1. Introduction - Lancaster University
The Politics and Governance of Research into Solar GeoengineeringDuncan McLaren1 and Olaf Corry21. (corresponding author) Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK, d.mclaren@lancaster.ac.uk2. School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, UKAbstractResearch into solar geoengineering, far from being societally neutral, is already highly intertwined with its emerging politics. This review outlines ways in which research conditions or constructs solar geoengineering in diverse ways, including the forms of possible material technologies of solar geoengineering; the criteria and targets for their assessment; the scenarios in which they might be deployed; the publics which may support or oppose them; their political implications for other climate responses, and the international relations, governance mechanisms and configurations of power that are presumed in order to regulate them. The review also examines proposals for governance of research, including suggested frameworks, principles, procedures and institutions. It critically assesses these proposals, revealing their limitations given the context of the conditioning effects of current research, and particularly highlights problems of the reproduction of Northern norms, instrumental approaches to public engagement, a weak embrace of precaution, and a persistent but questionable separation of research from deployment. It details complexities inherent in effective research governance which contribute to making the pursuit of solar geoengineering risky, controversial and ethically contentious. In conclusion it suggests a case for an explicit, reflexive research governance regime developed with international participation. It suggests that such a regime should encompass modelling and social science as well as field experimentation and must address not only technical and environmental but also the emergent social and political implications of research.Funding InformationThis research was funded under grant 116716 from Det Frie Forskningsr?d (the Independent Research Fund), Denmark.Data sharing statementData sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Nikolaj Kornbech for his assistance with the underlying reviews, and in editing and proofing the manuscript. We also wish to acknowledge the constructive, and swift and invaluable feedback provided by two anonymous reviewers.1. Introduction The politics of climate change has gained urgency in recent years, with climate emergencies declared, and net-zero targets announced by many countries, cities and companies ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Williams</Author><Year>December 19, 2019</Year><RecNum>1107</RecNum><DisplayText>(Williams, December 19, 2019; Climate Emergency Declaration, November 21, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606296241">1107</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page, Blog">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jeremy Williams</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The spread of national net zero targets</title></titles><number>November 25, 2020</number><dates><year>December 19, 2019</year></dates><publisher>Earthbound Report</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> Emergency Declaration</Author><Year>November 21, 2020</Year><RecNum>1108</RecNum><record><rec-number>1108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606296448">1108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Climate Emergency Declaration,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Climate emergency declarations in 1,840 jurisdictions and local governments cover 820 million citizens</title></titles><dates><year>November 21, 2020</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Williams, December 19, 2019; Climate Emergency Declaration, November 21, 2020). This has brought proposals for large-scale carbon removal (carbon geoengineering) centre stage, but research into related proposals to ameliorate global warming by reducing incoming solar radiation (solar geoengineering), although less prominent, has also grown substantially since Paul Crutzen’s call for its consideration in 2006 (Crutzen 2006). Solar geoengineering at a global scale carries high stakes: it may be rapid but has deep implications for climate policy, justice, security and international relations and is controversial with publics. Yet solar geoengineering can be expected to gain more prominence as temperatures continue to rise. It is therefore timely to review both how solar geoengineering research may be influencing climate politics, and how such research might be appropriately governed. In this respect we hope to complement recent review work that has focused on other aspects of solar geoengineering such as ethics, law, economics and social science ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Flegal</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>762</RecNum><DisplayText>(Flegal et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>762</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">762</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Flegal, Jane A.</author><author>Hubert, Anna-Maria</author><author>Morrow, David R.</author><author>Moreno-Cruz, Juan B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar Geoengineering: Social Science, Legal, Ethical, and Economic Frameworks</title><secondary-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</full-title></periodical><pages>399-423</pages><volume>44</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/10/17</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Annual Reviews</publisher><isbn>1543-5938</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Flegal et al., 2019), the governance of deployment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reynolds</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>842</RecNum><DisplayText>(Reynolds, 2019a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reynolds, Jesse</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Governance of Solar Geoengineering</title></titles><dates><year>2019</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Reynolds, 2019a) or on the role of responsible research and innovation in geoengineering of all types ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Low</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>724</RecNum><DisplayText>(Low and Buck, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781322">724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Low, Sean</author><author>Buck, Holly Jean</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The practice of responsible research and innovation in “climate engineering”</title><secondary-title>WIREs Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WIREs Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>e644</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1757-7780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Low and Buck, 2020). Interest in governance for geoengineering – both regarding deployment and research – also grew rapidly in the late 2000s. By 2011, calls for research governance had been made from both within and outside of the geoengineering research community – including from science institutions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Royal Society</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText>(Royal Society, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Royal Society, </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Royal Society</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Royal Society, 2009), climate scientists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC)</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>865</RecNum><DisplayText>(Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC), 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591955227">865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research into Climate Engineering Techniques</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Washington DC</pub-location><publisher>Climate Institute</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC), 2010), politicians in the UK and US ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>House of Commons Science and Technology Committee</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>898</RecNum><DisplayText>(House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 2010; US Government Accountability Office, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594735536">898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>House of Commons Science and Technology Committee,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Regulation of Geoengineering</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>London: The Stationery Office</publisher><accession-num>HC221</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> Government Accountability Office</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>899</RecNum><record><rec-number>899</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594735896">899</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>US Government Accountability Office,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Coordinated Strategy Could Focus Federal Geoengineering Research and Inform Governance Efforts</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>GAO-10-903 ;(House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 2010; US Government Accountability Office, 2010), influential think-tanks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Long</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>900</RecNum><DisplayText>(Long et al., 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>900</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594736366">900</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Long, Jane</author><author>Rademaker, Stephen </author><author>Anderson, James G. </author><author>Benedick, Richard E.</author><author>Caldeira, Ken</author><author>Chaisson, Joe</author><author>Goldston, David</author><author>Hamburg, Steven</author><author>Keith, David</author><author>Lehman, Ron</author><author>Loy, Frank </author><author>Morgan, Granger</author><author>Sarewitz, Daniel</author><author>Schelling, Thomas </author><author>Shepherd, John</author><author>Victor, David G. </author><author>Whelan, David </author><author>Winickoff, David E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Geoengineering: A national strategic plan for research on the potential effectiveness, feasibility, and consequences of climate remediation technologies</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Task Force On Climate Remediation Research: The Bipartisan Policy Center </publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Long et al., 2012), and new dedicated groups ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>901</RecNum><DisplayText>(Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>901</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594736952">901</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar radiation management: the governance of research</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Environmental Defense Fund, The Royal Society and TWAS</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2011). Contemporaneously parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity called for a moratorium on geoengineering activities that might affect biodiversity, with the exception of small-scale research in controlled settings. And the London Protocol adopted a framework on ocean fertilization ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ginzky</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>771</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ginzky and Frost, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>771</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">771</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ginzky, Harald</author><author>Frost, Robyn</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Marine Geo-Engineering: Legally Binding Regulation under the London Protocol</title><secondary-title>Carbon & Climate Law Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon & Climate Law Review</full-title></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ginzky and Frost, 2014) providing for assessment of both whether a proposed activity has genuine scientific attributes and of its potential environmental impacts.Research governance proposals (reviewed in Section 3) range from light-touch self-regulation by scientists to strong international frameworks to constrain or enable such research. The mechanisms suggested include: codes of ethical and legal principles; the application of frameworks such as anticipatory governance, responsible innovation and mission driven research; novel institutions and formal procedures involving moratoria, thresholds, transparency registers, and public consent. However, currently there is no widely recognised code, standard or institution governing solar geoengineering research. Rather, there remains a palimpsest of different ideas, patchily applied in desk and laboratory research (with few field experiments attempted, but increasing amounts of public and stakeholder engagement). In the absence of consistent governance, research is conditioning and constructing particular social and technical manifestations of solar geoengineering in ways that may inappropriately prejudice the politics of future global climate action.The ways in which ongoing research may affect the emerging politics of solar geoengineering extend far beyond the direct contribution of research findings to rational debate and policy making. In section 2 we summarise key aspects of the politics of research, including work indicating that research activities can condition or construct the material technologies that may emerge, the criteria and targets against which they might be assessed, the scenarios in which their deployment might be considered, the publics which may support or oppose them, the political implications they might have for other climate responses or for international relations, and the international relations, governance mechanisms and configurations of power that are presumed in order to regulate them. If we consider potential deployment of solar geoengineering to merit governance in the public interest ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reynolds</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText>(Reynolds, 2019b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781238">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reynolds, Jesse L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar geoengineering to reduce climate change: a review of governance proposals</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>20190255</pages><volume>475</volume><number>2229</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/09/27</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Royal Society</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Reynolds, 2019b), then all these effects make governance of research equally important. And by ‘research’ we do not mean only natural science, experimentation and engineering (the focus of most research governance proposals), but also modelling, public engagement, ethics, and critical social and political science. Like Low and Sch?fer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Low</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>333</RecNum><DisplayText>(2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>333</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781269">333</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Low, Sean</author><author>Schafer, Stefan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Tools of the trade: practices and politics of researching the future in climate engineering</title><secondary-title>Sustainability Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sustainability Science</full-title></periodical><edition>May 6th</edition><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>DOI: 10.1007/s11625-019-00692-x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(2019), we understand research that constructs ‘futures’ as necessarily political, and capable of structuring expectations and foreclosing alternatives.The paper then proceeds by critically reviewing proposals for governance for solar geoengineering research (section 3) revealing their limitations in the face of the conditioning effects of current solar geoengineering research, and developing a novel critique of research governance proposals on that basis. In selecting material we defined ‘governance’ broadly as the intentional exercise of power to influence other actors to behave in ways reflecting some conception of a wider public interest, while noting that in the absence of effective international governance, “de-facto governance” (Gupta and Moller, 2019) may be constituted through existing power relations. In section 4 we briefly consider some examples of research governance in practice for solar geoengineering experiments. In Section 5 we seek to synthesize learning from the review, highlighting shortcomings in the extant proposals. Finally in Section 6 we draw conclusions and make suggestions for future research governance. 2. How research conditions politics and practiceIn response to a threat such as climate change, most research is seen as inherently ‘policy-relevant’, generating knowledge that can better inform those making decisions and designing tools to mitigate the threat or its impacts. Practising researchers often understand policy relevance in terms of a linear or “technocratic” model (Hulme 2009: 102) of science-policy interaction. In this idealised model, policy-makers are rational actors, responding (however imperfectly) to the public interest, informed by objective evaluations of problems and possible responses. Scientific research is independent and objective, enabling better policy-making. However, for climate science in general, and solar geoengineering research in particular, the situation is rather more complicated. We need not rehearse the extent to which climate science is contested, politicised, and ‘post-normal’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Funtowicz</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>182</RecNum><DisplayText>(Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993; Hulme, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>182</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781249">182</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Funtowicz, S.O.</author><author>Ravetz, J.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Science for the post-normal age</title><secondary-title>Futures</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Futures</full-title></periodical><pages>739-755</pages><volume>25</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hulme</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hulme, Mike</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Why We Disagree About Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993; Hulme, 2009). Nor the deep complications and injustices introduced by histories of colonial and post-colonial (resource) exploitation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>823</RecNum><DisplayText>(Moore, 2015; Ghosh, 2016; Mitchell, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>823</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">823</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moore, Jason W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Verso</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Ghosh</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>769</RecNum><record><rec-number>769</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">769</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ghosh, Amitav</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Great Derangement: climate change and the unthinkable</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago </pub-location><publisher>University of Chicago Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mitchell</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>172</RecNum><record><rec-number>172</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781248">172</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mitchell, T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Carbon Democracy, Political Power in the Age of Oil</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Verso</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Moore, 2015; Ghosh, 2016; Mitchell, 2011), and by the ongoing social contestation of climate policy through continued disinformation by vested interests ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oreskes</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>376</RecNum><DisplayText>(Oreskes and Conway, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>376</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781274">376</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oreskes, N.</author><author>Conway, E.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Bloomsbury Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Oreskes and Conway, 2011). Yet solar geoengineering is further complicated by being primarily a ‘technological imaginary’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jasanoff</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jasanoff, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781249">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Contribution to an Edited Book">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jasanoff, S.