Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları
[pic][pic]Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları
[pic]
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
TIME CLAUSE
1. TANIM
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tümcelerde, ana tümce ile yan tümcede kullanılan tense uyumlu olmalıdır. Yani,
PRESENT↔ PRESENT
I never forget to pray before I go to bed.
PRESENT↔FUTURE
She will be there when I arrive at the airport.
PAST↔PAST
When we got there, the film was over.
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına bir tek since uymamaktadır.
PRESENT↔ PAST
I have known him since I left school.
2. TIME BEFORE
2.1. Until/Till
|KULLANIMI |
|until/till + ad / tümce / Ving |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1] |
|ad + -E kadar [2] |
He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]
| | Cilalamayı tamamlayana kadar sabırla çalıştı. |
Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
| | |
Until ve by sözcüklerinden hangisinin kullanılacağı konusu çeviri ya da İngilizce yazma/konuşma esnasında bir tereddüt konusu olabilmektedir.
Until belirli bir zamana kadar süren bir olay ya da durum için kullanılır.
I have to keep writing until the end of next year.
| | |
By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan önce oluşan bir olay için kullanılır.
My book will be finished by the end of next year.
| | |
Burada belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta da, by sözcüğünün zaman yapılarında bu tür kullanımında hiçbir zaman bir conjunction olarak kullanılamaması, yani, ardından bir S+V+(O) yapısının gelememesidir.
I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece "ET".
A. after
B. by the time
C. in case
D. until
E. while
The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... .
A. as they have heard the weather forecast.
B. by the time the mist settles
C. since the time the weather conditions changed
D. until the sea was calmer
E. whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail
2.2. Before
|KULLANIMI |
|before + ad / tümce / Ving |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -mEdEn önce |
|yüklem + -DEn önce |
They left before the door was opened.
| | |
Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ......
A. theory of evolution was not fully understood
B. movements within the earth's crust have been measured
C. the necessary equipment has been provided
D. the measurements were not sufficiently accurate
E. the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully understood
2.3. By the time
|KULLANIMI |
|by the time + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -EnE kadar |
They will have gone by the time we arrive.
| | |
Kullanım özelliği:
|? |by the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous) |
| |by the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous) |
By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct before it is too late.
A. had done/would have gone
B. has been done/will go
C. is done/will have gone
D. was done/had gone
E. will be done/have gone
By ile by the time farkı:
|? |by + tümce |
3. SAME TIME
3.1. As
|KULLANIMI |
|(just) as + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(tam) ... -(i)ken |
As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
| | |
3.2. As long as / So long as
|KULLANIMI |
|as long as/so long as + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -DIğI sürece/müddetçe |
I'll love you as long as I live.
| | |
3.3. While/Whilst
Bu sözcüklerden whilst çok resmi yapılarda kullanılabilir.
|KULLANIMI |
|while / whilst + tümce [1] / Ving [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -(i)ken |
They came while I was sunbathing. [1]
| | |
While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]
| | |
The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the new software.
A. before
B. by the time
C. in case
D. though
E. while
3.4. When / Whenever
|KULLANIMI |
|when + tümce [1] / sıfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever + tümce [4] / sıfat [5] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(her ne) zaman ... -sE |
|yüklem + - DIğI zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DIğI(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkçE |
When I sleep I always snore. [1]
| | |
Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]
| | |
Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]
| | |
She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]
| | |
When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new factory.
A. was seeing/had hoped
B. have seen/hoped
C. saw/would hope
D. saw/was hoping
E. see/will hope
Dikkat:
|? |Yan tümcede present perfect tense mümkündür. |
When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long holiday.
A. had taken/studied
B. have taken/have been studying
C. take/study
D. took/had been studying
E. will take/am studying
3.5. Now that
|KULLANIMI |
|now that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-DIğI için |
|(Hazır) ... yüklem -DIğI [(n)E] göre |
Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.
| | |
3.6. Ving
He came in shouting.
| | |
Bu yapıya benzer bir yapıda hiç yüklem kullanılmamaktadır:
He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During
|KULLANIMI |
|during + ad |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|esnasında |
During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.
| | |
4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After
|KULLANIMI |
|after + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardından/sonra |
After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]
| | |
After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]
| | |
After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]
| | |
You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so now listen carefully!
