NATIVE AMERICANS SINCE INDIAN WARS (THEME #37)
NATIVE AMERICANS SINCE INDIAN WARS (THEME #38)
Helen Hunt Jackson – wrote “Century of Dishonor” in 1881 about the history of U.S.
govt. breaking treaty obligations
Dawes Act (1887) – distributed reservation land to ind. Indians in order for them to
become farmers and assimilate; instead of helping it led to speculators buying up
65% of the reservation land as Native Americans struggled with farming
Phoenix Indian School – set up to Americanize Native Americans (N.A.s)
Indian Citizenship Act (1924) – full citizenship rights granted, but no other help provided
American Indian Defense Assoc. – fought to preserve tribal life, against Dawes Act (20s)
Indian Reorganization Act (1934) – halted sale of tribal lands and tribes could reclaim
unallocated lands; restored tribes’ status as legal entities
Termination bills (1950s & 1960s) – govt. withdrew financial support for reservations
(termination of old treaties with hope of assimilation)
Voluntary Relocation Program – govt. helped N.A.s move to cities to find jobs
National Congress of American Indians (started in 1944) – fought to protect rights of
tribes, and encourage appreciation of NA culture
- fought later against termination bills
Declaration of Purposes (1961) – reps. of 67 tribes drew up this document to oppose
termination treaties
Nat. Council on Indian Opportunity (1965) – set up by Pres. L.B. Johnson after protests
at capitol for including Native American’s in LBJ’s war on poverty
- LBJ also appointed 1st Native American leader of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
- LBJ didn’t support termination policies and backed Indian self-determination
American Indian Movement (AIM) – activist movement founded in 1968 similar to what
the Black Panthers did for African Americans (“Red Power”); led by Russell Means
- led a sit-in protest for a week at the Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs
- established “survival schools” to teach Indian culture and history
Indian Self-Determination Act (1975) – gave tribal govts. control over social programs,
law enforcement, and education on reservations
- this and use of a 1961 law that allowed tribes to buy lands for commercial projects led to tribes starting business ventures that boosted employment and tribal profits including casinos in 1980s and 1990s
- tribal membership rose as economic advantages to it seen
Article VI of Constitution – declares treaties approved by Congress are supreme law of
the land; this was used by N.A. lawyers in 1980s and 1990s
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