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Jasanoff S.</author><author>Kim, S.H.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity</title><secondary-title>Dreamscapes of Modernity Sociotechnical Imageries and the Fabrication of Power</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>The University of Chicago Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jasanoff, 2015), which is produced through research, regulation and opinion ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stilgoe, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Experiment Earth: Responsible Innovation in Geoengineering</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Routledge/Earthscan</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stilgoe, 2015) and which in turn co-produces (future) societies and international orders. Almost all scholars writing about geoengineering appear to support some form of research governance, although the extent recommended is highly variable. Many acknowledge, for instance, that geoengineering research may touch on ‘sensitive questions of sovereignty … inter-generational rights and responsibilities … [and] tensions between the private and public sector’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carlarne</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>482</RecNum><DisplayText>(Carlarne, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>482</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781286">482</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carlarne, C. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Moritz College of Law, Ohio State University, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Arctic dreams and geoengineering wishes: The collateral damage of climate change</title><secondary-title>Columbia Journal of Transnational Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Columbia Journal of Transnational Law</full-title></periodical><pages>602-669</pages><volume>49</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Carlarne, 2011). Others highlight issues such as distrust in experts and researchers and their motives, lack of control over the symbolic significance of research, and systemic concerns such as lock-in, moral hazard, and even military conflict ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lin, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lin, A. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Davis School of Law, University of California, United States</auth-address><titles><title>The missing pieces of geoengineering research governance</title><secondary-title>Minnesota Law Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Minnesota Law Review</full-title></periodical><pages>2509-2576</pages><volume>100</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Lin, 2016). We argue here that effective and extensive research governance is essential: rather than simply informing policy, geoengineering research is already conditioning and potentially prejudicing future climate politics. We draw on relevant debates and literature spanning climate science, environmental humanities, politics, science and technology studies, ethics and international relations to identify four major – and interconnected - ways in which solar geoengineering research might prejudice climate politics. In each we suggest that decisions over how research is conceived, funded and performed are excluding, promoting or locking in outcomes more properly considered the territory of democratic and/or intergovernmental debate and negotiation. We consider politically performative and not only constative effects of research; i.e. rather than simply producing true (or false) statements on solar geoengineering, research - as ‘speech acts’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Austin</Author><Year>1959</Year><RecNum>977</RecNum><DisplayText>(Austin, 1959; Searle, 1969)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>977</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595841670">977</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Austin, John L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to Do Things with Words</title></titles><edition>1975</edition><dates><year>1959</year></dates><publisher>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Searle</Author><Year>1969</Year><RecNum>978</RecNum><record><rec-number>978</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595841786">978</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Searle, John R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language</title></titles><dates><year>1969</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Austin, 1959; Searle, 1969), or as part of the co-production of science, technology and society ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jasanoff</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jasanoff, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781249">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Contribution to an Edited Book">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jasanoff, S.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Jasanoff S.</author><author>Kim, S.H.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity</title><secondary-title>Dreamscapes of Modernity Sociotechnical Imageries and the Fabrication of Power</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>The University of Chicago Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jasanoff, 2015) - inevitably also ‘does things’ in the world. First, research performatively imagines and in a very real sense enables the construction of particular configurations of material technologies. Second, research helps evoke and assemble epistemic communities, stakeholder groupings and even publics with particular orientations towards the topic. Third, research helps construct de-facto forms of governance, normalising and institutionalising research, adding to climate pathways in which the deployment of solar geoengineering appears desirable or even inevitable. Fourth, research implies or creates capacities and expectations that condition international relations in the climate sphere. These four routes are not unique to geoengineering amongst novel high-risk technologies, but in combination raise potent risks.Technological imaginariesThe dominant mode of solar geoengineering research uses Earth system models to project the effects of particular interventions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Irvine</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>979</RecNum><DisplayText>(Irvine et al., 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595844953">979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Irvine, Peter J.</author><author>Kravitz, Ben</author><author>Lawrence, Mark G.</author><author>Muri, Helene</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering</title><secondary-title>WIREs Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WIREs Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>815-833</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016/11/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><isbn>1757-7780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Irvine et al., 2016), but in doing so, modellers imagine particular technical constructions and possibilities most of which do not (yet) exist in the material world. The commonly modelled imaginaries of SRM changed from those of ‘turning down the sun’ with space mirrors to distributed veils of stratospheric particulates, not because the former was seen as technologically infeasible, but because modelling the latter became practical as modelling capabilities developed ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stilgoe, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Experiment Earth: Responsible Innovation in Geoengineering</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Routledge/Earthscan</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stilgoe, 2015). Carefully targeted and modulated stratospheric deployments are still widely modelled while effectively presuming their technological (and political) feasibility (McLaren 2018). In models, these technical imaginaries have not only particular defined parameters, but also presumed purposes and political forms PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsYW15PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsYW15PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bellamy, 2016; Lin, 2016; Szerszynski et al., 2013). These presumed purposes (typically climate risk reduction via global optimisation of SRM through intergovernmental agreement) may be equally infeasible. Yet they reflect the ways research anticipates or establishes criteria, concepts and scenarios for the assessment of geoengineering PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (McLaren, 2018; Flegal and Gupta, 2018; Bellamy and Palmer, 2019; Talberg et al., 2018; Sugiyama et al., 2018; Wiertz, 2015; Bellamy, 2016). For instance, to run models to obtain clear results tends to require a presumption of a global planner ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Corry</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>499</RecNum><DisplayText>(Corry, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781289">499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Corry, Olaf</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The international politics of geoengineering: The feasibility of Plan B for tackling climate change</title><secondary-title>Security Dialogue</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Security Dialogue</full-title></periodical><pages>297-315</pages><volume>48</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/08/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>SAGE Publications Ltd</publisher><isbn>0967-0106</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Corry, 2017); or to assess the relative desirability of different outcomes, modellers need to assume that all people have the same climatic interests, rather than ones which vary nationally, or even between groups or localities PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaWVydHo8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaWVydHo8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Wiertz, 2015; McLaren, 2018). Moreover, the scenarios evaluated are typically based on those included in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kravitz</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>904</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kravitz et al., 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>904</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594897908">904</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kravitz, Ben</author><author>Robock, Alan</author><author>Boucher, Olivier</author><author>Schmidt, Hauke</author><author>Taylor, Karl E.</author><author>Stenchikov, Georgiy</author><author>Schulz, Michael</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)</title><secondary-title>Atmospheric Science Letters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Atmospheric Science Letters</full-title></periodical><pages>162-167</pages><volume>12</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>geoengineering</keyword><keyword>climate modeling</keyword><keyword>CMIP5</keyword><keyword>model evaluation</keyword><keyword>SRM</keyword><keyword>monsoon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/04/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><isbn>1530-261X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kravitz et al., 2011), which are designed primarily for modelling convenience rather than as a reflection of reality ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugiyama</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>(Sugiyama et al., 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugiyama, Masahiro</author><author>Arino, Yosuke</author><author>Kosugi, Takanobu</author><author>Kurosawa, Atsushi</author><author>Watanabe, Shingo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Next steps in geoengineering scenario research: limited deployment scenarios and beyond</title><secondary-title>Climate Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climate Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>681-689</pages><volume>18</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/07/03</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Taylor & Francis</publisher><isbn>1469-3062</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Sugiyama et al., 2018). These processes can be self-reinforcing. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection in part became ‘locked-in’ as the most widely modelled form of solar geoengineering and the presumptive technological configuration because of a combination of simple assumptions and a growing body of work, despite performing badly when experts and stakeholders were enabled to set and weight criteria in a multi-criteria assessment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bellamy</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>905</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bellamy et al., 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>905</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594898020">905</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bellamy, Rob</author><author>Chilvers, Jason</author><author>Vaughan, Naomi E.</author><author>Lenton, Timothy M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>‘Opening up’ geoengineering appraisal: Multi-Criteria Mapping of options for tackling climate change</title><secondary-title>Global Environmental Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Environmental Change</full-title></periodical><pages>926-937</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Tackling climate change</keyword><keyword>Appraisal</keyword><keyword>Multi-Criteria Mapping</keyword><keyword>Opening up</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/10/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-3780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bellamy et al., 2013). This effect has subsequently been reinforced by growing interest in fast-acting responses to climate impacts and developing technical understanding of the options for solar geoengineering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacMartin</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>234</RecNum><DisplayText>(MacMartin et al., 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>234</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0zzad9fw8a059ze5xpfpd5zfdxt92t9a9fps" timestamp="1525979143">234</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacMartin, Douglas G.</author><author>Ricke, Katharine L.</author><author>Keith, David W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target</title><secondary-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, 				Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><volume>376</volume><number>2119</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><work-type>10.1098/rsta.2016.0454</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(MacMartin et al., 2018).The snowball effect of such research prioritisation applies also to critical social and political science, and research questioning the ethics of geoengineering. Following ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Nordmann</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>193</RecNum><DisplayText>Nordmann (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>193</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0zzad9fw8a059ze5xpfpd5zfdxt92t9a9fps" timestamp="1518919121">193</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nordmann, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>If and Then: a Critique of Speculative NanoEthics</title><secondary-title>NanoEthics </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoEthics</full-title></periodical><pages>31-46</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11569-007-0007-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Nordmann (2007) and ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Rip</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>235</RecNum><DisplayText>Rip (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>235</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781256">235</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rip, Arie</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Context of Innovation Journeys</title><secondary-title>Creativity and Innovation Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Creativity and Innovation Management</full-title></periodical><pages>158-170</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/06/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)</publisher><isbn>0963-1690</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> (2012), Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholars ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stilgoe, 2015; Flegal, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Experiment Earth: Responsible Innovation in Geoengineering</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Routledge/Earthscan</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Flegal</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>263</RecNum><record><rec-number>263</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781261">263</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Flegal, Jane</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Evidentiary Politics of the Geoengineering Imaginary</title></titles><volume>PhD</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>UC Berkeley</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Stilgoe, 2015; Flegal, 2018) have highlighted that analysis of the ethics of particular socio-technical formations of geoengineering could help solidify and establish those imaginaries, increasing their salience, and increasing the likelihood that they might be further examined scientifically, or even grasped at politically, in the face of an apparent ‘climate emergency’. As Flegal et. al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Flegal</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>762</RecNum><DisplayText>(2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>762</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">762</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Flegal, Jane A.</author><author>Hubert, Anna-Maria</author><author>Morrow, David R.</author><author>Moreno-Cruz, Juan B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar Geoengineering: Social Science, Legal, Ethical, and Economic Frameworks</title><secondary-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</full-title></periodical><pages>399-423</pages><volume>44</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/10/17</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Annual Reviews</publisher><isbn>1543-5938</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(2019) suggest, social science more generally, including engagement studies, might be as complicit in ‘naturalizing geoengineering’ as natural science research, prematurely stabilizing it as a policy option. Publics and communitiesUnevenly empowered epistemic communities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Haas</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>1110</RecNum><DisplayText>(Haas, 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1110</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606316407">1110</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Haas, Peter M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination</title><secondary-title>International Organization</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Organization</full-title></periodical><pages>1-35</pages><volume>46</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><publisher>[MIT Press, University of Wisconsin Press, Cambridge University Press, International Organization Foundation]</publisher><isbn>00208183, 15315088</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>stable/2706951</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>Full publication date: Winter, 1992</custom1><remote-database-name>JSTOR</remote-database-name><access-date>2020/07/16/</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Haas, 1992)?of networked researchers and experts play important roles in defining problems and developing responses. Dominant ones also establish and spread norms and presumptions regarding research topics and practices. The geoengineering epistemic community has been notoriously narrow ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kintisch</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>929</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kintisch, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>929</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594899866">929</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kintisch, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hack the planet : Science’s best hope– Or worst nightmare– For averting climate catastrophe</title><secondary-title>null</secondary-title></titles><pages>null</pages><volume>null</volume><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>null</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kintisch, 2010) and despite growth in numbers in the last decade remains predominantly white, male, wealthy and Northern – even in contrast with broader climate change networks PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWNrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWNrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Buck et al., 2014; Stephens and Surprise, 2020; Biermann and M?ller, 2019). Deliberate efforts to broaden the community include the SRMGI ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>901</RecNum><DisplayText>(Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>901</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594736952">901</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar radiation management: the governance of research</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Environmental Defense Fund, The Royal Society and TWAS</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2011), which has actively sought to engage scientific and policy audiences in the global South, and in recent years has provided funding in the DECIMALS program for SRM modelling research based in the global South. Unfortunately while the topics of investigation have been defined by Southern partners, the models, norms and practices applied in DECIMALS remain primarily those of the dominant Northern research community. For ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Victor</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>895</RecNum><Pages>325</Pages><DisplayText>Victor (2008: 325)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>895</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594633741">895</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Victor, David G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the regulation of geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>322-336</pages><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0266-903X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> (2008: 325), such a process is part of a desirable governance effort to spread scientific norms through international collaboration, and to enable research by “socializing” scientists even in countries sceptical about geoengineering research. Research into technological imaginaries not only helps construct the epistemic communities, it also assembles particular publics, including through engagement seeking to assess public opinion ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bellamy</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>479</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bellamy and Lezaun, 2017; Chilvers and Kearnes, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>479</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781286">479</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bellamy, R.