A. after
B. during
C. for
D. since
E. while
4.2. As soon as
|KULLANIMI |
|as soon as + tümce [1] / Ving [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz |
As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]
| | |
As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]
| | |
Bir eş anlam:
|? |as soon as = the minute |
4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yapı da sık kullanılmaz.
|KULLANIMI |
|directly / immediately + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz |
She smiled immediately she heard the news.
| | |
İki eş anlam:
|? |directly / immediately = the moment / the minute |
4.4. Once
|KULLANIMI |
|once + tümce [1] / Ving [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|Bir kez .. yüklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gör- |
Once I make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]
| | |
Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]
| | |
4.5. Since
|KULLANIMI |
|since + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -Den beri/bu yana |
He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]
| | |
We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]
| | |
I've been typing since 12. [3]
| | |
I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license almost ten years ago.
A. after
B. as
C. before
D. for
E. since
Present perfect konusunda da belirtildiği gibi ...
|? |since + simple past |
4.6. When / Whenever
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan when / whenever ile aynıdır.
4.7. Now that
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan now that ile aynıdır.
4.8. No sooner ... than
|KULLANIM |
|No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past |
|ÇEVİRİ |
|Daha yeni/Henüz ... yüklem + -mIştI ki ... |
No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.
| | |
Çok önemli özellikler:
|? |No sooner + had + özne + V3 + than ..+ simple past |
| |No sooner ... yapısında mutlaka than kullanılır. |
| |No sooner ... yapısının tümce başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik |
| |yapı kullanılır. |
4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından No sooner ... than yapısı ile aynıdır.
Çok önemli özellikler:
|? |Hardly/Scarcely + had + özne + V3 + when ..+ simple past |
| |Hardly/scarcely yapısında mutlaka when kullanılır. |
| |Hardly/Scarcely yapısının tümce başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik|
| |yapı kullanılır. |
4.10. On, upon
Ving başlığı altında (aşağıda 5 numaralı başlık) ele alınmaktadır.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geçici bir durumu göstermek ve durumun ortaya çıkardığı sonucu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I rushed to the door to discover it was locked
tümcesinde to discover yapısı in order to discover anlamı taşımamaktadır, zira bu anlamı taşıyor olsa kapının kilitli olduğunu bile bile kapıya gitme söz konusu olacaktır.
* Kapının kilitli olduğunu keşfetmek için kapıya koştum.
Bu yapının gerçek karşılığı
... to discover = and I discovered
yaklaşımı ile
Kapıya koştum ve kilitli olduğunu farkettim
şeklinde olacaktır.
I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
| | |
She turned the corner, to find the car gone.
| | |
The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.
| | |
4.12. yüklem + to + yüklem
Aslında yüklem + and + yüklem şeklinde kullanılabilecek bir yapıdır ve uzunca bir süreye bağlı bir sonucu ifade eder.
She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)
| | |
The show went on to become a great success.
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5. Ving
5.1. Same time (= When)
Returning to the village, I met an old friend.
| | |
(On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.
| | |
Dikkat:
|? |Ving yapısı ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan |
| |tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
When I returned to the village, I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village, I met an old friend.)
..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent asked us if we would like to see the flat.
A. Tell
B. Telling
C. To be told
D. To tell
E. Told
The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very bored when they were finally allowed in.
A. being waited
B. having waited
C. to have waited
D. waited
E. waiting
5.2. Time after (= When / After)
Having + V3 ya da -ing yapısı ile oluşturulur.
Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had completed ...)
| | |
5.3. (By) + Ving
Bu yapı zaman belirtmesinin yanısıra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir.
By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.
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5.4. ..., Ving
He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)
| | |
6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)
Çok önemli özellikler:
|? |Edilgen özellik taşır. |
| |Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan |
| |tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
(When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.
| | |
CONDITION CLAUSE
1. IF
1.1. First condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi mümkün olasılık anlatır.
|KULLANIMI |
|If + Present, Future / Present tense |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(Eğer) ... -I/Er ise, -EcEk / -I/Er |
If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have doubled by the year 2005.
| | |
DEVRİK YAPI
Should you see her, give her the message.
| | |
If you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a great deal of discomfort.
A. would go/would have been spared
B. have gone/were spared
C. had gone/would have been spared
D. were going/have been spared
E. go/will have been spared
If ile başlayan bölüm (= yan tümce) ile ilgili önemli bir not:
|? |If + will / may / might ... , .... |
1.2. Second Condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi pek mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
|KULLANIMI |
|If + Simple past, could / would (be able to) / might |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(Eğer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI |
If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.
| | |
DEVRİK YAPI
Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.
Would you accept the offer if you ..... in my shoes.
