Alternative Plants for Invasive Species

Alternative Plants for Invasive Species

Table 1 identifies a selection of alternative plants, trees and shrubs (categories A to M) that can be used in place of invasive species. Table 2 identifies those invasive species commonly used in gardens or landscaping, the corresponding alternative plant category, as well as some additional alternatives.

Note: When choosing plants, native plants are always the best choice as they are better adapted locally to our climate and soil conditions and have many more benefits for native wildlife. If your property is adjacent to or contains a natural feature such as a forest, wetland or valley, CVC strongly recommends the use of common native plants only. Common native plants are required when CVC issues a permit for approval (for a building permit or development application) within a regulated area. Plants that are non-native and non-invasive provide limited benefits to biodiversity but are included here as an alternative for home gardens. Be aware also of native plant cultivars and avoid their use. Cultivars often do not offer the same benefits as the original plant and may even diminish the native populations through hybridization.

LEGEND

Alternative Plant Selection Score

Plants that promote biodiversity:

::: ? Best choice ? Common native plant within CVC watershed :: ? Good choice ? Plant is native to Ontario

Plants that may or may not have benefits to biodiversity:

: ? Fair choice ? Non-native plant that is non-invasive

Generalized Light Requirements

F ? Full sun S ? Shade to part shade E ? Either sun or shade

Wetland Plants

W ? Wetland plant W * ? Wetland plant, but can

be planted in drier areas

TABLE 1 - Alternative Plants

SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

KEY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

KEY

A ? Shrubs

Alnus incana ssp. rugosa Speckled alder

Cornus rugosa

Round leaved dogwood

Cornus sericea

Red osier dogwood

::: Diervilla lonicera

Bush honeysuckle

F, W * E

E, W *

E

:: :

Salix bebbiana Salix discolor Amelanchier alnifolia Amelanchier stolonifera Cephalanthus occidentalis Cercis canadensis Dirca palustris Hamamelis virginiana Alnus serrulata Calycanthus floridus Fothergilla major Heptacodium miconioides Kolkwitzia amabilis

Bebb's willow Pussy willow Juneberry Running serviceberry

Buttonbush

Eastern redbud Leatherwood Witch hazel Hazel alder Sweetshrub Witch alder

Seven sons tree

Beautybush

F, W * F, W *

E F

F, W

F S S E E F

F

F

B ? Tall Trees

Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Acer saccharum ssp.

::: saccharum

Acer x freemanii Betula papyrifera Aesculus glabra

:: Celtis occidentalis

Gleditsia triacanthos

: Betula nigra

Red maple Silver maple

Sugar maple

Freeman's maple White birch Ohio buckeye Hackberry Honey locust River birch

E, W * E

E

E, W * E E F E F

C ? Small Trees

Amelanchier arborea

Downy serviceberry

E

::: Amelanchier laevis

Alleghanny serviceberry E

: Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo

E

Rev. August 2011

1

Salix eriocephala Salix petiolaris Sambucus canadensis Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens Lonicera canadensis Viburnum lentago Ilex verticillata Prunus nigra

Rhamnus alnifolia

Shepherdia canadensis Viburnum recognitum

Heartleaf willow Slender willow Common elderberry

Red elderberry

Canada fly honeysuckle Nannyberry Winterberry Canada plum

Alder-leaved buckthorn

Canada buffaloberry Arrowood

Lonicera involucrata Salix sericea Shepherdia argentea

Stephanandra incisa

Twinberry honeysuckle Silky willow Silver buffaloberry

Stephanandra

F, W * F, W

E

E

E E E, W * F

E, W

F S

E E S

E

Fraxinus americana Populus grandidentata Populus tremuloides Quercus macrocarpa Quercus rubra Liriodendron tulipifera Quercus palustris

Fagus sylvatica

Prunus pensylvanica

Magnolia spp

White ash

E

Large-toothed aspen

E

Trembling aspen

E

Bur oak

F

Red oak

F

Tulip tree

F

Pin oak

F

European beech

F

Pin cherry

F

Magnolia species

F

creditvalleyca.ca

Alternatives Plants for Invasive Species

SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

TABLE 1 - Alternative Plants

COMMON NAME

KEY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

D ? Ground Covers

Asarum canadense

Wild ginger

S

Aster macrophyllus

Large-leaved aster

S

::: Fragaria virginiana

Wild strawberry

E

Maianthemum canadense

Canada mayflower

S

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry

F

::