</author><author>Lezaun, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Crafting a public for geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Public Understanding of Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Public Understanding of Science</full-title></periodical><pages>402-417</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Chilvers</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>598</RecNum><record><rec-number>598</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781301">598</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chilvers, Jason</author><author>Kearnes, Matthew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Remaking Participation in Science and Democracy</title><secondary-title>Science, Technology, & Human Values</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science, Technology, & Human Values</full-title></periodical><pages>0162243919850885</pages><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>SAGE Publications Inc</publisher><isbn>0162-2439</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bellamy and Lezaun, 2017; Chilvers and Kearnes, 2019). In introducing the technologies to its subjects, such research also inevitably frames them. Such publics may be supportive, but research may also fuel geoengineering conspiracy thinking ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cairns</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>481</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cairns, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>481</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781286">481</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cairns, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9SL, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Climates of suspicion: 'Chemtrail' conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Geographical Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Geographical Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>70-84</pages><volume>182</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Chemtrails</keyword><keyword>Climate change</keyword><keyword>Conspiracy</keyword><keyword>Discourse analysis</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Public engagement</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Cairns, 2016). Similarly, stakeholder engagement exercises by researchers can serve to create stakeholder interests as much as they identify pre-existing ones ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Turnhout</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>980</RecNum><DisplayText>(Turnhout et al., 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>980</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595846290">980</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turnhout, Esther</author><author>Van Bommel, Severine</author><author>Aarts, Noelle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How Participation Creates Citizens: Participatory Governance as Performative Practice</title><secondary-title>Ecology and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ecology and Society</full-title></periodical><volume>15</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Resilience Alliance Inc.</publisher><isbn>17083087</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>stable/26268213</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>Full publication date: Dec 2010</custom1><remote-database-name>JSTOR</remote-database-name><access-date>2020/07/27/</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Turnhout et al., 2010), contributing to a process whereby policy making regarding such novel issues reconfigures the polity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hajer</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1111</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hajer, 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606316407">1111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hajer, Maarten</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void</title><secondary-title>Policy Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Policy Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>175-195</pages><volume>36</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>2003/06/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-0891</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hajer, 2003). Such stakeholder exercises have been undertaken primarily in the global North, indicating conditional support for more research PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdXJuczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdXJuczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Burns et al., 2016; Flegal et al., 2019; Asayama et al., 2017). Those directly engaging global Southern interests suggest more desperate concern about climate impacts, and in some studies, more – although still cautious - openness to geoengineering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugiyama</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1103</RecNum><DisplayText>(Sugiyama et al., 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606137562">1103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugiyama, Masahiro</author><author>Asayama, Shinichiro</author><author>Kosugi, Takanobu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The North–South Divide on Public Perceptions of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering?: A Survey in Six Asia-Pacific Countries</title><secondary-title>Environmental Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>641-656</pages><volume>14</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/07/03</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1752-4032</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Carr and Yung, 2018; Sugiyama et al., 2020) but in others deep reluctance to engage with geoengineering outside of the context of colonial and imperial legacies PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GbGVnYWw8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE5PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GbGVnYWw8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE5PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Flegal et al., 2019; McLaren and Corry, 2021). Such findings suggest a critical need for future geoengineering research to be better rooted in Southern theory and epistemology, rather than predominantly reflecting Northern research norms. By contrast, for some researchers, geoengineering is an aspect of an ‘ecomodernist’ ideology, which posits that past environmentalism has failed, and that new approaches, more positive towards technologies such as nuclear power and geoengineering are desirable. Ecomodernists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grinspoon</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>946</RecNum><DisplayText>(Grinspoon, 2016; Asafu-Adjaye et al., 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>946</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594901829">946</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grinspoon, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Earth in Human Hands: shaping our planet’s future</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>Grand Central: New York</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Asafu-Adjaye</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>947</RecNum><record><rec-number>947</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594902285">947</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Asafu-Adjaye, J </author><author>Blomquist, L </author><author>Brand, S </author><author>Brook, BW </author><author>Defries, R </author><author>Ellis, E </author><author>Foreman, C </author><author>Keith, D </author><author>Lewis, M </author><author>Lynas, M </author><author>Nordhaus, T </author><author>Pielke, R </author><author>Pritzker, R </author><author>Roy, J </author><author>Sagoff, M </author><author>Shellenberger, M </author><author>Stone, R </author><author>Teague, P </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An ecomodernist manifesto</title><secondary-title>;(Grinspoon, 2016; Asafu-Adjaye et al., 2015) tend to actively seek to build public support for such interventions, while some prominent geoengineering researchers echo similar themes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keith</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>(Keith, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781249">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keith, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Case for Climate Engineering</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>MIT Press/Boston Review Books</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Keith, 2013). Such a framing of geoengineering both reflects and shapes research agendas. Critics of the ecomodernist approach point to the convenient coincidence between the solutions it advocates, and sustained growth in consumption, avoiding redistributive economics or lifestyle change ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gardiner</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>268</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gardiner, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>268</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781261">268</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gardiner, Stephen M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gardiner, 2011). Although publics show grave concern about the role of financial interests in geoengineering (and geoengineering research) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (McLaren et al., 2016; Bellamy et al., 2017), they may respond to the ecomodernist framing. Hence, along with interest groups and media, research helps to create publics.De-facto governanceGeoengineering research also helps to construct de-facto forms of governance. In particular, high-level ‘authoritative assessments’ undertaken by panels of elite scientists construct geoengineering as an object of governance by demarcating and categorizing the field (Gupta and M?ller, 2019). Such assessments also normalize and institutionalize geoengineering research (and specific epistemic communities). Such emergent, de-facto sources of governance “are unacknowledged and unrecognized as seeking to govern, even as they exercise governance effects” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gupta</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><Pages>48</Pages><DisplayText>(Gupta and M?ller, 2019: 48)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gupta, Aarti</author><author>M?ller, Ina</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>De facto governance: how authoritative assessments construct climate engineering as an object of governance</title><secondary-title>Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>480-501</pages><volume>28</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/04/16</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0964-4016</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Gupta and M?ller, 2019: 48) both directly steering research and indirectly establishing patterns and expectations for subsequent formal governance. For example, IPCC assessments PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdXB0YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdXB0YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gupta and M?ller, 2019; Beck and Mahony, 2018) legitimise model-based findings (regardless of the limitations of such methods), which in turn establish particular pathways. Previously these have included, for example, pathways heavily reliant on forms of carbon geoengineering PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GdXNzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GdXNzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE.DATA (Fuss et al., 2014; Carton et al., 2020). Now, research sector incentives (such as publication and funding), and political encouragement to emphasize findings commensurate with the political targets that inform IPCC report cycles, combine to prompt researchers to construct climate scenarios and pathways in which the deployment of solar geoengineering becomes – if not indispensible – at least desirable. The reframing of the objectives of climate policy towards temperature suppression (McLaren and Markusson 2020) brings solar geoengineering firmly into the remit of the IPCC, making it the site of (permissive) de-facto governance for this technology also. These dynamics are facilitated by the relatively narrow range of political and economic variables and presumptions that have long been embedded in the overarching baseline scenarios used by the IPCC. With limited room in those scenarios for radical political and economic change, options for climate policy are artificially narrowed towards tools that allow for a slower decline in emissions (currently dominated by carbon removal promises, but potentially also including solar geoengineering). While the latest incarnation of IPCC scenarios, the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), involve welcome efforts to broaden the range of possible futures considered, they do not escape from this dynamic. In the current political context the SSPs may be used as frameworks by modellers seeking to explore the role of solar geoengineering within climate policy, in another emanation of de-facto governance. Enthusiasm for consideration of solar geoengineering may also be increased by the common perception that 1.5 or 2.0°C targets may not be met without such tools in the face of economic inertia and the slow pace of mitigation. Yet such assumptions can be self-reinforcing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>822</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren and Markusson, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>822</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">822</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, Duncan</author><author>Markusson, Nils</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The co-evolution of technological promises, modelling, policies and climate change targets</title><secondary-title>Nature Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature Climate Change</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/04/20</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1758-6798</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(McLaren and Markusson, 2020), and thus geoengineering research might contribute to mitigation deterrence or moral hazard, discouraging accelerated effort in emissions reduction PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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=
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0xhcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (McLaren, 2016; Lin, 2013; Currie, 2018). Even initially tough regulation could lead to moral hazard, lapsing into self-regulation due to regulatory capture and complacency ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wolff</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>863</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wolff, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>863</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">863</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wolff, Jonathan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fighting risk with risk: solar radiation management, regulatory drift, and minimal justice</title><secondary-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</full-title></periodical><pages>1-20</pages><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1369-8230</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wolff, 2019). More generally, worries of a ‘slippery slope’ or ‘lock-in’ effects whereby investment in research would bias decisions towards deployment also remain valid PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0tpbm5vbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0tpbm5vbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (McKinnon, 2019; Gardiner and Fragnière, 2018; Lin, 2016).Technology assessment also risks a rebound effect through public and stakeholder engagement in which the limitations and configuration of the technology structure the assessment practices themselves ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bellamy</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>479</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bellamy and Lezaun, 2017; Chilvers and Kearnes, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>479</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781286">479</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bellamy, R.</author><author>Lezaun, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Crafting a public for geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Public Understanding of Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Public Understanding of Science</full-title></periodical><pages>402-417</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Chilvers</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>598</RecNum><record><rec-number>598</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781301">598</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chilvers, Jason</author><author>Kearnes, Matthew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Remaking Participation in Science and Democracy</title><secondary-title>Science, Technology, & Human Values</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science, Technology, & Human Values</full-title></periodical><pages>0162243919850885</pages><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>SAGE Publications Inc</publisher><isbn>0162-2439</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bellamy and Lezaun, 2017; Chilvers and Kearnes, 2019). Public engagement in assessments seeks to ‘open up’ debate about the potential technologies but can be seen as legitimating a particular form of governance. Even the open and responsive public engagement emphasised in ‘responsible research and innovation’ may act as “efforts to shape ‘de-facto governance,’ the informal but forceful norms of scientific conduct” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Low</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>724</RecNum><Pages>8</Pages><DisplayText>(Low and Buck, 2020: 8)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781322">724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Low, Sean</author><author>Buck, Holly Jean</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The practice of responsible research and innovation in “climate engineering”</title><secondary-title>WIREs Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WIREs Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>e644</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1757-7780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Low and Buck, 2020: 8). This promises legitimation, judged against social and ethical concerns rather than technical ones, explored through deliberation rather than modeling, but such forms of governance remain unaccountable. Experiments also constitute sites of public contestation, establishing parameters of de-facto governance. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText>Stilgoe (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Geoengineering as Collective Experimentation</title><secondary-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</full-title></periodical><pages>851-869</pages><volume>22</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Collective experimentation</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Responsible research and innovation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> (2016) describes the potential for research to give political meaning to particular uncertainties, noting the consensus in most geoengineering research to presume certain technologies, and to seek to establish their implications and public acceptability. Stilgoe instead recommends reframing geoengineering research as a space for collective experimentation with methods and approaches that facilitate its democratization (ibid.). International relationsFinally, even without steps to deployment, research helps condition international political relations in the climate sphere. Research which presumes a global planner (or forms of governance that aggregate or ignore diverse interests and perspectives) either serves to down-play the stark multiplicity of the international, or renders as plausible a global governance system capable of disciplining ‘rogues’ or overruling recalcitrant anti-geoengineering actors. And otherwise, solar geoengineering research typically puts forward simplified and ahistorical representations of the international system. For example, rationalist International Relations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lloyd</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>66</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lloyd and Oppenheimer, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>66</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781238">66</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lloyd, Ian D. </author><author>Oppenheimer, Michael </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the Design of an International Governance Framework for Geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Global Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>45-63</pages><volume>14</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>;(Lloyd and Oppenheimer, 2014) including game theoretical approaches PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SaWNrZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SaWNrZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ricke et al., 2013; Heyen et al., 2019; Weitzman, 2015) assume a limited set of unitary rational actors with predetermined interests, and thus help construct simplified and partial expectations of both geopolitics and governance ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>984</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren and Corry, 2021)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595857802">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, Duncan</author><author>Corry, Olaf</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clash of Geofutures and the Remaking of Planetary Order: Faultlines underlying conflicts over geoengineering governance</title><secondary-title>Global Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Policy</full-title></periodical><volume>In press</volume><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McLaren and Corry, 2021). Assumptions recognised as unrealistic in methods sections nevertheless generate findings that are interpreted as valid or pertaining to the real world. Empirical research into international dynamics around solar geoengineering suggests that, in practice, rival epistemologies and visions of political and technological futures, within as well as between countries, will make multilateral governance hard to achieve ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>984</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren and Corry, 2021)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595857802">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, Duncan</author><author>Corry, Olaf</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clash of Geofutures and the Remaking of Planetary Order: Faultlines underlying conflicts over geoengineering governance</title><secondary-title>Global Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Policy</full-title></periodical><volume>In press</volume><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McLaren and Corry, 2021). Solar geoengineering research also posits certain international identities (e.g. the (illegitimate) ‘rogue’ nation or agent versus (legitimate) technology leaders or coalitions), with states usually considered the principal actors. Simultaneously ‘global governance’ or world governmental authority features as a logical necessity alongside targeted and calibrated geoengineering techniques. The specific target of such governance is often a moot point. When countries have been named, for example in scenario exercises, India, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria have been portrayed as potential unilateralists as well as the super-powers China and the US PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2RhbnNreTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2RhbnNreTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+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 EN.CITE.DATA (Bodansky, 2011; Boettcher et al., 2016; Lockyer and Symons, 2019; Victor, 2011; Barrett, 2014). When research effectively underplays the complex inequities and histories of the international, this inflates feasibility and risks reinforcing inequality in climate politics. Even indoor solar geoengineering research can exacerbate inequalities in power relations between countries and domination cannot be prevented by measures such as self-regulation, transparency and information-sharing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Smith</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>903</RecNum><DisplayText>(Smith, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>903</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594813524">903</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Smith, Patrick Taylor</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Legitimacy and Non-Domination in Solar Radiation Management Research</title><secondary-title>Ethics, Policy & Environment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ethics, Policy & Environment</full-title></periodical><pages>341-361</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/09/02</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>2155-0085</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Smith, 2018). Proponents of such measures – in settings which separate research from deployment – typically overlook the potential for certain interventions to increase the capabilities of elites at the expense of others, regardless of whether geoengineering reduces collective risks in models. Smith highlights that the moral intentions of those developing solar geoengineering capacities would be irrelevant to whether those capacities changed power relations. Moreover, in an unequal world it is implausible that the underlying research programs would not reflect rich-world presumptions and values ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781251">196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mirror, mirror: fairness and justice in geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Lancaster Environment Centre</secondary-title></titles><volume>PhD</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Lancaster</publisher><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.17635/lancaster/thesis/184</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(McLaren, 2017). As Parson notes, “The scientific and technical challenges of doing [geoengineering] well – developing high-benefit, low-risk interventions – are sufficiently large that rich, scientifically advanced nations are likely to have substantial advantages in developing them” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><Pages>101</Pages><DisplayText>(2014: 101)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Law, Emmett Center for Climate Change and the Environment, Los Angeles, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage</title><secondary-title>Transnational Environmental Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transnational Environmental Law</full-title></periodical><pages>89-110</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Bargaining Linkage</keyword><keyword>Climate Engineering</keyword><keyword>Climate Scenarios</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>International Governance</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(2014: 101). In this context ethics research suggests that solar geoengineering research should be targeted to help develop geoengineering measures and configurations that might reduce global injustice ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morrow</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>(Morrow, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morrow, D. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment, American University, Washington, DC, United States
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>A mission-driven research program on solar geoengineering could promote justice and legitimacy</title><secondary-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>climate engineering</keyword><keyword>climate intervention</keyword><keyword>ethics</keyword><keyword>justice</keyword><keyword>legitimacy</keyword><keyword>research</keyword><keyword>Solar geoengineering</keyword><keyword>solar radiation management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Morrow, 2019) but analysis by political scientists raises the concern that current research is advancing an expert–elite technocratic form of climate intervention that would further concentrate contemporary forms of political and economic power, currently vested in security and fossil fuel interests backed by states such as Russia or Saudi Arabia ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stephens</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stephens and Surprise, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594903683">948</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stephens, Jennie C.</author><author>Surprise, Kevin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The hidden injustices of advancing solar geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Global Sustainability</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Sustainability</full-title></periodical><pages>e2</pages><volume>3</volume><edition>2020/01/13</edition><keywords><keyword>climate justice</keyword><keyword>climate mitigation</keyword><keyword>climate policy</keyword><keyword>geoengineering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stephens and Surprise, 2020).Research – especially unilateral - might fuel the potential for geopolitical conflict ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lin, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lin, A. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Davis School of Law, University of California, United States</auth-address><titles><title>The missing pieces of geoengineering research governance</title><secondary-title>Minnesota Law Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Minnesota Law Review</full-title></periodical><pages>2509-2576</pages><volume>100</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Lin, 2016) or trigger other risks associated with deployment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>(Parson, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Law, Emmett Center for Climate Change and the Environment, Los Angeles, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage</title><secondary-title>Transnational Environmental Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transnational Environmental Law</full-title></periodical><pages>89-110</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Bargaining Linkage</keyword><keyword>Climate Engineering</keyword><keyword>Climate Scenarios</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>International Governance</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Parson, 2014). "States might view another country’s unilateral pursuit of geoengineering research as contrary to their interests … Field tests could heighten tensions or lead to preemptive strikes" ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><Pages>2546</Pages><DisplayText>(Lin, 2016: 2546)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781234">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lin, A. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Davis School of Law, University of California, United States</auth-address><titles><title>The missing pieces of geoengineering research governance</title><secondary-title>Minnesota Law Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Minnesota Law Review</full-title></periodical><pages>2509-2576</pages><volume>100</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Lin, 2016: 2546). Yet unilateral research may be encouraged “by anticipation of economic benefits [from] … private intellectual property … [and] by the polarization of early debates on [geoengineering] governance” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><Pages>102</Pages><DisplayText>(Parson, 2014: 102)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Law, Emmett Center for Climate Change and the Environment, Los Angeles, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage</title><secondary-title>Transnational Environmental Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transnational Environmental Law</full-title></periodical><pages>89-110</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Bargaining Linkage</keyword><keyword>Climate Engineering</keyword><keyword>Climate Scenarios</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>International Governance</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Parson, 2014: 102).3. Research governance proposals Having outlined ways in which research co-constructs technologies, communities, governance and international relations, we now turn to existing proposals for research governance. The literature is diverse, with some proposals specific to research and others arising from discussions of deployment governance. In this section we first outline the proposals, highlighting common themes amongst the frameworks, principles, institutions and procedures suggested. Subsequently we explore some common presumptions revealed in the proposals: that research is separable from deployment; that more knowledge will reduce uncertainty and better inform policy; and that self-regulation is desirable as a means of enabling research.Frameworks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Pasztor</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>20</RecNum><DisplayText>Pasztor (2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pasztor, Janos</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward governance frameworks for climate geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Global Challenges Quarterly Report</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Challenges Quarterly Report</full-title></periodical><pages>21-24</pages><volume>Quarter 1, 2017: Global cooperation in dangerous times - learning from the past to inform the future</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Pasztor (2017) argues that the global governance framework for climate needs to include geoengineering, and extend from research to deployment. Nicholson et al (2018) advocate a polycentric framework intended to simultaneously minimise direct risks from deployment, enable and legitimise research and policy making, and ensure that solar geoengineering is only considered within a portfolio of climate responses (to limit mitigation deterrence). Dilling and Hauser (2013) suggest that a research governance framework must respond to three sets of issues: “the direct physical risks of the research; the transparency and responsibility in decision making for the research; and the larger societal meanings of the research” (p.553). Such breadth would be facilitated by inter- and trans-disciplinary research, which could encourage reflexivity, helping reveal inappropriate presumptions and framings ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kreuter</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1105</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kreuter et al., 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606166670">1105</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kreuter, Judith</author><author>Matzner, Nils</author><author>Baatz, Christian</author><author>Keller, David P.</author><author>Markus, Till</author><author>Wittstock, Felix</author><author>Bernitt, Ulrike</author><author>Mengis, Nadine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Unveiling assumptions through interdisciplinary scrutiny: Observations from the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689)</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>57-66</pages><volume>162</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/09/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-1480</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kreuter et al., 2020), deter solutionism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Asayama</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><DisplayText>(Asayama et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781294">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Asayama, Shinichiro</author><author>Sugiyama, Masahiro</author><author>Ishii, Atsushi</author><author>Kosugi, Takanobu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beyond solutionist science for the Anthropocene: To navigate the contentious atmosphere of solar geoengineering</title><secondary-title>The Anthropocene Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Anthropocene Review</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><keywords><keyword>Anthropocene,climate engineering,co-design,Earth system science,Future Earth,public engagement,solar geoengineering,sustainability science,transdisciplinarity,voting</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Asayama et al., 2019), and generate more socially relevant knowledge PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpeWFtYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpeWFtYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Sugiyama et al., 2017b). Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) promotes and is responsive to social engagement (at all stages of research from agenda setting to evaluation), backed by transparency, precautionary anticipation, and reflection ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stilgoe et al., 2013a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, Jack</author><author>Owen, Richard</author><author>Macnaghten, Phil</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Developing a framework for responsible innovation</title><secondary-title>Research Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>1568-1580</pages><volume>42</volume><number>9</number><keywords><keyword>Responsible innovation</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Emerging technologies</keyword><keyword>Ethics</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/11/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0048-7333</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Stilgoe et al., 2013a). It is widely advocated in Europe, and has been applied to some early geoengineering research projects. In the case of the Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE) project, the responsible innovation framework imposed by funders required a stage-gate in which public engagement and anticipatory analysis were central ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacNaghten</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText>(MacNaghten and Owen, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacNaghten, P.</author><author>Owen, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom
University of Exeter Business School, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Environmental science: Good governance for geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>293</pages><volume>479</volume><number>7373</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><work-type>Note</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(MacNaghten and Owen, 2011). Low and Buck (2020) suggest that assessment procedures for geoengineering research should be thoroughly embedded in RRI practices, rather than using them merely as a supplement to more technical approaches. As one tool to help deliver responsible research Keith ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Keith</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1104</RecNum><DisplayText>(2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606165511">1104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keith, D.W. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Responsible Solar Geoengineering Research Program</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology </secondary-title></titles><volume>33</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(2017) recommends formal division of research groups into ‘red’ and ‘blue’ teams tasked respectively with developing best-case scenarios and exploring risks. RRI has many similarities with ‘anticipatory governance’, which also advocates foresight, engagement and integration of multiple disciplinary perspectives PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Gb2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJl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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Gb2xleTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJl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 EN.CITE.DATA (Foley et al., 2018; Long et al., 2012). Originating in US practice, anticipatory governance takes a less precautionary stance than RRI, although both envisage some form of public involvement in determining the purpose of research and innovation and emphasize the inadequacy of conventional one-way approaches to science communication. ‘Mission driven research’ similarly seeks to legitimise geoengineering research by reference to a guiding public interest ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacMartin</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText>(MacMartin and Kravitz, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacMartin, D. G.</author><author>Kravitz, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Mission-driven research for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</full-title></periodical><pages>1089-1094</pages><volume>116</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Solar radiation management</keyword><keyword>SRM</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(MacMartin and Kravitz, 2019) – which could steer research to support justice in deployment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morrow</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>(Morrow, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morrow, D. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment, American University, Washington, DC, United States
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>A mission-driven research program on solar geoengineering could promote justice and legitimacy</title><secondary-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>climate engineering</keyword><keyword>climate intervention</keyword><keyword>ethics</keyword><keyword>justice</keyword><keyword>legitimacy</keyword><keyword>research</keyword><keyword>Solar geoengineering</keyword><keyword>solar radiation management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Morrow, 2019) - but places less emphasis on public engagement per se as the means of understanding the public interest. It also often ignores the implications of the co-existence of multiple societies and hence plural interacting publics.Principles and codesThere have been many proposals for principles for research, sometimes in the form of a code of conduct. Principles are derived from two main schools: a more instrumental approach - legitimating research as ‘safe, ethical and subject to appropriate public oversight and independent evaluation’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hanafi</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>877</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hanafi and Hamburg, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>877</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1592294957">877</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Contribution to an Edited Book">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hanafi, Alex</author><author>Hamburg, Steven P. </author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Blackstock, Jason J. </author><author>Low, Sean</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>The solar radiation management governance initiative: Advancing the international governance of geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Geoengineering our Climate? Ethics, Politics, and Governance</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hanafi and Hamburg, 2018), and a broader normative approach appraising research by its material consequences, distributional effects and procedural concerns such as accountability, participation and transparency PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXJkaW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXJkaW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gardiner and Fragnière, 2018; Callies, 2018; Morrow et al., 2009). Some researchers have drawn on pre-existing models, such as medical ethics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morrow</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText>(Morrow et al., 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morrow, D. R.</author><author>Kopp, R. E.</author><author>Oppenheimer, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Philosophy, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Toward ethical norms and institutions for climate engineering research</title><secondary-title>Environmental Research Letters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Research Letters</full-title></periodical><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Ethics</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Research ethics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Morrow et al., 2009) to suggest a case for representative consent from the global community, and research design that minimises scale and impacts, especially on human rights and on the most severely affected. Like later London Convention / London Protocol measures regarding marine geoengineering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ginzky</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>771</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ginzky and Frost, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>771</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">771</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ginzky, Harald</author><author>Frost, Robyn</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Marine Geo-Engineering: Legally Binding Regulation under the London Protocol</title><secondary-title>Carbon & Climate Law Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon & Climate Law Review</full-title></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ginzky and Frost, 2014), and other scholars PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaWxsaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaWxsaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48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 EN.CITE.DATA (Dilling and Hauser, 2013; Hogue, 2010) Morrow et al. emphasize that experiments should be science driven (i.e. not commercially inspired, nor even intended to provide climate change relief). A similar aspiration for scientific ‘purity’ has been shown in publics’ concern over geoengineering research PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsYW15PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsYW15PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48
UmVjTnVtPjU1NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oQmVsbGFteSBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTc7IE1j
TGFyZW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE2KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj41NTc8
L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZweng1OThh
NTkwemU1ZnRxeGFkczl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MTc4MTI5NyI+NTU3PC9r
ZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3Jl
Zi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5CZWxsYW15LCBSb2I8L2F1dGhv
cj48YXV0aG9yPkxlemF1biwgSmF2aWVyPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QYWxtZXIsIEphbWVzPC9h
dXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlB1YmxpYyBwZXJj
ZXB0aW9ucyBvZiBnZW9lbmdpbmVlcmluZyByZXNlYXJjaCBnb3Zlcm5hbmNlOiBBbiBleHBlcmlt
ZW50YWwgZGVsaWJlcmF0aXZlIGFwcHJvYWNoPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkdsb2Jh
bCBFbnZpcm9ubWVudGFsIENoYW5nZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp
Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkdsb2JhbCBFbnZpcm9ubWVudGFsIENoYW5nZTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48
L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE5NC0yMDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NDU8L3ZvbHVtZT48a2V5
d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2xpbWF0ZSBlbmdpbmVlcmluZzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db250
cm9sbGFiaWxpdHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RXhwZXJpbWVudGF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr
ZXl3b3JkPkdlb2VuZ2luZWVyaW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdvdmVybmFuY2U8L2tleXdv
cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UHVibGljIHBlcmNlcHRpb25zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVz
Pjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT4yMDE3LzA3LzAxLzwvZGF0ZT48L3B1
Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjA5NTktMzc4MDwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxz
Pjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5zY2llbmNlZGlyZWN0LmNvbS9zY2llbmNlL2FydGljbGUvcGlpL1Mw
OTU5Mzc4MDE2MzAyMjMwPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJl
c291cmNlLW51bT5odHRwczovL2RvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNi9qLmdsb2VudmNoYS4yMDE3LjA2LjAw
NDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+
TWNMYXJlbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yMDI8L1JlY051bT48cmVj
b3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjIwMjwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF
TiIgZGItaWQ9IjB0ZnB6eDU5OGE1OTB6ZTVmdHF4YWRzOXR3ZXhzYWFzcnZkOSIgdGltZXN0YW1w
PSIxNTkxNzgxMjUyIj4yMDI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91
cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y
Pk1jTGFyZW4sIEQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QYXJraGlsbCwgSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y
PkNvcm5lciwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZhdWdoYW4sIE4uICA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y
PlBpZGdlb24sIE4uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRp
dGxlPlB1YmxpYyBjb25jZXB0aW9ucyBvZiBqdXN0aWNlIGluIGNsaW1hdGUgZW5naW5lZXJpbmc8
L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+R2xvYmFsIEVudmlyb25tZW50YWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9zZWNv
bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+R2xvYmFsIEVudmly
b25tZW50YWwgQ2hhbmdlPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NjQtNzM8L3Bh
Z2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NDE8L3ZvbHVtZT48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjx1
cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAxNi9qLmdsb2VudmNoYS4y
MDE2LjA5LjAwMjwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5k
Tm90ZT5=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bellamy et al., 2017; McLaren et al., 2016). Also resembling the London Convention provisions, a proposed code of conduct for geoengineering research based in principles of international law PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWJlcnQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS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=
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWJlcnQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS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=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hubert and Reichwein, 2015; Hubert et al., 2016; Hubert, 2017) suggests a moratorium with exceptions for responsible scientific research defined using principles of harm-minimisation, proportionality, prior independent assessment and public engagement, and transparency. Unusually, this code attempts to implement a principle of precaution, interpreting it as requiring measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize harmful consequences of reasonably foreseeable threats of serious or irreversible damage. However the code would be voluntary and applicable only to outdoors/field research (despite the authors’ recognition that societal implications and responses constitute a principal reason for governance – alongside health, safety, and environmental impacts). Another pre-existing model, that of scientific self-regulation, has been proposed and applied to geoengineering; taking their cue from the 1975 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA research, researchers organised an Asilomar conference for geoengineering in 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC)</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>865</RecNum><DisplayText>(Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC), 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591955227">865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research into Climate Engineering Techniques</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Washington DC</pub-location><publisher>Climate Institute</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC), 2010). Participants developed five principles for research governance (implicitly separated from deployment): aims of collective benefit (public interest); defined responsibilities and mechanisms for governance of large-scale research activities; open and cooperative research (transparency); independent technical assessments to inform the public and policymakers; and public participation and consultation in research planning and oversight, assessments, and development of decision-making processes. However, Sch?fer and Low (2018) highlight an important shortcoming of the Asilomar process: while rDNA scientists successfully framed societal concerns purely in terms of technical risk, geoengineering continues to raise social, political, and ethical concerns, where scientists lack the level of public trust needed for self-regulation.Several Asilomar recommendations echo those in the Oxford Principles proposed in 2009 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SYXluZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SYXluZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
ZWNOdW0+MTQ8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFJheW5lciBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTM7IEtydWdl
ciwgMjAxOCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+
PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZweng1OThhNTkwemU1ZnRxeGFk
czl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MTc4MTIzNSI+MTQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24t
a2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy
aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlJheW5lciwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhleXdh
cmQsIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5LcnVnZXIsIFQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QaWRnZW9u
LCBOLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UmVkZ3dlbGwsIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TYXZ1bGVz
Y3UsIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+SW5z
dGl0dXRlIGZvciBTY2llbmNlLCBJbm5vdmF0aW9uIGFuZCBTb2NpZXR5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9m
IE94Zm9yZCwgNjQgQmFuYnVyeSBSZCwgT3hmb3JkLCBPWDIgNlBOLCBVbml0ZWQgS2luZ2RvbSYj
eEQ7VWVoaXJvIENlbnRyZSBmb3IgUHJhY3RpY2FsIEV0aGljcywgRGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBQaGls
b3NvcGh5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIE94Zm9yZCwgTGl0dGxlZ2F0ZSBIb3VzZSwgU3QgRWJiZXMg
U3QsIE94Zm9yZCwgT1gxIDFQVCwgVW5pdGVkIEtpbmdkb20mI3hEO094Zm9yZCBHZW9lbmdpbmVl
cmluZyBQcm9ncmFtbWUsIE94Zm9yZCBNYXJ0aW4gU2Nob29sLCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIE94Zm9y
ZCwgT2xkIEluZGlhbiBJbnN0aXR1dGUsIDM0IEJyb2FkIFN0LCBPeGZvcmQsIE9YMSAzQkQsIFVu
aXRlZCBLaW5nZG9tJiN4RDtTY2hvb2wgb2YgUHN5Y2hvbG9neSwgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBDYXJk
aWZmLCBUb3dlciBCdWlsZGluZywgUGFyayBQbGFjZSwgQ2FyZGlmZiwgQ0ExMCAzQVQsIFVuaXRl
ZCBLaW5nZG9tJiN4RDtVbml2ZXJzaXR5IENvbGxlZ2UgTG9uZG9uLCBCZW50aGFtIEhvdXNlLCBF
bmRzbGVpZ2ggR2FyZGVucywgTG9uZG9uLCBXQzFIIDBFRywgVW5pdGVkIEtpbmdkb208L2F1dGgt
YWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgT3hmb3JkIFByaW5jaXBsZXM8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv
bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+Q2xpbWF0aWMgQ2hhbmdlPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBl
cmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+Q2xpbWF0aWMgQ2hhbmdlPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9k
aWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NDk5LTUxMjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4xMjE8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8
L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjx3b3JrLXR5cGU+QXJ0aWNs
ZTwvd29yay10eXBlPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5zY29wdXMu
Y29tL2lud2FyZC9yZWNvcmQudXJpP2VpZD0yLXMyLjAtODQ4ODgxMzIzNzMmYW1wO2RvaT0xMC4x
MDA3JTJmczEwNTg0LTAxMi0wNjc1LTImYW1wO3BhcnRuZXJJRD00MCZhbXA7bWQ1PTdjYjM5MTFm
ZmIyMDJiOTU1NDQ5N2Q3MzVjNWM1YjlkPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVj
dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDA3L3MxMDU4NC0wMTItMDY3NS0yPC9lbGVjdHJvbmlj
LXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLW5hbWU+U2NvcHVzPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJh
c2UtbmFtZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LcnVnZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh
cj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+ODc1PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj44NzU8
L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZweng1OThh
NTkwemU1ZnRxeGFkczl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MjIzOTg4OCI+ODc1PC9r
ZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbiB0byBhbiBFZGl0
ZWQgQm9vayI+NTwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktydWdl
ciwgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PHNlY29uZGFyeS1hdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QmxhY2tz
dG9jaywgSmFzb24gSi4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Mb3csIFNlYW4gPC9hdXRob3I+PC9zZWNv
bmRhcnktYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5BIGNvbW1lbnRhcnkg
b24gdGhlIE94Zm9yZCBQcmluY2lwbGVzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkdlb2VuZ2lu
ZWVyaW5nIG91ciBDbGltYXRlPyBFdGhpY3MsIFBvbGl0aWNzLCBhbmQgR292ZXJuYW5jZTwvc2Vj
b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz4xOTAtMTk4PC9wYWdlcz48c2VjdGlvbj4zMDwv
c2VjdGlvbj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxwdWItbG9jYXRpb24+TG9u
ZG9uPC9wdWItbG9jYXRpb24+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5Sb3V0bGVkZ2U8L3B1Ymxpc2hlcj48dXJscz48
L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Rayner et al., 2013; Kruger, 2018), which target geoengineering governance more generally but highlight public participation in decision making (generally) and public disclosure of research and open publication of results, as part of regulating geoengineering as a public good. The Oxford principles contradict the implicit separation of research and deployment in the Asilomar text, but themselves are criticised by Gardiner and Frangière (2018) as too narrow and instrumental; governance goes “beyond the mere monitoring and control of geoengineering technologies, and is instead [a matter] of moral and political justification” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gardiner</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><Pages>160</Pages><DisplayText>(Gardiner and Fragnière, 2018: 160)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gardiner, Stephen M.</author><author>Fragnière, Augustin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Tollgate Principles for the Governance of Geoengineering: Moving Beyond the Oxford Principles to an Ethically More Robust Approach</title><secondary-title>Ethics, Policy & Environment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ethics, Policy & Environment</full-title></periodical><pages>143-174</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/05/04</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>2155-0085</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Gardiner and Fragnière, 2018: 160). In their ‘Tollgate Principles’ Gardiner and Fragnière argue that any approved geoengineering research should serve a global, intergenerational, and ecological public, and be ethically defensible with reference to norms including precaution, justice and human rights. They call for legitimate representative institutions to make decisions (rather than existing researchers and research bodies) and for independent review that extends to the objectives and methods of research, not just its impacts. They argue further that separation of research and deployment is practically and theoretically misguided.Formal procedures Proposals for procedures are diverse, but generally reflect the most commonly cited principles reviewed above. Greater public or stakeholder engagement is almost universally advocated, and even the exceptions presume that publics will be represented in governance processes by public bodies or governments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><Prefix>e.g. </Prefix><DisplayText>(e.g. Parson and Keith, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author><author>Keith, D. W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Emmett Center for Climate Change and Law, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States</auth-address><titles><title>End the deadlock on governance of geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><pages>1278-1279</pages><volume>339</volume><number>6125</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(e.g. Parson and Keith, 2013). Some see engagement as an ethical duty to those potentially affected PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE.DATA (Carr et al., 2013; Rayner et al., 2013), or a means to widen involvement, especially internationally and to indigenous cultures, and thus increase the consideration of questions of distributional justice PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE.DATA (Carr et al., 2013; Morrow, 2019). Frumhoff and Stephens ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Frumhoff</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1022</RecNum><DisplayText>(Frumhoff and Stephens, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1022</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1602498479">1022</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Frumhoff, Peter C.</author><author>Stephens, Jennie C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Towards legitimacy of the solar geoengineering research enterprise</title><secondary-title>Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences</secondary-title><alt-title>Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci</alt-title></titles><alt-periodical><full-title>Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>20160459</pages><volume>376</volume><number>2119</number><keywords><keyword>Paris Agreement</keyword><keyword>climate</keyword><keyword>legitimacy</keyword><keyword>research co-production</keyword><keyword>solar geoengineering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>The Royal Society Publishing</publisher><isbn>1471-2962