A. are
B. can be
C. were
D. had been
E. should be
Was yerine were kullanımı önem taşır:
|? |If I / she / you / it / they / ... WERE .... |
| |Ayrıca şu yapılara dikkat: |
| |Would you mind ...? |
| |Do you mind ... ? |
Kim: I urgently need an envelope for this card.
Tom: Do you mind if I go and buy you one?
Kim: .....
Tom: I'll be back in a minute.
A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please.
B. Yes, this would be lovely.
C. No, not at all; most appreciated.
D. I'd better have an envelope immediately.
E. Actually, what I need is that one.
Progressive / Continuous kullanıma dikkat:
|? | Would be + Ving ⎝ Second Condition |
She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a luxurious life.
A. couldn't have led
B. hasn't been leading
C. isn't leading
D. wasn't leading
E. wouldn't be leading
1.3. Third Condition
Geçmişe ait ve gerçekleşmesi artık mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
|KULLANIMI |
|A. If + Past Perfect, would /could / might + have + V3 [1] |
|B. If + Past Perfect, would / could / might + V1 + (now) [2] |
|C. If + would / could + have + V3, would / could / might + have + V3 [3] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|A. |
|(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -I/ErdI |
If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]
| | |
|B. |
|(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, (şimdi) ... -I/ErdI |
If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]
| | |
|C. |
|(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -EbIlIrdI |
I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]
| | |
DEVRİK YAPI
Had he been more careful, he could have won.
| | |
If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift.
A. knew/can give
B. know/have given
C. had known/could have given
D. have known/gave
E. will know/would give
1.4. If + should
Az gerçekleşme olasılığı gösterir.
If you should see him, let me know.
| | |
1.5. If + happen to
If + should yapısı ile aynı anlamdadır.
1.6. If + were to
Were to yapısı gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı az bir olayı anlatmada kullanılabilir.
What would you do if a war were to break out ?
| | |
Were to yapısı zorlayıcı bir öneri ifade edebilir.
If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
| | |
If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly it ..... a global crisis.
A. had/will cause
B. was/would have caused
C. will have/causes
D. were/would cause
E. would have/had caused
1.7. If it weren't for
Bu yapı olayın bir başka olayı değiştirdiğini / etkilediğini göstermede "olmasa" anlamında kullanılır.
If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.
| | |
1.8. If it hadn't been for
If it weren't for yapısının geçmiş zaman halidir.
If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
| | |
1.9. But for
If it hadn't been for yapısı ile aynı anlamı taşır.
But for you, I could have given up long ago.
| | |
1.10. If only (= I wish ...)
A) If only + Past tense
If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.
| | |
If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.
| | |
B) If only + would / could
Bu yapı istek / amaç belirtir.
If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.
| | |
If only he wouldn't snore !
| | |
If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so embarrassed at the supermarket.
A. had taken
B. have taken
C. took
D. would have taken
E. would take
If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to offend you.
A. don't interfere
B. hadn't interfered
C. haven't interfered
D. won't interfere
E. wouldn't interfere
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS
|KULLANIMI |
|as long as, so long as + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|- DIğI sürece/takdirde |
She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.
| | |
You can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things.
A. unless
B. as long as
C. although
D. however
E. before
3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING
|KULLANIMI |
|assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|Assuming/supposing -DIğInI varsayarsak/varsayınca |
|Provided/providing -mEsI koşulu ile/-DIğI takdirde |
Assuming that the journey is likely to take a full day, we may except him any minute.
| | |
You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.
| | |
You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it.
A. as much as
B. even if
C. expecting
D. in case
E. providing
4. IN CASE
|KULLANIMI |
|in case + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-sE diye |
Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.
| | |
We should have the car checked before we set out for our holiday ..... something goes wrong.
A. although
B. before
C. by the time
D. in case
E. while
Bu yapı in (the) case of + ad/Ving ( ... "durumunda") şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
In case of a fire, use the side doors.
| | |
In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.
| | |
Just in case kullanımı ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamını yansıtır.
"Why do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case."
5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)
|KULLANIMI |
|in the event that + tümce |
|just so (that) + tümce |
|on condition (that) + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-mEsI durumunda/-DIğI takdirde |
In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it.
| | |
6. UNLESS
|KULLANIMI |
|unless + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda |
I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.
| | |
This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him as if he were a baby.
A. as though
B. if
C. in case
D. unless
E. when
7. GIVEN
|KULLANIMI |
|given (that) + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|olsa, -mEsI durumunda |
Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.
| | |
Given yapısı "rağmen" anlamını taşıyan tümce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanılabilir.