Cornus canadensis

Bunchberry

S

Asarum europaeum

European wild ginger

E

: Heuchera micrantha

`Palace purple' coral bells

E

E ? Woody Vines

::: Clematis virginiana

Virgin's bower

E

Parthenocissus

:: quinquefolia

Virginia creeper

E

Bignonia capreolata

Crossvine

E

:

Hydrangea anomala ssp. petiolaris

Climbing hydrangea

E

F ? Floating-Leaved Aquatic Plants

Nuphar variegata

Bull-head pond lily

F

:: Nymphaea odorata

White water-lily

F

Polygonum amphibium Water smartweed

F

G ? Marginal Emergent Wetland Plants

Iris versicolor

::: Lobelia siphilitica

Blue flag iris Great blue lobelia

Acorus americanus

Sweetflag

F F, W *

F

:: Calla palustris

Water arum

E

Cypripedium reginae

Showy lady's slipper

E

H ? Marginal Emergent Wetland Grasses and Rushes

Calamagrostis canadensis

Canada blue-joint

F

::: Carex lacustris

Lake sedge

E

Carex pseudo-cyperus Cypres-like sedge

E

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River bulrush

F

:: Equisetum palustre

Marsh horsetail

E

I ? Submerged Aquatic Plants

Elodea canadensis

Canada waterweed

E

:: Ceratophyllum

demersum

Coontail

F

J ? Tall Flowering Plants

Symphyotrichum

lanceolatum ssp.

White panicle aster

F

::: lanceolatum

Symphyotrichum novaeangliae

New England aster

F

Asclepias tuberosa

Butterfly milkweed

F

:: Heliopsis helianthoides False sunflower

F

Kirengeshoma palmata Yellow wax-bells

S

: Phlox carolina

Carolina phlox

F

K ? Tall Flowering Plants (Moist or Fresh Soils)

Chelone glabra

::: Impatiens capensis

Turtlehead

F

Spotted touch-me-not

E

:: Lilium michiganense

Michigan lily

E

: Epilobium hirsutum

Hairy willow-herb

F

Sanguinaria canadensis Viola sororia Waldsteinia fragarioides

Bloodroot Common blue violet Barren strawberry

Mitchella repens

Partridgeberry

Epimedium spp Chrysogonum virginianum

Barrenwort Green and gold

Lonicera sempervirens Wisteria frutescens

Trumpet honeysuckle American wisteria

Potamogeton amplifolius Potamogeton natans

Large-leaf pondweed Floating pondweed

Mimulus ssp.

Monkey-flower species

Lobelia cardinalis Physostegia virginiana ssp. virginiana Pontederia cordata

Cardinal flower False dragonhead Pickerelweed

Glyceria grandis Scirpus spp.

Tall manna grass Bulrush species

Glyceria canadensis Schoenoplectus pungens

Rattlesnake mannagrass Threesquare bulrush

Myriophyllum sibiricum

Common water milfoil

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum

Calico aster

Lespedeza capitata Silphium perfoliatum Phlox paniculata

Round-head bush clover Cup plant Garden phlox

Symphyotrichum puniceum Purple-stem aster

Verbena hastata

Blue vervain

KEY

S E S

S E E

F F

F F

F, W * E, W * F, W *

F

F F E F E

S

F E F

E F

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Alternatives Plants for Invasive Species

TABLE 1 - Alternative Plants

SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

KEY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

KEY

L ? Low to Mid-Height Flowering Plants

Eurybia macrophylla

Large-leaved aster

Geranium maculatum Wild geranium

::: Maianthemum

racemosum ssp.

False Solomon's seal

racemosum

Lobelia cardinalis

:: Mertensia virginica

Cardinal flower Virginia bluebells

M ? Tall Grasses (Fresh to Dry Soils)

::: Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican muhly

Andropogon gerardii

:: Panicum virgatum

Big blue-stem Switch grass

Calamagrostis x

Karl Foerster feather

: acutiflora Karl Foerster reed grass

E E

S

E, W * S

E F F F

Maianthemum stellatum Mimulus spp.