1364-503X</isbn><accession-num>29610369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Frumhoff and Stephens, 2018) argue for a ‘systematic process for meaningful international engagement’ including ‘informed consent’. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Nicholson</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>Nicholson et al. (2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nicholson, S.</author><author>Jinnah, S.</author><author>Gillespie, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC, United States
Politics Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
School of Law, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand</auth-address><titles><title>Solar radiation management: a proposal for immediate polycentric governance</title><secondary-title>Climate Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climate Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>322-334</pages><volume>18</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Climate change</keyword><keyword>climate engineering</keyword><keyword>geoengineering</keyword><keyword>global governance</keyword><keyword>polycentric governance</keyword><keyword>solar radiation management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2018) suggest a global forum (involving publics) as part of polycentric governance of solar geoengineering. Most encourage upstream, early public engagement in research, some explicitly calling for engagement in research design and scenarios PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpeWFtYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpeWFtYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+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 EN.CITE.DATA (Sugiyama et al., 2018; McLaren, 2018). Several note the serious challenges of recognising fully all relevant groups and suggest extending engagement practices to enable recognitional justice PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QcmVzdG9uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QcmVzdG9uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Preston and Carr, 2018; Hourdequin, 2018; McLaren, 2020). Public engagement is a central aspect of both RRI and anticipatory governance, reflecting expectations that it can deliver not just greater legitimacy, but also substantively improve decisions and meet normative expectations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fiorino</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>204</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fiorino, 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781252">204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fiorino, D.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms</title><secondary-title>Science, Technology and Human Values</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science, Technology and Human Values</full-title></periodical><pages>226-243</pages><volume>15</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Fiorino, 1990).Many proposals suggest forms of tiered assessment separated by thresholds relating to the potential risks or harms arising directly from the research ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dilling</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dilling and Hauser, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dilling, L.</author><author>Hauser, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Environmental Studies Program and Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing geoengineering research: Why, when and how?</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>553-565</pages><volume>121</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Dilling and Hauser, 2013). Most distinguish modelling (harmless) from laboratory studies or outdoor experiments, either explicitly PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaW5pY2tvZmY8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaW5pY2tvZmY8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Winickoff and Brown, 2013; Zelli et al., 2017), or implicitly, by advocating a moratorium on deployment, with internationally defined exceptions for outdoor experiments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bodle</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1095</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bodle et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1095</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605885932">1095</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bodle, Ralph </author><author>Oberthür, Sebastian </author><author>Donat, Lena </author><author>Homann, Gesa </author><author>Sina, Stephan </author><author>Tedsen, Elizabeth </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Options and Proposals for the International Governance of Geoengineering, Project No. (FKZ) 3711 11101 </title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>Ecologic Institute, Berlin for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Germany</publisher><accession-num>Project No. (FKZ) 3711 11101 </accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bodle et al., 2014), or for field experiments of particular scales or impact with a voluntary moratorium beyond those limits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morgan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1096</RecNum><DisplayText>(Morgan et al., 2013; Morgan and Ricke, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1096</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605886150">1096</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morgan, M.G.</author><author>Gottlieb, P.</author><author>Nordhaus, R.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Needed: Research Guidelines for Solar Radiation Management</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><volume>29</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605886374">1097</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morgan, G.</author><author>Ricke, K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cooling the Earth Through Solar Radiation Management: The need for research and an approach to its governance</title><secondary-title>Opinion piece for the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) piece for the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) ;(Morgan et al., 2013; Morgan and Ricke, 2010). Some limit the scope of the governance discussion to outdoor experiments (Parker 2014), or propose a boundary such that further regulation of outdoor research, experiments or field trials is required ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sch?fer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><Prefix>e.g. </Prefix><DisplayText>(e.g. Sch?fer and Low, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sch?fer, S.</author><author>Low, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany</auth-address><titles><title>Asilomar moments: Formative framings in recombinant DNA and solar climate engineering research</title><secondary-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</full-title></periodical><volume>372</volume><number>2031</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Field tests</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>rDNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(e.g. Sch?fer and Low, 2014). For example, the SPICE stage-gate procedure required the research team to address multiple additional questions and undertake public engagement to obtain authorisation – with reference to an independent panel assessment - for an outdoor experiment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacNaghten</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText>(MacNaghten and Owen, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacNaghten, P.</author><author>Owen, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom
University of Exeter Business School, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Environmental science: Good governance for geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>293</pages><volume>479</volume><number>7373</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><work-type>Note</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(MacNaghten and Owen, 2011). The ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Royal Society</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText>Royal Society (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Royal Society, </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Royal Society</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Royal Society (2009) proposed a voluntary international code of conduct for experiments exceeding some de minimis level. Such boundaries and thresholds are not however consistent even as proxies for potential direct harm. To better enforce proportionality, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText>Parson and Keith (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author><author>Keith, D. W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Emmett Center for Climate Change and Law, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States</auth-address><titles><title>End the deadlock on governance of geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><pages>1278-1279</pages><volume>339</volume><number>6125</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> and Keith (2013) suggest ‘forcing-based’ thresholds related to the scale of climate impact; while ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bellamy</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>557</RecNum><DisplayText>Bellamy et al. (2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>557</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781297">557</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bellamy, Rob</author><author>Lezaun, Javier</author><author>Palmer, James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Public perceptions of geoengineering research governance: An experimental deliberative approach</title><secondary-title>Global Environmental Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Environmental Change</full-title></periodical><pages>194-202</pages><volume>45</volume><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Controllability</keyword><keyword>Experimentation</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Public perceptions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/07/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-3780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2017), drawing from deliberative research, instead suggest a focus on ‘controllability’, which includes both technical considerations of containment, uncertainty and reversibility, and whether the research is seen to be free of malign or commercial intensions. Many such proposals resemble environmental impact assessment procedures. These might encourage more transparency and monitoring, but would in their present form not apply to research programs, and possibly not to all field experiments. Further, they cannot be triggered by social or ethical concerns and are unsuited to such assessments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Craik</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>746</RecNum><DisplayText>(Craik, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>746</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">746</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Craik, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Waterloo, Canada</auth-address><titles><title>International EIA Law and Geoengineering: Do Emerging Technologies Require Special Rules?</title><secondary-title>Climate Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climate Law</full-title></periodical><pages>111-141</pages><volume>5</volume><number>2-4</number><keywords><keyword>environmental impact assessment (EIA)</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>international environmental law</keyword><keyword>research governance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Craik, 2015).Most proposals still see such procedures as enabling research, albeit with more safeguards for riskier activities. Some scholars suggest that there should be a ban or moratorium on research beyond a particular threshold PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaWNlcm9uZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaWNlcm9uZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Cicerone, 2006; Hubert, 2017; Parson and Keith, 2013; Bodle et al., 2014), but others explicitly reject moratoria PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJrZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJrZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (e.g. Parker, 2014; Carlarne, 2011). Several commentators argue that moratoria would be ineffective and limit transparency as they would incentivise researchers to “disguise the true purpose” (Lin, 2016) of their research. Reynolds (2019) argues additionally that moratoria would cause a form of “adverse selection” in which only the “responsible” would comply. Morgan et. al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Morgan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1096</RecNum><DisplayText>(2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1096</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605886150">1096</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morgan, M.G.</author><author>Gottlieb, P.</author><author>Nordhaus, R.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Needed: Research Guidelines for Solar Radiation Management</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><volume>29</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(2013) fear that even national regulation on notification and reporting would drive research abroad. Some suggest alternatively that research norms might include provisions for compensation in case of harms arising ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lempert</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>952</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lempert and Prosnitz, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>952</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594917456">952</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lempert, R.J.</author><author>Prosnitz, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Governing Geoengineering Research: A Political and Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Potential Near-Term Options</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>RAND Corporation Technical Report: Santa Monica CA</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lempert and Prosnitz, 2011).To ensure transparency, several proposals include a formal international clearinghouse or registry of research ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Craik</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>868</RecNum><DisplayText>(Craik and Moore, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>868</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591964619">868</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page, Blog">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Craik, Neil </author><author>Moore, Nigel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disclosure-based governance for climate engineering research. CIGI Papers No. 50.</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>Centre for International Governance Innovation, </publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Craik and Moore, 2014). Openness is endorsed by many commentators ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lempert</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>952</RecNum><Prefix>e.g. </Prefix><DisplayText>(e.g. Lempert and Prosnitz, 2011; Victor, 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>952</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594917456">952</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lempert, R.J.</author><author>Prosnitz, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Governing Geoengineering Research: A Political and Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Potential Near-Term Options</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>RAND Corporation Technical Report: Santa Monica CA</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Victor</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>895</RecNum><record><rec-number>895</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594633741">895</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Victor, David G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the regulation of geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>322-336</pages><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0266-903X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(e.g. Lempert and Prosnitz, 2011; Victor, 2008). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Reynolds</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>870</RecNum><DisplayText>Reynolds et al. (2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>870</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591965197">870</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reynolds, Jesse L.</author><author>Contreras, Jorge L.</author><author>Sarnoff, Joshua D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intellectual property policies for solar geoengineering</title><secondary-title>WIREs Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WIREs Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>e512</pages><volume>9</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1757-7780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2018) recommend a bottom-up, primarily non-state, voluntary “research commons” for data (and patents) related to solar geoengineering, so as to facilitate information sharing and limit data fragmentation and trade secrecy. Any such proposal would rely on a clear definition of ‘geoengineering research’. Most commentators seem content with a voluntary approach here, but ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Winickoff</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText>Winickoff and Brown (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Winickoff, D. E.</author><author>Brown, M. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Department of Government, California State University, Sacramento, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Time for a government advisory committee on geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>79-85</pages><volume>29</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> and Brown (2013) suggest a national committee to advise on demarcating geoengineering research (and also for establishing the boundary for research that needs little to no extra oversight). Frumhoff and Stephens ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Frumhoff</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1022</RecNum><DisplayText>(2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1022</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1602498479">1022</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Frumhoff, Peter C.</author><author>Stephens, Jennie C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Towards legitimacy of the solar geoengineering research enterprise</title><secondary-title>Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences</secondary-title><alt-title>Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci</alt-title></titles><alt-periodical><full-title>Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>20160459</pages><volume>376</volume><number>2119</number><keywords><keyword>Paris Agreement</keyword><keyword>climate</keyword><keyword>legitimacy</keyword><keyword>research co-production</keyword><keyword>solar geoengineering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>The Royal Society Publishing</publisher><isbn>1471-2962