8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yapı olarak I wish / He wishes / .. çeşitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu zamanın seçimi elbette tümcenin oluşturulduğu duruma bağlıdır.
(Simple Present)
I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich.
I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot.
She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot.
(Present Continuous)
It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
(Simple Past)
She didn't come. I wish she had come.
(Present Perfect)
He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.
(Will)
You will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain.
He will sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing.
|? |wish + simple past / past continuous / would / could = Second condition |
| |wish + past perfect = Third condition |
I wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow.
A. can come
B. com
C. could come
D. had come
E. would have come
I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day.
A. is dying
B. died
C. dies
D. had died
E. has died
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "keşke" olarak aktarılabilir.
PLACE CLAUSE
1. WHERE
|KULLANIMI |
|where + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -DIğI yerde |
Where I come from, this is called injustice.
| | |
2. WHEREVER
|KULLANIMI |
|wherever + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(neresi olursa orada) |
|yüklem + -DIğI her yer(d)e/yerin |
They went wherever they expected to find work.
| | |
CONCESSION CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Although / Though
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın; -DIğI halde
Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.
| | |
Devrik yapı ile de kullanılabilir.
Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident. (=Although she was ...)
| | |
Although ve though farkı:
|? |Though, tümce içinde ve sonunda however anlamında kullanılabilir. |
1.2. Even if / Even though
Türkçeye çevirisi although ile aynıdır. Even if "-sE bile" olarak aktarılabilir.
He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.
| | |
You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
| | |
1.3. Whereas
Türkçeye although gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarılır.
Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
| | |
1.4. While / Whilst
Türkçeye although gibi aktarılır.
While he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace.
| | |
1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that
Türkçeye "...( gerçeğin)e karşın / rağmen" ile aktarılırlar.
Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is ...)
1.6. As
Devrik yapı durumunda "rağmen" anlamı taşıyabilir.
Tired as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...)
| | |
Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support. (=Although you may change ...)
| | |
Bu yapı Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak da kullanılabilir.
As sözcüğü yerine that kullanıldığı da görülür.
Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.
| | |
1.7. As ... as
Bu yapı ender olarak kullanılır.
As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country. (=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)
| | |
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Despite/In spite of
|KULLANIMI |
|despite/in spite of + ad [1] / Ving [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın |
|ad + -E rağmen / karşın |
He came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]
| | |
He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the many electric toys he has.
A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with his plactic toy gun.
B. Due to the number of his toys, he's having difficulty in choosing between his plastic toy and electric toys.
C. He has electric toys as well, but today he is playing with his plastic toy gun.
D. He may choose to play with his plastic toy gun, but his favourite is his electric toy.
E. In spite of playing with his plastic toy gun, he still has some electric toys as well.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding
|KULLANIMI |
|irrespective of / regardless of / notwithstanding + ad / WH |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|ad + -E rağmen / karşın |
|yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın |
|göz önüne almaksızın |
Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
| | |
2.3. ..., still / yet
|KULLANIMI |
|..., still/yet + Ving [1] / tümce [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karşın |
He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in. [2]
| | |
3. Given (that)
Yerine göre koşul anlamı da verebilen bu yapı pek sık kullanılmamaktadır.
Given her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she is alone.
| | |
4. For all
For all his efforts, he failed.
| | |
Aşağıdaki farklı kullanıma dikkat:
|? |For all + tümce = as far as |
CONTRAST CLAUSE
Dilbilgisi kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında yer alsa da yapı olarak Concession Clause ile aynıdır. Whereas, while, whilst ile oluşturulur ve Türkçeye en basit olarak "oysa" sözcüğü ile aktarılır.
REASON CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Because, As, For, Since
Türkçeye "yüklem + -I için / -IndEn ötürü / dolayı", "yüklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" şeklinde aktarılırlar.
Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.
| | |
As sözcüğü devrik yapıda kullanılarak da Reason Clause oluşturabilir. Aynı yapı Concession Clause için de geçerli olduğu için hangi anlamın çıkarılması gerektiğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
| | |
..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to make ends meet.
A. Even though
B. In spite of
C. Unless
D. Because
E. Even if
I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does have a good eye for business.
A. although
B. for
C. therefore
D. lest
E. thus
1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that
Türkçeye "[gerçeği(nden)] ötürü / yüzünden / sayesinde" şeklinde aktarılırlar.
Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak comfortably in his presence.
| | |
..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped.