Starry false Solomon's seal E

Monkey-flower species

F, W *

Symphyotrichum cordifolium Heart-leaved aster

S

Verbena stricta

Hoary vervain

F

Sorghastrum nutans

Indian grass

F

Helictotrichon sempervirens Blue Oat Grass

F

This table identifies some common invasive species, and some good alternatives to each.

TABLE 2 - Invasive Species

INVASIVE SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Acer ginnala Acer negundo Acer platanoides Acer pseudoplatanus Aegopodium podagraria Aesculus hippocastanum Ailanthus altissima Ajuga reptans Alnus glutinosa Alnus incana sp. incana

COMMON NAME

Amur maple Manitoba maple Norway maple Sycamore maple Goutweed Horse-chestnut Tree-of-heaven Creeping bugleweed Black alder European white alder

Berberis thunbergii

Japanese barberry

Berberis vulgaris

Common barberry

Betula pendula Butomus umbellatus Celastrus orbiculatus Convallaria majalis Cornus alba

Crataegus monogyna

Daphne mezereum Egeria densa Elaeagnus angustifolia

Elaeagnus umbellata

European birch Flowering rush Oriental bittersweet Lily-of-the-valley Tatarian dogwood

Singleseed hawthorn

Mezer's Daphne Waterweed Russian olive

Autumn olive

ALTERNATIVE

ADDITIONAL ALTERNATIVES

PLANT

CATEGORY SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

A B B B D B B D A A or C

A

A

B G or H

E D A

A

A I A

A

: Acer miyabei

::: Juglans nigra

::: Crataegus punctata Crataegus pedicellata

:: Crataegus corusca Cotinus coggyria

: Weigela florida Rosa rubrifolia

::: Crataegus punctata Crataegus pedicellata

:: Crataegus corusca Buxus spp.

: Ribes alpinum Rosa rubrifolia

::: Betula papyrifera

::: Crataegus punctata Crataegus pedicellata

:: Crataegus corusca

:: Hudsonia tomentosa ::: Crataegus punctata

Crataegus pedicellata :: Crataegus corusca

Hudsonia tomentosa

Miyabe maple

Black walnut

Dotted hawthorn Scarlet hawthorn Shining branch hawthorn

Dotted hawthorn Scarlet hawthorn Shining branch hawthorn Boxwood species

White birch

Dotted hawthorn Scarlet hawthorn Shining branch hawthorn

Sand heather Dotted hawthorn Scarlet hawthorn Shining branch hawthorn Sand heather

3

Alternatives Plants for Invasive Species

TABLE 2 - Invasive Species

INVASIVE SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Eleutherococcus sieboldianus

COMMON NAME Five-leaved aralia

Euonymus alata

Winged euonymus

Euonymus europaeus Euonymus fortunei Forsythia suspensa Forsythia viridissima Fraxinus excelsior

Spindle-tree Wintercreeper euonymus Weeping forsythia Forsythia European ash

Galium mollugo

White bedstraw

Galium verum Glechoma hederacea Glyceria maxima Hedera helix Hemerocallis ssp.

Yellow bedstraw Ground ivy Rough manna grass English ivy Day lily

Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant hogweed

Hesperis matronalis

Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Impatiens glandulifera

Iris pseudoacorus

Ligustrum vulgare Lonicera japonica Lonicera maackii Lonicera morrowi Lonicera tatarica Lonicera x bella Lonicera xylosteum

Dames rocket

Hydrilla European frog-bit Himalayan balsam

Yellow flag

Privet Japanese honeysuckle Amur honeysuckle Morrow's honeysuckle Tartarian honeysuckle Hybrid honeysuckle Euro. fly honeysuckle

Lythrum salicaria

Purple loosestrife

Miscanthus sacchariflorus Miscanthus sinensis Morus alba Myosotis scorpioides Myriophyllum spicatum Nymphoides peltata Pachysandra terminalis

Phalaris arundinacea

Phragmites australis

Eulalia Eulalia White mulberry True forget-me-not Eurasian watermilfoil Floating heart Japanese spurge

