Chapter 3: States of Matter
Chapter 3: States of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter or _____________
- attempts to explain how matter behaves
- 3 assumptions
1) All matter is made of atoms and _________ that act
like tiny ____________________.
2) These tiny particles are always in ________. The
higher the ___________ of the substance, the faster
the particles move.
3) At the same temperature, more ________ (heavier)
particles move _________ than less_______ (lighter)
particles.
- matters behavior has been studied over time
1) Luceippus 490 B.C.
2) Democritus
3) John ________________ 1800’s
4) Robert _____________ 1810’s
- microscope—looked at particles suspended in
water
- proposed—particles were bombarded by
smaller particles called molecules
- - zigzag motion of small
particles suspended in a gas
or liquid
4 states of matter
- states differ based on
1) the distances between atoms and molecules
2) how closely these particles are packed together
1) ______- definite ____________
- definite ______________
- molecules are very close together
-form several __________-limited motion
- vibrations
- 2 catagories
1) ___________________
- orderly arrangement of atoms
2) ______________________
- atoms and molecules are in no
particular order
2) ____________- definite _________
- no definite ___________
-takes shape of it’s container
-___________, can be poured
- particles move faster than those in a solid
- more ___________ than gas
- distance between _________ not as large
as gas
- molecule hit more often-form _________
- molecule are close enough to keep
volume but far enough apart that
they take the shape of their container
- ___________ ________________
- force acting on liquids that causes it to
form a ______________ shape
3) ______- no definite _______ or _____________
- its _________ determines volume and shape
- molecules not attached to each other
- molecules are_____ to move about
- molecules move faster than in liquids and
solids
- molecules ____________ with one another
- large ______________ between molecules
4) _____________- no definite _________ or _____
- composed of ___________ ___________
particles
- most common state of matter in _______
- able to __________ electric current
- affected by electric and magnetic fields
- lots of energy
- sun, flame
[pic]
- _________- the capacity to do ______________
- the ability to cause change or move matter
- _____________- energy of motion
- energy of all particles according to kinetic
theory
- constant, random motion
- __________energy- total kinetic energy of particles in an
object
- at higher temps., particles move _______
- faster particles have more _________
energy
- more kinetic energy means more
____________energy
- also depends on the________ of particles
- _________- measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in an object
- more kinetic energy; higher temps.
Change of State
- ______________of a substance from one form to another
- ________________change
- all phase changes are _______________properties of a
substance
- ______________________- always stays the same
- used to ____________ an
unknown substance
- same substance; only the amount of energy has changed
- Ex.- ice, water, steam
- all H2O in different state
- different amounts of energy
***transfer of heat causes ___________change which leads
to change of state***
- add energy (endothermic changes)
- Ex.- melting, evaporation, sublimation
- causes particles to move faster
- break bonds
- ___________- temperature at which a solid changes to a
liquid
- ___________- change of a substance from liquid to gas
-__________- temperature at which a liquid changes to a
gas
- ____________- solid changes directly to a __________
- Ex.- dry ice (frozen CO2)
- boils at _________ _______________
- when exposed; it changes directly to a
gas
[pic]
- lose energy (______________changes)
- Ex.- condensation, freezing
- _____________- gas to liquid
- temperature decreases
- gas molecules _________________
- contact with each other lasts longer
- form _______________
- becomes a liquid
- ________________- temperature at which the gas
becomes a liquid
- _____________- liquid to solid
- _____________- temperature at which a
liquid changes to a solid
***freezing point/melting point are the same ________***
***boiling point/condensation point are the same _____***
- when a substance loses or gains energy, either the
_________________ changes or the __________ changes
- _________ does not change during a phase change
[pic]
Conservation of Mass and Energy
- law of conservation of_______- mass cannot be created or
_______________
- mass of a substance stays the
same before and after a
__________ change
- law of conservation of _______- energy cannot be created
or destroyed; it just
changes from one ____ to
______________
- total amount of energy
before and after a phase
change is the__________
Fluids
- _____- nonsolid state in which the atoms or molecules are
free to move past each other
- able to flow
- things float because
1) they are less dense than what surrounds them
2) buoyant force pushes them up
- _______________- the upward force exerted on an object
immersed in or floating on a fluid
- result of _________
- ________- amount of ______ exerted in a
given area
- increases as you go deeper
- horizontal forces on each side of
an object ________ _________
- because pressure increases as
you go deeper, pressure below
object is _________ than above
- if buoyant force up is greater
than objects weight, it ________
- __________ principle- states that the _______ force on an
object in a fluid is an upward force
_____ to the weight of the ______
of fluid that the object _________
[pic]
Density
- determines whether something floats or sinks
density = ________/_________
d = m/v
- water’s density = 1 g/ cm3
- brick’s density = 1.9 g/cm3…it sinks
- ships float because of shape
- hollow
- mass is ____________; volume________
- decreased density
[pic]
Pressure
pressure = ___________/____________
[pic]
- pressure is measured in ____________ (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 newton exerted over 1 m2
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
- Newtons measure _____________
- _______principle- a change in pressure at any point in an
____________fluid will be transmitted
_____________ to all parts of the fluid
p1 = p2 or pressure1 = pressue2
[pic]
- used in hydraulic lifts
- use liquids to transmit _______________
- small _______ on small _______ creates pressure
- Pascals principle states that the _______ produced
is transmitted ________________
- force is applied to a larger area making a _______
overall force
- fluids flow _____through a small area than a large
area if the ____________ is the same
- _____________- a liquids resistance to flow
- the stronger the _______ between particles; the
more __________ the liquid is
- Ex.- honey has a higher viscosity than water
- honey flows more slowly
- ______________principle- as the speed of a moving fluid
increases, the pressure of the
moving fluid ____________
Properties of Gases
1) no definite shape or volume
- expand to ______________ fill their container
2) move rapidly in all ______________
3) are _______________
4) in constant__________________
- collide with one another and with walls of container
5) low _____________ because particles are far apart
6) are _________________
7) spread out easily and mix with one another; mostly
empty space
- gases exert pressure on their containers
- Ex. - balloon
- atoms exert _________ on inside walls of balloon
- lots of atoms = lots of pressure
- too many atoms; pops balloon
- gas under pressure will ____________ if possible
- propane tanks for gas grills are under lots of
___________________
- must be handled carefully
Gas Laws (3 major)
- describes how a gas is affected by pressure and temp.
1) ______________ Law
- relationship between ____________ and ___________
- for a fixed amount of __ at a constant temperature, the
volume of a gas ___________ as its pressure ________
(pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2)
p1v1 = p2v2
[pic]
2) _________________ Law
- for a fixed amount of gas at a gas at a constant
_____________, the volume of the gas increases as its
temperature ___________________
- Ex.- balloon in freezer
[pic]
3) _______-_____________ Law
- the pressure of a gas ____________ as the temperature
increases if the _________ of the gas does not change
- higher temperatures, more __________, more contacts
with container, _______________ in pressure
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