The Cold War in the 1960s, 1970s & 1980s
The Cold War Ends
A. COLD WAR IN THE 1980s: RONALD REAGAN, PRESIDENT OF THE U.S.
1. In the 1980s, new U.S. President Ronald Reagan helped ________ _____ _________ _______ against the Soviet Union
2. President Reagan’s _________________anti-communist ___________________and the collapse of communist economies brought the Cold War to an end by 1991
3. Reagan took a strong stand against the USSR, calling it “______ ___________ _______________”
4. To restore America’s position as a dominant superpower, Reagan ________________ over TWO TRILLION DOLLARS on the American ___________________
5. Reagan’s most ambitious program was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), called “____________ _____________”: satellites designed to protect the U.S. from missile attacks
B. COLD WAR IN THE 1980s: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, PRESIDENT OF THE U.S.S.R.
1. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1982 at a time when the USSR was facing ______________ ________________
a. Communism did not offer incentives for ____________ ______________, by the 1980s, the USSR had low industrial and agricultural production
b. The USSR spent _________of its budget on the military: the __________ ___________, fighting an expensive war in Afghanistan, and maintaining troops and tanks in Eastern Europe
2. Soviet leaders faced the ____________ _______of competing with SDI (Star Wars) and taking the arms race into space
3. The Soviet government _______________ ______________of speech and did not allow democratic elections so no alternative opinions were offered
4. Gorbachev recognized that communism was _________________; he wanted to make reforms
C. GORBACHEV WANTS TO REFORM COMMUNISM
1. Gorbachev began ____________ ________ ______________ to save the communist system in the Soviet Union
a. Gorbachev introduced _________________(“openness”) to encourage _________________of speech and to allow expression of new ideas
b. ______________________relaxed some government ________________over farms and factories to make production more efficient; it allowed citizens to open small businesses
c. ___________________________allowed citizens to vote for Communist politicians (but Communists only)
2. In addition to his economic reforms, Gorbachev changed Soviet _____________ ______________
a. Reagan’s SDI plan forced Gorbachev to admit that the USSR could _______ ___________to keep up with arms race
b. Gorbachev __________________Soviet tank divisions from the communist nations in Eastern Europe
c. In 1989, Gorbachev ______________the 9 year war in Afghanistan
D. GORBACHEV AND REAGAN COOPERATE
1. Reagan was able to __________ ___________Gorbachev to reduce Cold War tensions
a. In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev ________________to disarm all medium-range ICBMs
E. THE FALL OF COMMUNISM
1. Rather than saving the communist system in the USSR and Eastern Europe, _________________ _____________ helped bring an _________to communism
a. In 1989, a surge of _______________ _______________swept through the Eastern European communist satellites
i. Eastern European nations______________ ________________Soviet control and created democracies
ii. Gorbachev did not use the _____________ ________________to stop these revolutions
iii. THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL: In November 1989, the __________ _________was __________ __________by celebrating East Berliners and West Berliners; this was the symbolic end of communism and the Cold War
2. Ethnic nationalism and desire for democracy led to the ___________________of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991
a. In 1990, the Soviet states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declared _____________________from the Soviet Union
b. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart and ______ ________ ________________were formed
c. The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the true end of the _________ _________
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F. WHAT CAUSED THE USSR (SOVIET UNION) TO BREAK UP AND COMMUNISM TO FALL?
1. Reagan’s strong stand against the communism and _________________________the USSR in the _____________ _________they could not afford
2. Gorbachev’s introduction of _________________made the _______________of communism as an economic system clear to the Russian people
3. Gorbachev allowing Eastern European countries to have a taste of ___________________and __________________ made those countries want more; they broke free of the Soviets’ influence
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