BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE MANUAL 11-250, VOLUME 1 ...

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE MANUAL 11-250, VOLUME 1

12 APRIL 2004 Certified Currrent 23 JUNE 2009

Flying Operations

T-38 FLYING FUNDAMENTALS

NOTICE: This publication is available digitally on the AFDPO WWW site at: .

OPR: HQ AETC/DOFV (Lt Col Kurt Anders)

Supersedes MCMAN 11-238, Volume 1, 15 April 1995

Certified by: HQ USAF/XOO (Brig Gen Teresa M. Peterson)

Pages: 153 Distribution: F

This manual implements AFPD 11-2, Aircraft Rules and Procedures. It provides a comprehensive document containing T-38 fundamental procedures and techniques that may be used to accomplish the various missions of the T-38. Items considered procedural guidance for Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training (SUPT), Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT), and Pilot Instructor Training (PIT) Flying Operations are indicated throughout this publication by italicized and bolded text. In all cases, compliance with these items is MANDATORY. (Items considered technique are in regular text.) This publication is the primary T-38 mission employment reference document for Air Education and Training Command (AETC) and Air Combat Command (ACC). In addition, it applies to Air Force Reserve Command pilots flying T-38 aircraft; it does not apply to the Air National Guard.

This publication addresses basic flying tasks and planning considerations. It is designed to be used in conjunction with AFI 11-2T/AT-38, Volume 1, T-38 and AT-38 Aircrew Training; Volume 2, T-38 and AT-38 Evaluation Criteria; Volume 3, T-38 and AT-38 Operations Procedures, TO 1T-38A-1, Flight Manual USAF Series T-38 Aircraft; and appropriate training syllabi. NOTE: Hereafter in this publication, TO 1T-38A-1 will be referred to as "the flight manual."

It presents a solid foundation on which student training missions can be accomplished and instructor continuation training can be maintained. It is not designed to be used as a step-by-step checklist of how to successfully employ the T-38, but to provide information and guidelines on basic procedures and techniques. Refer recommended changes and conflicts between this and other publications to HQ AETC/ DOFV, 1 F Street, Suite 2, Randolph AFB TX 78150-4325, on AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication. See Attachment 1 for a glossary of references and supporting information. Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with (IAW) AFMAN 37-123, Management of Records, and disposed of IAW AFMAN 37-139, Records Disposition Schedule.

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AFMAN11-250V1 12 APRIL 2004

SUMMARY OF REVISIONS

This document is substantially revised and must be completely reviewed.

Information has been completely reorganized, most commentary and philosophical advice has been eliminated, and inaccurate or obsolete techniques have been updated. The chapter on abnormal procedures was eliminated and appropriate procedures were included in their respective topical chapters. Procedures for conducting G-awareness exercises were added to Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Nonstandard visual approach slope indicator (VASI) was deleted. Additional emphasis was given to minimum loss of altitude during abnormal flight recoveries. Chapter 5 was completely reformatted to give it a more logical sequence. Fighting wing was changed to an administrative formation. Discussion of the extended trail position was expanded. Four-ship spread formation was changed to four-ship wall formation, and the parameters were changed to decrease confusion with the resurrected spread formation and align it with combat air forces (CAF) parameters. The fluid maneuvering (FM) section was expanded to include more detailed objectives. Chapter 6 (Instruments) was also completely rewritten. Sidestep was given its own category with appropriate discussion. Expanded travel pod discussion was added to Chapter 7 (Navigation) as well as a more indepth discussion of en route weather and winds. Formation "contract" responsibilities were expanded and emphasized in Chapter 8 (Low-Level Formation).

Chapter 1--MISSION PREPARATION

12

1.1. Objectives. ................................................................................................................. 12

1.2. Mission Briefing: ....................................................................................................... 12

1.3. Debrief. ...................................................................................................................... 12

Chapter 2--START, TAXI, TAKEOFF, CLIMB, AND LEVELOFF

13

2.1. Checklist Discipline. .................................................................................................. 13

2.2. Preflight: .................................................................................................................... 13

2.3. End of Runway (EOR). .............................................................................................. 15

2.4. Taking the Active Runway. ....................................................................................... 15

2.5. Takeoff: ...................................................................................................................... 15

2.6. Takeoff Roll: .............................................................................................................. 15

Figure 2.1. Representative Aircraft Attitude (Front Cockpit). .................................................... 16

2.7. Climb. ........................................................................................................................ 17

2.8. Leveloff. ..................................................................................................................... 17

2.9. Cruise. ........................................................................................................................ 17

2.10. Abnormal Procedures: ............................................................................................... 17

