Chapter 3: States of Matter



Chapter 3: States of Matter

Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter or _____________

- attempts to explain how matter behaves

- 3 assumptions

1) All matter is made of atoms and _________ that act

like tiny ____________________.

2) These tiny particles are always in ________. The

higher the ___________ of the substance, the faster

the particles move.

3) At the same temperature, more ________ (heavier)

particles move _________ than less_______ (lighter)

particles.

- matters behavior has been studied over time

1) Luceippus 490 B.C.

2) Democritus

3) John ________________ 1800’s

4) Robert _____________ 1810’s

- microscope—looked at particles suspended in

water

- proposed—particles were bombarded by

smaller particles called molecules

- - zigzag motion of small

particles suspended in a gas

or liquid

4 states of matter

- states differ based on

1) the distances between atoms and molecules

2) how closely these particles are packed together

1) ______- definite ____________

- definite ______________

- molecules are very close together

-form several __________-limited motion

- vibrations

- 2 catagories

1) ___________________

- orderly arrangement of atoms

2) ______________________

- atoms and molecules are in no

particular order

2) ____________- definite _________

- no definite ___________

-takes shape of it’s container

-___________, can be poured

- particles move faster than those in a solid

- more ___________ than gas

- distance between _________ not as large

as gas

- molecule hit more often-form _________

- molecule are close enough to keep

volume but far enough apart that

they take the shape of their container

- ___________ ________________

- force acting on liquids that causes it to

form a ______________ shape

3) ______- no definite _______ or _____________

- its _________ determines volume and shape

- molecules not attached to each other

- molecules are_____ to move about

- molecules move faster than in liquids and

solids

- molecules ____________ with one another

- large ______________ between molecules

4) _____________- no definite _________ or _____

- composed of ___________ ___________

particles

- most common state of matter in _______

- able to __________ electric current

- affected by electric and magnetic fields

- lots of energy

- sun, flame

[pic]

- _________- the capacity to do ______________

- the ability to cause change or move matter

- _____________- energy of motion

- energy of all particles according to kinetic

theory

- constant, random motion

- __________energy- total kinetic energy of particles in an

object

- at higher temps., particles move _______

- faster particles have more _________

energy

- more kinetic energy means more

____________energy

- also depends on the________ of particles

- _________- measure of the average kinetic energy of the

particles in an object

- more kinetic energy; higher temps.

Change of State

- ______________of a substance from one form to another

- ________________change

- all phase changes are _______________properties of a

substance

- ______________________- always stays the same

- used to ____________ an

unknown substance

- same substance; only the amount of energy has changed

- Ex.- ice, water, steam

- all H2O in different state

- different amounts of energy

***transfer of heat causes ___________change which leads

to change of state***

- add energy (endothermic changes)

- Ex.- melting, evaporation, sublimation

- causes particles to move faster

- break bonds

- ___________- temperature at which a solid changes to a

liquid

- ___________- change of a substance from liquid to gas

-__________- temperature at which a liquid changes to a

gas

- ____________- solid changes directly to a __________

- Ex.- dry ice (frozen CO2)

- boils at _________ _______________

- when exposed; it changes directly to a

gas

[pic]

- lose energy (______________changes)

- Ex.- condensation, freezing

- _____________- gas to liquid

- temperature decreases

- gas molecules _________________

- contact with each other lasts longer

- form _______________

- becomes a liquid

- ________________- temperature at which the gas

becomes a liquid

- _____________- liquid to solid

- _____________- temperature at which a

liquid changes to a solid

***freezing point/melting point are the same ________***

***boiling point/condensation point are the same _____***

- when a substance loses or gains energy, either the

_________________ changes or the __________ changes

- _________ does not change during a phase change

[pic]

Conservation of Mass and Energy

- law of conservation of_______- mass cannot be created or

_______________

- mass of a substance stays the

same before and after a

__________ change

- law of conservation of _______- energy cannot be created

or destroyed; it just

changes from one ____ to

______________

- total amount of energy

before and after a phase

change is the__________

Fluids

- _____- nonsolid state in which the atoms or molecules are

free to move past each other

- able to flow

- things float because

1) they are less dense than what surrounds them

2) buoyant force pushes them up

- _______________- the upward force exerted on an object

immersed in or floating on a fluid

- result of _________

- ________- amount of ______ exerted in a

given area

- increases as you go deeper

- horizontal forces on each side of

an object ________ _________

- because pressure increases as

you go deeper, pressure below

object is _________ than above

- if buoyant force up is greater

than objects weight, it ________

- __________ principle- states that the _______ force on an

object in a fluid is an upward force

_____ to the weight of the ______

of fluid that the object _________

[pic]

Density

- determines whether something floats or sinks

density = ________/_________

d = m/v

- water’s density = 1 g/ cm3

- brick’s density = 1.9 g/cm3…it sinks

- ships float because of shape

- hollow

- mass is ____________; volume________

- decreased density

[pic]

Pressure

pressure = ___________/____________

[pic]

- pressure is measured in ____________ (Pa)

1 Pa = 1 newton exerted over 1 m2

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

- Newtons measure _____________

- _______principle- a change in pressure at any point in an

____________fluid will be transmitted

_____________ to all parts of the fluid

p1 = p2 or pressure1 = pressue2

[pic]

- used in hydraulic lifts

- use liquids to transmit _______________

- small _______ on small _______ creates pressure

- Pascals principle states that the _______ produced

is transmitted ________________

- force is applied to a larger area making a _______

overall force

- fluids flow _____through a small area than a large

area if the ____________ is the same

- _____________- a liquids resistance to flow

- the stronger the _______ between particles; the

more __________ the liquid is

- Ex.- honey has a higher viscosity than water

- honey flows more slowly

- ______________principle- as the speed of a moving fluid

increases, the pressure of the

moving fluid ____________

Properties of Gases

1) no definite shape or volume

- expand to ______________ fill their container

2) move rapidly in all ______________

3) are _______________

4) in constant__________________

- collide with one another and with walls of container

5) low _____________ because particles are far apart

6) are _________________

7) spread out easily and mix with one another; mostly

empty space

- gases exert pressure on their containers

- Ex. - balloon

- atoms exert _________ on inside walls of balloon

- lots of atoms = lots of pressure

- too many atoms; pops balloon

- gas under pressure will ____________ if possible

- propane tanks for gas grills are under lots of

___________________

- must be handled carefully

Gas Laws (3 major)

- describes how a gas is affected by pressure and temp.

1) ______________ Law

- relationship between ____________ and ___________

- for a fixed amount of __ at a constant temperature, the

volume of a gas ___________ as its pressure ________

(pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2)

p1v1 = p2v2

[pic]

2) _________________ Law

- for a fixed amount of gas at a gas at a constant

_____________, the volume of the gas increases as its

temperature ___________________

- Ex.- balloon in freezer

[pic]

3) _______-_____________ Law

- the pressure of a gas ____________ as the temperature

increases if the _________ of the gas does not change

- higher temperatures, more __________, more contacts

with container, _______________ in pressure

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