1364-503X</isbn><accession-num>29610369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(2018) suggest that transparency should extend to funding sources, and that researchers should voluntarily eschew funding from vested interests (as well as voluntarily accepting independent oversight).Another measure discussed as a means to protect public interests in research is patent constraints. Conventional innovation models assume private sector involvement in making research commercially viable, and patents as the mechanism to reward innovators. But ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Parthasarathy</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>869</RecNum><DisplayText>Parthasarathy et al. (2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>869</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591964991">869</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parthasarathy, Shobita </author><author>Avery, Christopher </author><author>Hedberg, Nathan </author><author>Mannisto, Jessie </author><author>Maguire, Molly </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A public good? Geoengineering and intellectual property</title><secondary-title>Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program Program, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor MI</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program Program, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor MI</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Ann Arbor MI</pub-location><publisher>Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program Program, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2010), document a rapid increase in patent applications with problematic characteristics (broad patent language; concentration of patent ownership; similar patents issued by multiple patent offices) and see the extant regime working against the public interest. In contrast to Reynolds et al ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Reynolds</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>870</RecNum><DisplayText>(2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>870</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591965197">870</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reynolds, Jesse L.</author><author>Contreras, Jorge L.</author><author>Sarnoff, Joshua D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intellectual property policies for solar geoengineering</title><secondary-title>WIREs Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WIREs Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>e512</pages><volume>9</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1757-7780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(2018), they argue for a sui generis system for geoengineering based on experience with nuclear research. Institutions Despite the need for institutions to implement procedures, proposals for governance institutions are less prominent in the literature, and in many cases it appears that the procedures proposed are to be delivered through self-regulation.Several scholars suggest institutions to screen out inappropriate experimentation. Some proposals involve anchoring research governance in existing national or international institutions. Morrow et al. (2009) suggest institutions within the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) or the World Health Organisation could enforce parameters agreed upon by the international community, and ensure coordination of experiments. Nicholson et al. (2018) propose a near-term polycentric and multi-level governance framework to address research as well as deployment, utilising existing national and international institutions. Galaz (2012) also calls for a polycentric institutional setting designed to reject “proposals that carry considerable ecological risk”, but permit “fail-safe experimentation”, and continuous learning to “uncover the potential” of geoengineering. All such proposals imply a form of acceptable research enabled and legitimated by such institutions. Others also see roles for new institutions in establishing principles. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Winickoff</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText>Winickoff and Brown (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Winickoff, D. E.</author><author>Brown, M. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Department of Government, California State University, Sacramento, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Time for a government advisory committee on geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>79-85</pages><volume>29</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> and Brown (2013) propose a US national advisory commission to establish research guidelines, with the US President's Council on Bioethics as a model for establishing guidelines for intellectual property, financial interests, and transparency. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Jinnah</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText>Jinnah et al. (2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jinnah, S.</author><author>Nicholson, S.</author><author>Flegal, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Politics and Environmental Studies, U.C. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC, United States
Spitzer Trust, New York, NY, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Toward Legitimate Governance of Solar Geoengineering Research: A Role for Sub-State Actors</title><secondary-title>Ethics, Policy and Environment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ethics, Policy and Environment</full-title></periodical><pages>362-381</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2018) argue that public engagement is necessary but not sufficient for legitimate governance of outdoor research. They propose the creation of (US) state-level advisory commissions to oversee solar geoengineering research in key states. Such proposals have the merit of specificity, but leave big question marks regarding international effect: Parson and Keith (2013) argue that inadequate coordination of state-level governance would incentivise “shopping for lax jurisdictions”. The justice of establishing principles at such national or regional levels is also left unaddressed, as are concerns regarding research funding and wider challenges linked to the political economy of research. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Zelli</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><DisplayText>Zelli et al. (2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zelli, F.</author><author>M?ller, I.</author><author>van Asselt, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
University of Eastern Finland Law School, Joensuu, Finland</auth-address><titles><title>Institutional complexity and private authority in global climate governance: the cases of climate engineering, REDD+ and short-lived climate pollutants</title><secondary-title>Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>669-693</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>climate change</keyword><keyword>climate engineering</keyword><keyword>geoengineering</keyword><keyword>institutional complexity</keyword><keyword>institutional fragmentation</keyword><keyword>non-state actors</keyword><keyword>private authority</keyword><keyword>REDD+</keyword><keyword>Regime complex</keyword><keyword>short-lived climate pollutants</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2017) describe ‘hybrid multilateralism’ in climate governance, with novel initiatives and institutions – such as the Oxford Principles and the SRMGI - involving both public and private actors. SRMGI was founded by the Royal Society, TWAS (the science academies for the developing world) and the US NGO Environmental Defence Fund to promote scientific and policy engagement in geoengineering research across the global South. However it structures the dialogue in terms of the existing science, established methods and a Northern model. Similarly, Reynolds and Parson’s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Reynolds</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>725</RecNum><DisplayText>(2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>725</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781322">725</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reynolds, Jesse L.</author><author>Parson, Edward A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nonstate governance of solar geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>323-342</pages><volume>160</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/05/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-1480</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(2020) suggestion that collaboration between researchers, universities, funders, academic publishers, professional societies, and nongovernmental organizations would be adequate (and even preferable) for governance of research, if not deployment, offers little to challenge established cultural norms or differential access to resources. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Dilling</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>Dilling and Hauser (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dilling, L.</author><author>Hauser, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Environmental Studies Program and Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing geoengineering research: Why, when and how?</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>553-565</pages><volume>121</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> and Hauser (2013) by contrast, despite suggesting that research governance could be founded in existing state funding review processes, and built ‘bottom-up’ by the research community through developing norms and standards, argue that such a model would need to be supplemented with distributional concerns, and with more public participation. Sugiyama et. al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Sugiyama</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1073</RecNum><DisplayText>(2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1073</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605697477">1073</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugiyama, Masahiro</author><author>Asayama, Shinichiro</author><author>Ishii, Atsushi</author><author>Kosugi, Takanobu</author><author>Moore, John C.</author><author>Lin, Jolene</author><author>Lefale, Penehuro F.</author><author>Burns, Wil</author><author>Fujiwara, Masatomo</author><author>Ghosh, Arunabha</author><author>Horton, Joshua</author><author>Kurosawa, Atsushi</author><author>Parker, Andy</author><author>Thompson, Michael</author><author>Wong, Pak-Hang</author><author>Xia, Lili</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Asia-Pacific’s role in the emerging solar geoengineering debate</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>1-12</pages><volume>143</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/07/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-1480</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(2017a) suggest using a voluntary network of experts as a bridge to a more formal institution, critically, funded by a multilateral research organisation such as START or Future Earth, rather than by a single country. Although this would still risk empowering existing scientific experts to structure governance, these scholars also highlight an important need to develop dialogue practices in the context of local cultural traditions and experience. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Wolff</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>863</RecNum><DisplayText>Wolff (2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>863</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">863</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wolff, Jonathan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fighting risk with risk: solar radiation management, regulatory drift, and minimal justice</title><secondary-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</full-title></periodical><pages>1-20</pages><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1369-8230</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> (2019) argues further that institutions alone are inadequate, without a vibrant civil society holding them, and the governance processes, accountable to the public. 4. Research governance in practice Most solar geoengineering research – modelling, laboratory studies, public engagement - so far has been conducted under normal scientific research governance procedures, such as university ethics committees. The few examples of experimental research highlight the limitations of such procedures. Doughty (2018) reviewed early examples, noting that those which largely ignored social implications (a helicopter-based aerosol distribution experiment in Russia in 2009, and the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment, studying cloud physics in simulated ship track emissions in 2011) received little scrutiny, and that mainly after the event, and from other scientists. On the other hand, the SPICE experiment, with its responsible innovation setting, and stage-gate governance imposed by funders, generated public and NGO debate and commentary, and the outdoor element was cancelled. This was partly in response to revelations of undisclosed patents, but also reflected the incomplete consideration of social and ethical issues highlighted by the stage-gate panel, even though local public deliberation had been carried out ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dilling</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dilling and Hauser, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dilling, L.</author><author>Hauser, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Environmental Studies Program and Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing geoengineering research: Why, when and how?</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>553-565</pages><volume>121</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Dilling and Hauser, 2013). In reflecting on SPICE, key participants noted that the public engagement revealed a concern with “the purposes of research that is hard to account for in current governance. … [and] an acute awareness … that research could be a step onto a slippery slope.” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><Pages>3</Pages><DisplayText>(Stilgoe et al., 2013b: 3)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author><author>Watson, M.</author><author>Kuo, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University College London, London, United Kingdom
University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Public Engagement with Biotechnologies Offers Lessons for the Governance of Geoengineering Research and Beyond</title><secondary-title>PLoS Biology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS Biology</full-title></periodical><volume>11</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Stilgoe et al., 2013b: 3). They conclude that distinguishing areas of research as not deserving of public scrutiny, by using thresholds, however defined, would lack public credibility. Moreover, they acknowledge that ”Geoengineering is unavoidably entangled in a political discussion that scientists should seek to understand and engage with” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><Pages>2</Pages><DisplayText>(Stilgoe et al., 2013b: 2)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author><author>Watson, M.</author><author>Kuo, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University College London, London, United Kingdom
University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Public Engagement with Biotechnologies Offers Lessons for the Governance of Geoengineering Research and Beyond</title><secondary-title>PLoS Biology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS Biology</full-title></periodical><volume>11</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Stilgoe et al., 2013b: 2).Subsequently, Harvard’s proposed Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx) project (to measure side-effects of small amounts of aerosols released from a balloon in the stratosphere) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dykema</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>953</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dykema et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>953</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594918034">953</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dykema, J.A.</author><author>Keith, D.W.</author><author>Anderson, J.G</author><author>Weisenstein, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</full-title></periodical><volume>372</volume><number>2031</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>2014</pub-location><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>;(Dykema et al., 2014) has designed a novel oversight and scrutiny mechanism, with the experiment currently voluntarily on hold, awaiting approval from an independent advisory committee (appointed on the initiative of the research team some five years after the experiment was first proposed). In contrast, in 2020 a consortium of Australian researchers tested marine cloud brightening techniques as a localised measure for cooling the Great Barrier Reef, under specific rules governing research within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. This followed publication of the research plans, a report on the regulatory environment, and advance HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" public engagement exercises including with reef stakeholders and indigenous owners ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brent</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>954</RecNum><DisplayText>(Brent et al., 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>954</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594931374">954</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page, Blog">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brent, K.</author><author>McGee, J.</author><author>McDonald, J.</author><author>Simon, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Putting the Great Barrier Reef marine cloud brightening experiment into context</title></titles><dates><year>2020</year></dates><publisher>Guest Post, 13th May. Carnegie Climate Governance Project</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Brent et al., 2020). Such rules still fall short of robust governance for field testing, and a more consistent responsible governance framework, including detailed risk assessment and early public consultation is recommended by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>McDonald</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><DisplayText>McDonald et al. (2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McDonald, J.</author><author>McGee, J.</author><author>Brent, K.</author><author>Burns, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Law and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
School of Law, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