Chapter 3--TRAFFIC PATTERN AND LANDINGS

19

3.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................... 19

AFMAN11-250V1 12 APRIL 2004

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3.2. Judgment in the Traffic Pattern. ................................................................................ 19 3.3. Wind Analysis. ........................................................................................................... 19 3.4. General Approach and Landing Information. ............................................................ 19 Figure 3.1. Aimpoint. .................................................................................................................. 20 3.5. Normal Straight-In. .................................................................................................... 21 3.6. Normal Overhead (Full or 60-Percent Flaps): ........................................................... 21 Figure 3.2. Normal Final Turn. ................................................................................................... 22 3.7. Normal Final Approach or Landing. .......................................................................... 23 3.8. Full-Stop Landing and Aerobrake: ............................................................................ 24 3.9. Rollout and Wheel-Braking: ...................................................................................... 25 3.10. Touch-and-Go Landing: ............................................................................................ 25 3.11. Crosswind Landing: ................................................................................................... 25 3.12. No-Flap Patterns and Landings: ................................................................................ 26 Figure 3.3. No-Flap Final Turn. .................................................................................................. 26 3.13. Single-Engine Patterns and Landings: ....................................................................... 27 3.14. Single-Engine Go-Around: ........................................................................................ 27 3.15. Low-Closed Traffic Pattern. ...................................................................................... 28 3.16. Traffic Pattern Irregularities: ..................................................................................... 28 3.17. Go-Around: ................................................................................................................ 30 3.18. Alternate Gear Extension. .......................................................................................... 31 3.19. Abnormal Procedures: ............................................................................................... 31

Chapter 4--CONTACT

33

Section 4A General Methods and Procedures

33

4.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Area Orientation. ....................................................................................................... 33

Figure 4.1. Pie-in-the-Sky Method. ............................................................................................. 34 4.3. Energy Management: ................................................................................................. 34

Figure 4.2. Energy Maneuverability Diagram. ........................................................................... 36 4.4. Flight Control Characteristics: ................................................................................... 36 4.5. Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIO). .............................................................................. 37 4.6. G-Awareness Exercise. .............................................................................................. 37

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AFMAN11-250V1 12 APRIL 2004

Section 4B Aircraft Handling Maneuvers

37

4.7. General. ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.8. Full Aft-Stick Stall: .................................................................................................... 37

4.9. Simulated Trim Failure: ............................................................................................. 38

4.10. Rudder Effectiveness Exercise (Clean): .................................................................... 38

4.11. Rudder Effectiveness Exercise (Configured): ........................................................... 39

4.12. Aileron Effectiveness Exercise: ................................................................................. 39

4.13. Acceleration Exercise: ............................................................................................... 39

4.14. Accelerated Stall: ....................................................................................................... 40

4.15. Turn Reversals: .......................................................................................................... 40

4.16. Pitchback: ................................................................................................................... 41

4.17. Sliceback. ................................................................................................................... 41

4.18. Low-Speed Stability Exercise: ................................................................................... 41

4.19. Supersonic Flight. ...................................................................................................... 41

4.20. Slow Flight. ................................................................................................................ 42

4.21. Slow Flight Recovery Demonstration: ...................................................................... 42

Section 4C Traffic Pattern Stalls and Approach-to-Stall Training

42

4.22. Purpose: ..................................................................................................................... 42 4.23. Turning Approach-to-Stall Exercise. ......................................................................... 43 4.24. Landing Attitude Approach-to-Stall Exercise. .......................................................... 43 4.25. Stall and Approach-to-Stall Recovery Completion. .................................................. 43

Section 4D Abnormal Flight Recoveries

43

4.26. Purpose. ...................................................................................................................... 43

4.27. Abnormal Recovery Setup Guidelines: ..................................................................... 43

4.28. Nose-High Recovery: ................................................................................................ 44

4.29. Nose-Low Recovery: ................................................................................................. 44

Section 4E Aerobatic Maneuvers

44

4.30. Purpose. ...................................................................................................................... 45

4.31. Aerodynamic Parameters. .......................................................................................... 45

Table 4.1. Summary of Entry Parameters for Aerobatics. ......................................................... 45

4.32. Factors Affecting Aerobatic Maneuvers in the Vertical. ........................................... 46

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4.33. Energy and Airspace Requirements: .......................................................................... 46 Table 4.2. Airspace Requirements. ............................................................................................ 46

4.34. Aileron Roll. .............................................................................................................. 47 4.35. Lazy Eight: ................................................................................................................. 47 4.36. Barrel Roll: ................................................................................................................ 47 4.37. Loop: .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.38. Split-S: ....................................................................................................................... 48 4.39. Immelmann: ............................................................................................................... 49 4.40. Cuban Eight: .............................................................................................................. 49 4.41. Cloverleaf: ................................................................................................................. 49 4.42. Chandelle: .................................................................................................................. 50

Chapter 5--FORMATION

51

Section 5A Formation Administration

51

5.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................... 51 5.2. Responsibilities: ......................................................................................................... 51 5.3. Radio Discipline and Procedures. .............................................................................. 53 5.4. Visual Signals: ........................................................................................................... 54 5.5. In-Flight Checks. ....................................................................................................... 54 5.6. Lead Changes. ............................................................................................................ 54 5.7. Ground Operations: .................................................................................................... 54 Figure 5.1. Two-Ship Runway Lineup. ....................................................................................... 55 Figure 5.2. Four-Ship Runway Lineup (Number 3 in the Slot). ................................................. 56

Figure 5.3. Four-Ship Runway Lineup (Number 4 in the Slot). ................................................. 56 5.8. Area, MOA, or Route: ............................................................................................... 58 5.9. Knock-It-Off or Terminate: ....................................................................................... 58 5.10. Recovery: ................................................................................................................... 59

Table 5.1. Spacing References in the Stack Level Position. ...................................................... 61

Section 5B Basic Formations

62

5.11. Fingertip Formation: .................................................................................................. 62

Figure 5.4. Fingertip Formation. ................................................................................................. 63 5.12. Route Formation. ....................................................................................................... 63

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