A. Because
B. Owing to
C. Regardless of
D. In spite of
E. Provided
1.3. As long as
|KULLANIMI |
|as long as + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|- DIğI sürece / müddetçe |
As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
| | |
1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as
Because anlamı taşıyan bu yapılar resmi durumlarda kullanılır.
Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because he knew ...)
| | |
1.5. In that
|KULLANIMI |
|in that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-mEsI açısından/yüzünden, -DIğI için |
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.
| | |
1.6. Now that
Time Clause yapılarda ele alınan Now that ile aynı anlamı taşır.
1.7. (The reason) why
|KULLANIMI |
|(The reason) why + tümce + be + because/that ... |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|-mE("kişi eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr) |
The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.
| | |
She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me!
A. how
B. when
C. which
D. whom
E. why
1.8. While
|KULLANIMI |
|while + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|hazır ... olduğuna göre/-mIş iken |
While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
| | |
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of
|KULLANIMI |
|because of / due to + owing to + on account of + ad + (Ving) [1] / + my / his /.. + Ving [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|Türkçeye because ile aynı şekilde aktarılırlar. |
Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]
| | |
Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]
| | |
2.2. Ving ...,
Önemli bir özellik:
|? |Ving ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan tümcenin |
| |öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
In any election campaign, we see that all the candidates promise to bring all essential facilities to the area, ......
A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote population
B. in that they were quite successful in bringing service
C. that has always been neglected by local politicians
D. which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage system
E. whose political career depends on the leading party's policies
Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...)
| | |
Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift. (=Because she knew ...)
| | |
Having completed the task, they had a break. (=Because / After they had completed ...)
| | |
2.3. Past participle (= V3)
Önemli özellikler:
|? |Bu yapı edilgen özellik taşır. |
| |Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan |
| |tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...)
| | |
2.4. With
|KULLANIMI |
|with + ad + Ving [1] |
|with + ad + to + yüklem [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|"var iken", -mekte iken, -DIğI için, -DIğIndEn ötürü |
With the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]
| | |
With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]
| | |
2.5. What with
Yukarıda ele alınan With yapısı ile aynıdır.
PURPOSE CLAUSE
1. (In order) to, so as to
|KULLANIMI |
|in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yüklem |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -mEk için |
To open the lid, turn it left.
| | |
They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.
| | |
She has to hurry in order not to be late.
| | |
So as to yapısının aşağıdaki örnekte görülen kullanımına sık rastlanmaktadır.
He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.
| | |
He has been studying ..... fail again.
A. to
B. because of
C. in order not to
D. in spite of
E. even if
2. In order that
|KULLANIMI |
|in order that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -sIn diye / -mEk için |
The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
| | |
3. For fear that
|KULLANIMI |
|for fear that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile |
They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
| | |
4. Lest
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan tümcelerde kullanılır.
|KULLANIMI |
|lest + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|yüklem + -mEmEk için / -mEsIn diye |
They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
| | |
RESULT CLAUSE
1. So (that), Such that
|KULLANIMI |
|so (that), such that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|böylece, bu yolla, öyle ki, -sIn diye |
We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to wait.
| | |
They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.
| | |
Çok önemli bir özellik:
|? |So that ile oluşturulan yan tümcede hemen her zaman bir yardımcı yüklem |
| |olur. |
2. Thereby
|KULLANIMI |
|thereby + Ving |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|böylece, bu yüzden, bu yolla, sonuçta |
Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby deserving three different traffic tickets.
| | |
SIMILARITY CLAUSE
1. (Just) as
|KULLANIMI |
|(just) as + tümce [1] / it is/was/.. [2] |
|Kimi zaman as yerine the way kullanılabilir. |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|gibi |
She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]
| | |
In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]
| | |
Bu yapı resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda devrik yapı (= inversion) kullanılarak oluşturulabilir.
He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.
| | |
He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked for.
| | |
..... it was expected, Peter won the game.
A. The same
B. As
C. Likewise
D. Similar
E. Contrary
Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanımlar:
|? |be that as it may = öyle oldu ki |
| |such ... as |
I had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside hotel.
A. as / than
B. so / that
C. more / that
D. such / as
E. the most / as
2. Like
|KULLANIMI |
|like + ad / him/her/... ; like + tümce ( AmE) |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|gibi, benzer |
My sister isn't much like me.
| | |
Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of extinction, ..... the panda.
A. as
B. as if
C. even if
D. like
E. similar
As ve like farkı:
|? |as =olarak |
| |like = gibi |
I gave her a ring ..... a birthday present.
