at Assembly Stages 1J and IE

1104

S. Evans, H. Lewis, J. Williamsen, H. Evans and W. Bohl

Covariance Correlations in Collision Avoidance Probability Calculations

1109

M. J. Matney, P. Anz-Meador and J. L. Foster

Application of Symmetrized Covariances in Space Confliction Prediction

1115

R. P. Patera

Development of a Collision Risk Assessment Tool

1120

J. R Alarcon-Rodriguez, F. M. Martinez-Fadrique and H. Klinkrad

Space Debris Proximity Analysis in Powered and Orbital Phases During Satellite Launch

1125

P. Bandyopadhyay, R K. Sharma and V. Adimurthy

The Recent Upgrade and Future Perspectives of the ESABASE/Debris Tool

1130

K. D. Bunte, A. Langwost and G. Drolshagen

CHAPTER 6--THE GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

MODEST Observations of Space Debris at Geosynchronous Orbit

1139

P. Seitzer, R Smith, J. Africano, K. Jorgensen, E. Stansbery and D. Monet

Status of CNES Optical Observations of Space Debris in Geostationary Orbit

1143

F. Alby, M. Boer, B. Deguine, I. Escane, F. Newland and C. Portmann

A Proposed In Situ Debris Measurement in GEO

1150

/. N. Opiela, J.-C. Liou and E. G. Stansbery

Concept for an Orbital Telescope Observing the Debris Environment in GEO

1155

M. Oswald, H. Krag, P. Wegener and B. Bischof

Extracting GEO Orbit Populations from Optical Surveys

1160

M. J. Matney, E. Stansbery, J. Africano, K. Jarvis, K. Jorgensen and T. Thumm

Geosynchronous Region Orbital Debris Modeling with GEO_EVOLVE 2.0

1166

P. H. Krisko and D. T. Hall

Population Evolution in the GEO Vicinity

1171

P. Wegener, J. Bendisch, H. Krag, M. Oswald and S. Stabroth

Debris Perturbed by Radiation Pressure: Relative Velocities Across Circular Orbits

1177

C. C. Celestino, O. C. Winter and A. F. B. A. Prado

A New Fast Cloud Propagator for Use in the GEO Regime

1181

D. N. Williams, G. G. Swinerd, H. G. Lewis and G. L. Gittins

Collision Risk Management in Geosynchronous Orbit

1188

A. B. Jenkin and G. E. Peterson

Reducing the Collision Risk for High Inclination Constellations in the Geosynchronous Region 1193 /. Wytrzyszczak, E. Wnuk and J. Kaczmarek

On the Orbital Evolution of Explosion Fragments

1198

A. Sochilina, R. Kiladze, K Grigoriev, I. Molotov and A. Vershkov

The End-of-Life Disposal of the Italian Geostationary Satellites

1203

L. Anselmo and C. Pardini

viii

Contents

Testing the Safety of Decommissioned Spacecraft Above GEO

1209

/. Wytrzyszczak

A Mission to Preserve the Geostationary Region

1214

D. A. Smith, C. Martin, M. Kassebom, H. Petersen, A. Shaw, B. Skidmore, D. Smith, H. Stokes

and A. Willig

CHAPTER 7--MITIGATION

Long-Term Evolution of Navigation Satellite Orbits: GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO C. C. Chao and R A. Gick

Consideration of Lifetime Limitation for Spent Stages in GTO R. K. Sharma, P. Bandyopadhyay and V. Adimurthy

Cost-Effective and Robust Mitigation of Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit R Walker and C. E. Martin

Analyzing Costs of Space Debris Mitigation Methods C. Wiedemann, H. Krag, J. Bendisch and H. Sdunnus

A Method of Calculating Fragment Velocity Additions for the Analysis of the Breakup of a Launch Vehicle Upper Stage

P. Bandyopadhyay, R. K. Sharma and V. Adimurthy

The ESA Space Debris Mitigation Handbook 2002 H. Klinkrad, P. Beltrami, S. Hauptmann, C. Martin, H. Sdunnus, H. Stokes, R Walker and J. Wilkinson

The European Space Debris Safety and Mitigation Standard F. Alby, D. Alwes, L. Anselmo, H. Baccini, C. Bonnal, R Crowther, W. Flury, R Jehn, H. Klinkrad, C. Portelli and R Tremayne-Smith

Space Debris Aspects in Design and Operation of a Space Craft - The Programmatic of an End-to-End Service

D. Alwes and H. Sdunnus

Author Index

1221 1227 1233 1241 1246 1251 1260

1264 1271

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