Reed canary grass

Common reed

Pinus sylvestris

Scots pine

ALTERNATIVE

ADDITIONAL ALTERNATIVES

PLANT

CATEGORY SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

A

A

A D A A B

D

D D H D or E J or K J or K

J or K I F K

G or L A A A A A A A

G, K or L

H or M H or M A or C

L I F D H or M H or M

Viburnum prunifolium : Euonymus americanus

Acer palmatum

Gallium asprellum ::: Galium triflorum

:: Galium circaezans

Rodgersia spp. : Rheum palmatum

Phlox carolina : Phlox paniculata

Iris sibirica : Iris tenax : Viburnum prunifolium

Asclepias incarnata ssp. ::: incarnata

Eupatorium maculatum Vernonia fasciculata : Astilbe spp. Agastache foeniculum

Carex morrowii : Sesleria autumnalis

Pinus strobus ::: Pinus banksiana

Pinus nigra : Metasequoia

glyptostroboides

Rough bedstraw Fragrant bedstraw Licorice bedstraw

Rodgersia Chinese rhubarb Carolina phlox Garden phlox

Siberian iris Tough-leaf iris Blackhaw

Swamp milkweed Joe pye-weed Smooth ironweed Astilbe Lavender hyssop

Japanese sedge Autumn moor grass White pine Jack pine Austrian pine Dawn redwood

4

Alternatives Plants for Invasive Species

TABLE 2 - Invasive Species

INVASIVE SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

Polygonum cuspidatum

Japanese knotweed

Populus alba

Populus tremula

Populus x canadensis

Potamogeton crispus Prunus avium Prunus mahaleb Rhodotypos scandens Robinia pseudo-acacia

White poplar

European aspen

Carolina poplar

Curly pondweed Bird cherry Perfumed cherry Jetbead Black locust

Rosa multiflora

Multiflora rose

Salix alba Salix caprea Salix fragilis Salix purpurea Salix x rubens Sambucus racemosa ssp. Racemosa

White willow Goat willow Crack willow Purple willow Hybrid willow

European red elder

Scilla siberica

Scilla

Sorbaria sorbifolia Sorbus aucuparia Symphoricarpus albus var. laevigatus Syringa vulgaris Tilia cordata Trapa natans Typha angustifolia Typha x glauca Ulmus glabra Ulmus pumila Viburnum opulus sp. opulus

False spiraea European mountain ash

Western snowberry

Lilac European linden Water-chestnut Narrow-leaved cattail Hybrid cattail Scotch elm Siberian elm Guelder rose

Vinca minor

Periwinkle

Viola odorata

Sweet violet

ALTERNATIVE

ADDITIONAL ALTERNATIVES

PLANT

CATEGORY SCORE SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

Cornus sericea

Red-osier dogwood

::: Eupatorium maculatum

Joe-pye weed

Maianthemum racemosum False Solomon's seal

:: Cimicifuga racemosa

Black cohosh

Aruncus dioicus

Goat's beard

Actaea ramosa : Fargesia dracocephala

Snakeroot Fargesia

Nandina domestica

Heavenly bamboo

B

Populus tremuloides ::: Populus grandidentata

Trembling aspen Large-toothed aspen

B

Populus tremuloides

Trembling aspen

B

::: Populus grandidentata

Large-toothed aspen

I

A

A

A

B

Rosa blanda ::: Spiraea alba

Smooth rose White spirea

Rosa carolina :: Rosa setigera

Carolina rose Prairie rose

B

::: Salix amygdaloides

Peach-leaf willow

A

B

::: Salix amygdaloides

Peach-leaf willow

A

B

::: Salix amygdaloides

Peach-leaf willow

A

Anemone acutiloba

Hepatica

Cardamine diphylla

Broad-leaved toothwort

Claytonia virginica :::

Narrow-leaved spring beauty

Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum

Trout lily

Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf

Claytonia caroliniana :: Mertensia virginica

Broad-leaved spring beauty Virginia bluebells

A

C

A

A

B

::: Tilia americana

Basswood

F

::: Typha latifolia

Broad-leaved cattail

::: Typha latifolia

Broad-leaved cattail

B

B

: Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo

A

::: Tiarella cordifolia

Foam flower

Tolmiea menziesii

Piggyback plant

D

:

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis

Sweetbox

Asarum europaeum

European wild ginger

Viola canadensis

L

::: Viola sororia

Canada violet Common blue violet

:: Mertensia virginica

Virginia bluebells

5

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