A. like
B. as
C. as if
D. such as
E. that
3. As if, as though
|KULLANIMI |
|as if, as though + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|(sanki) ... (-mIş) gibi |
You look as if you are about to cry.
| | |
We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an adult.
A. had been
B. has been
C. is
D. were
E. will be
As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it hadn't been lived in for a very long time.
A. although
B. though
C. because
D. even if
E. in case
EXCEPTION CLAUSE
1. But (that)
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda kullanılır.
|KULLANIM |
|but that + tümce [1] |
|but for me/him/.. to + yüklem [2] |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|dışında, haricinde |
Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]
| | |
Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]
| | |
2. Except (that), excepting (that)
|KULLANIMI |
|except/excepting (that) + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dışında |
We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.
| | |
3. Save that
|KULLANIMI |
|save that + tümce |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|dışında, haricinde |
The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small share in a vast piece of land.
| | |
4. Only
Günlük konuşma dilinde kullanılır.
|KULLANIMI |
|only + tümce |
| |
|ÇEVİRİSİ |
|fakat, ancak, ama |
I'd love to come, only I have no time.
| | |
COMMENT CLAUSE
1. Tanım
Tümce içinde paranteze alınmış bir fikir, yorum, yargı görevi üstlenen ifadelerdir. Tümce içinde altı değişik yapıda kullanılabilirler.
2. Tümce olarak
There were no applicants, I believe, for that job.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır.
|God knows |Tanrı bilir (ya) |
|Heaven knows |Tanrı bilir (ya) |
|it grieves me to tell you |üzülerek söylüyorum |
|it has been claimed |iddiaya göre |
|it is reported |bildirildiğine göre |
|it is rumoured |söylentiye göre |
|it is said |denildiğine göre/ denir ki |
|it is true |şurası da doğru ki/ doğru olan şu ki |
|it may interest you to know |öğrenmek ilgini(zi) çekebilir |
|it pains me to tell you |üzülerek söylüyorum |
|it seems |görünüşe göre, görünüşe bakılırsa |
|it transpires |söylenildiğine göre |
|I admit |bence de/ kabul ediyorum |
|I agree |bence de/ kabul ediyorum |
|I ask myself |diye sormaktayım |
|I assume |sanırım |
|I believe |bence/ sanırım |
|I can see |gördüğüm kadarı ile |
|I claim |bence |
|I consider |bence |
|I daresay |sanırım |
|I don't deny |kabul |
|I doubt |hiçsanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/ korkarım |
|I expect |umarım |
|I fear |korkarım |
|I feel |bence |
|I guess |sanırım |
|I hear |duyduğuma göre |
|I have heard |duyduğuma göre |
|I have heard tell |söylenenlere göre |
|I have no doubt |hiç kuşkum yok |
|I have read |okuduğuma göre |
|I have to say |belirtmeliyim ki |
|I hope |umarım |
|I imagine |sanırım |
|I know |bildiğime göre/ biliyorum |
|I may assume |sanırım |
|I'm afraid |korkarım |
|I'm convinced |eminim/ inanıyorum ki |
|I'm delighted to say |sevinerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I'm glad to say |sevinerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I'm happy to say |sevinerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I'm pleased to say |sevinerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I'm sorry to say |üzülerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I'm sure |eminim |
|I'm told |bana anlatılana göre/ duydum ki |
|I must admit |kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim ki |
|I must say |söylemem gerekir ki |
|I must tell you |anlatmam gerekir ki |
|I presume |sanırım |
|I regret |korkarım/ ne yazık ki |
|I regret to say |üzülerek söylüyorum (ki) |
|I remember |hatırlıyorum (da) |
|I see |bence |
|I suppose |sanırım |
|I think |bence |
|I understand |anlıyorum ki/ bence |
|I venture to say |diyebilirim ki |
|I wish |umarım |
|I wonder |acaba |
|mind you |hatırlarsan(ız) |
|one hears |söylenenlere göre |
|they allege |iddiaya göre |
|they claim |iddiaya göre |
|there is on doubt |kuşkusuz |
|they say |dediklerinegöre |
|you can see |gördüğün(üz) gibi |
|you know |biliyorsun(uz) |
|you may have heard |duymuş olabileceğin(iz) gibi |
|you may know |belki biliyorsun(uz) |
|you must admit |kabul etmelisin(iz) ki |
|you realise |anlayacağın(ız) gibi |
|you see |gördüğün(üz) gibi |
3. As + tümce
Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI gibi/kadarı ile" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
I'm working overtime, as you know.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
|as everybody k |
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