School of International Services at American University, Washington, DC, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing geoengineering research for the Great Barrier Reef</title><secondary-title>Climate Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climate Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>801-811</pages><volume>19</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Great Barrier Reef</keyword><keyword>law and governance</keyword><keyword>public consultation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2019).5. Critical review of themes in the proposalsHere we highlight some common shortcomings of the proposals reviewed above, in the light of the ways in which research structures imaginaries of geoengineering in an inescapably international context. Four key issues arise: the emergent nature of governance privileges Northern norms and leaves many stakeholders unrecognised; instrumental approaches to public engagement leave the purpose and desirability of research unquestioned; uncertainty is seen as a reason to enable research, rather than as a reason for precautionary governance; and the attempted separation of research from deployment leaves the entire system vulnerable to the lock-in of risky imaginaries. Emergent governance and Northern norms ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Victor</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>895</RecNum><DisplayText>Victor (2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>895</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594633741">895</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Victor, David G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the regulation of geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>322-336</pages><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0266-903X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> (2008) predicts that governance will emerge ‘bottom up’ through norms, especially in research. To inform such governance he advocates more research and field-testing - loosely coordinated in the largely voluntary and self-regulated model of the Human Genome Project – as a means of “socializing a community of responsible geoengineers” (2008: 325). Similarly, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Lempert</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>952</RecNum><DisplayText>Lempert and Prosnitz (2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>952</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594917456">952</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lempert, R.J.</author><author>Prosnitz, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Governing Geoengineering Research: A Political and Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Potential Near-Term Options</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>RAND Corporation Technical Report: Santa Monica CA</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Lempert and Prosnitz (2011) suggest the US should actively promote strong research norms (as long as SRM is assumed to be practical, and multilateral climate agreements feasible), while Morgan et. al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Morgan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1096</RecNum><DisplayText>(2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1096</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605886150">1096</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morgan, M.G.</author><author>Gottlieb, P.</author><author>Nordhaus, R.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Needed: Research Guidelines for Solar Radiation Management</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><volume>29</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(2013) advocate US leadership to develop and persuade others to adopt a light-touch code for notification and reporting on permitted low-risk experiments. More generally, across the period since 2006, frustration with slow progress on environmental issues has been accompanied by a broadening of ideas of governance, with involvement of more diverse actors and practices PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aZWxsaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aZWxsaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
Y051bT4zMTwvUmVjTnVtPjxQcmVmaXg+ZS5nLiA8L1ByZWZpeD48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KGUuZy4g
WmVsbGkgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE3OyBSZXlub2xkcyBhbmQgUGFyc29uLCAyMDIwOyBHdXB0YSBhbmQg
TcO2bGxlciwgMjAxOSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzE8L3JlYy1u
dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZweng1OThhNTkwemU1
ZnRxeGFkczl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MTc4MTIzNiI+MzE8L2tleT48L2Zv
cmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+
PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlplbGxpLCBGLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+
TcO2bGxlciwgSS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPnZhbiBBc3NlbHQsIEguPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRo
b3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBQb2xpdGljYWwg
U2NpZW5jZSwgTHVuZCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBTd2VkZW4mI3hEO1N0b2NraG9sbSBFbnZpcm9ubWVu
dCBJbnN0aXR1dGUsIFN0b2NraG9sbSwgU3dlZGVuJiN4RDtVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIEVhc3Rlcm4g
RmlubGFuZCBMYXcgU2Nob29sLCBKb2Vuc3V1LCBGaW5sYW5kPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxl
cz48dGl0bGU+SW5zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBjb21wbGV4aXR5IGFuZCBwcml2YXRlIGF1dGhvcml0eSBp
biBnbG9iYWwgY2xpbWF0ZSBnb3Zlcm5hbmNlOiB0aGUgY2FzZXMgb2YgY2xpbWF0ZSBlbmdpbmVl
cmluZywgUkVERCsgYW5kIHNob3J0LWxpdmVkIGNsaW1hdGUgcG9sbHV0YW50czwvdGl0bGU+PHNl
Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5FbnZpcm9ubWVudGFsIFBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90
aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+RW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBQb2xpdGljczwvZnVs
bC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjY2OS02OTM8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MjY8L3Zv
bHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+Y2xpbWF0ZSBjaGFuZ2U8
L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Y2xpbWF0ZSBlbmdpbmVlcmluZzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5n
ZW9lbmdpbmVlcmluZzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5pbnN0aXR1dGlvbmFsIGNvbXBsZXhpdHk8
L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+aW5zdGl0dXRpb25hbCBmcmFnbWVudGF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr
ZXl3b3JkPm5vbi1zdGF0ZSBhY3RvcnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cHJpdmF0ZSBhdXRob3Jp
dHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UkVERCs8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmVnaW1lIGNvbXBs
ZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+c2hvcnQtbGl2ZWQgY2xpbWF0ZSBwb2xsdXRhbnRzPC9rZXl3
b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48d29yay10eXBl
PkFydGljbGU8L3dvcmstdHlwZT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cu
c2NvcHVzLmNvbS9pbndhcmQvcmVjb3JkLnVyaT9laWQ9Mi1zMi4wLTg1MDE4MjcwNDIyJmFtcDtk
b2k9MTAuMTA4MCUyZjA5NjQ0MDE2LjIwMTcuMTMxOTAyMCZhbXA7cGFydG5lcklEPTQwJmFtcDtt
ZDU9NmRmYWY5ZDg2YjQwYTJhNGI3ZDBhMGE4MGE3NTc4NTk8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48
L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwODAvMDk2NDQwMTYuMjAxNy4xMzE5
MDIwPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLW5hbWU+U2NvcHVz
PC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtbmFtZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SZXlu
b2xkczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMjA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT43MjU8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3Jk
PjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjcyNTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg
ZGItaWQ9IjB0ZnB6eDU5OGE1OTB6ZTVmdHF4YWRzOXR3ZXhzYWFzcnZkOSIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx
NTkxNzgxMzIyIj43MjU8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5h
bCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlJl
eW5vbGRzLCBKZXNzZSBMLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFyc29uLCBFZHdhcmQgQS48L2F1dGhv
cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+Tm9uc3RhdGUgZ292ZXJu
YW5jZSBvZiBzb2xhciBnZW9lbmdpbmVlcmluZyByZXNlYXJjaDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10
aXRsZT5DbGltYXRpYyBDaGFuZ2U8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNh
bD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5DbGltYXRpYyBDaGFuZ2U8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxw
YWdlcz4zMjMtMzQyPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjE2MDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+MjwvbnVtYmVy
PjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDIwPC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+MjAyMC8wNS8wMTwvZGF0
ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE1NzMtMTQ4MDwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRl
ZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwMDcvczEwNTg0LTAyMC0wMjcwMi05PC91
cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDA3
L3MxMDU4NC0wMjAtMDI3MDItOTwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9D
aXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+R3VwdGE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE5PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+
NzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlz
PjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9IjB0ZnB6eDU5OGE1OTB6ZTVmdHF4YWRzOXR3ZXhzYWFzcnZk
OSIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNTkxNzgxMjM1Ij43PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBl
IG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhv
cnM+PGF1dGhvcj5HdXB0YSwgQWFydGk8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk3DtmxsZXIsIEluYTwvYXV0
aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EZSBmYWN0byBnb3Zl
cm5hbmNlOiBob3cgYXV0aG9yaXRhdGl2ZSBhc3Nlc3NtZW50cyBjb25zdHJ1Y3QgY2xpbWF0ZSBl
bmdpbmVlcmluZyBhcyBhbiBvYmplY3Qgb2YgZ292ZXJuYW5jZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10
aXRsZT5FbnZpcm9ubWVudGFsIFBvbGl0aWNzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBl
cmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+RW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBQb2xpdGljczwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48
L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjQ4MC01MDE8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+Mjg8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVt
YmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxOTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPjIw
MTkvMDQvMTY8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48cHVibGlzaGVyPlJvdXRsZWRnZTwv
cHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjA5NjQtNDAxNjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+
aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwODAvMDk2NDQwMTYuMjAxOC4xNDUyMzczPC91cmw+PC9yZWxh
dGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDgwLzA5NjQ0MDE2
LjIwMTguMTQ1MjM3MzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwv
RW5kTm90ZT5=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (e.g. Zelli et al., 2017; Reynolds and Parson, 2020; Gupta and M?ller, 2019). Scientists have engaged primarily in controlled spaces into which civil society groups have also been invited (such as SRMGI or C2G), and somewhat with supportive or agnostic elements in civil society, but only rarely with initiatives seeking to constrain geoengineering research PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CaW9mdWVsd2F0Y2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9Z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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CaW9mdWVsd2F0Y2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9Z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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (e.g. Biofuelwatch et al., 2017; Muffett and Feit, 2019). Yet most extant proposals still overlook the limitations of national or self-regulatory research governance, typically failing to recognize the extent to which the international has inevitable and deep implications for solar geoengineering research governance and the global commons more widely. Important regional interests in the global South are poorly reflected in the existing research community, despite some efforts to engage academics and policy makers in such regions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>African Academy of Sciences</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText>(African Academy of Sciences and Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>African Academy of Sciences,</author><author>Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Governance of Research on Solar Geoengineering: African Perspectives. Consolidated report of three workshops in Senegal, South Africa, and Ethiopia.</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><pub-location>Nairobi, Kenya</pub-location><publisher>African Academy of Sciences</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(African Academy of Sciences and Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, 2013), such as through the SRMGI’s aforementioned DECIMALS fund. But the norms promoted, and the epistemic community extended, through such mechanisms remain predominantly Northern, and the range of stakeholders is relatively narrow, leaving many relevant interests and disciplines unrecognised. This global misalignment reflects far deeper issues than merely access to research outcomes (Smith, 2019). The self-regulatory model of de-facto governance that has emerged over the last decade is primarily a model that reinforces existing norms and values in the Northern, elite scientific community. Instrumental public engagement and the purpose of researchThose keen to enable research typically present public engagement as a legitimizing tool that can help overcome social and political obstacles. There is little in the generic advocacy of ‘public engagement’ to shift the existing model rooted in science communication: publics are not recruited to shape research objectives or the scenarios modelled, but primarily to ‘reveal’ the conditions for public acceptability of the technologies (as if such public acceptability was another objective ‘thing’ to be discovered rather than co-constructed in such engagements in multiple different societies). Such forms of engagement rarely broaden the stakeholder base or recognise those interests and publics whose voices are currently unheard. Indeed, the publics they help construct may well largely echo the researchers’ views.This model of engagement as science communication is strongly wedded to an ideology of disinterested science. This encourages some scholars to posit that simply doing and communicating more research will increase trust in geoengineering among publics and policy makers PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MbG95ZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MbG95ZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lloyd and Oppenheimer, 2014; Parson, 2014). For example, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bodansky</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>483</RecNum><DisplayText>Bodansky (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>483</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781286">483</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bodansky, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Arizona State University, 1100 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States</auth-address><titles><title>The who, what, and wherefore of geoengineering governance</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>539-551</pages><volume>121</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> (2013) fearing ‘premature rejection’ of solar geoengineering, urges support for research (separate from deployment) including regulation for the explicit instrumental purpose of creating “trust through transparency, public participation and independent assessments”. It is true that public trust will likely be greater where such practices are followed, but they alone do not render such research ‘trustworthy’. Public engagement in research should be a two-way process, one which can question the very purpose and desirability of the research and which can reconstruct the research community and its goals and practices as much as it might construct a public around the topic. The SPICE governance process, considered earlier, represents a rare effort to undertake public engagement in a way that could feed back into the project plans, through the stage-gate process ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pidgeon</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1072</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pidgeon et al., 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1072</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1605697424">1072</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pidgeon, Nick</author><author>Parkhill, Karen</author><author>Corner, Adam</author><author>Vaughan, Naomi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Deliberating stratospheric aerosols for climate geoengineering and the SPICE project</title><secondary-title>Nature Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature Climate Change</full-title></periodical><pages>451-457</pages><volume>3</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/05/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1758-6798</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Pidgeon et al., 2013). More generally, existing research governance and research ethics procedures designed to protect the interests of human subjects do not provide such an opportunity, and can even be unhelpful, as they constrain social scientific inquiry – and deep engagement of publics - more than they limit technical experiments. Research helping us understand the political implications of solar geoengineering research would seem at least as urgent as further technical development or modelling ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Matzner</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>(Matzner and Barben, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Matzner, N.</author><author>Barben, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria</auth-address><titles><title>Climate Engineering as a Communication Challenge: Contested Notions of Responsibility Across Expert Arenas of Science and Policy</title><secondary-title>Science Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>61-89</pages><volume>42</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>discourse analysis</keyword><keyword>framing</keyword><keyword>geoengineering</keyword><keyword>global warming</keyword><keyword>governance</keyword><keyword>responsibility</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Matzner and Barben, 2020).Uncertainty and precautionA common misconception that research is about reducing uncertainties PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Parson and Keith, 2013; Bodansky, 2013; Currie, 2018) arises in the assumption (again based in conventional Northern scientific norms) that solar geoengineering is some objective technology waiting to be discovered, rather than emerging through socio-technical construction. For such commentators, research is self-obviously desirable as a means to better inform policy-making. Policy-oriented research demands governance PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Mb3c8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDIwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Mb3c8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDIwPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Low and Buck, 2020; Dilling and Hauser, 2013; Morrow, 2019), but the existing proposals do not tend to acknowledge the reflexivity of the problem: that by defining and researching solar geoengineering as a response to climate change, both the problem and the response are in turn constructed in particular ways, embodying particular values.From the science-communication perspective, whether research suggests that solar geoengineering would be beneficial or reveals disadvantages, it is assumed that research will reduce uncertainty, rather than increasing or redistributing it. The possibilities that precaution might be better served by political or social rather than technical interventions, and worse still, that technological promises generated through or around research might slow climate action ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>822</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren and Markusson, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>822</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">822</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, Duncan</author><author>Markusson, Nils</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The co-evolution of technological promises, modelling, policies and climate change targets</title><secondary-title>Nature Climate Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature Climate Change</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/04/20</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1758-6798</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(McLaren and Markusson, 2020) are rarely considered. Thus, with some exceptions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hubert</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>872</RecNum><Prefix>e.g. </Prefix><DisplayText>(e.g. Hubert, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>872</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1592236878">872</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hubert, A. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Conduct for Responsible Geoengineering Research</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Geoengineering Research Governance Project, University of Calgary</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(e.g. Hubert, 2017) proposals tend to focus on ways to enable research, promote self-regulation and minimise constraints. An influential thread advocates emergent, de-facto governance, rather than a sui generis regime constructed with broad public and political participation.Some proposals further presume the desirability of including solar geoengineering in climate governance negotiations. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>Parson (2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Law, Emmett Center for Climate Change and the Environment, Los Angeles, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage</title><secondary-title>Transnational Environmental Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transnational Environmental Law</full-title></periodical><pages>89-110</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Bargaining Linkage</keyword><keyword>Climate Engineering</keyword><keyword>Climate Scenarios</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>International Governance</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> (2014) suggests the risk of unilateralism is grounds to pursue ‘open and collaborative research’ to reduce uncertainties, especially about regional and seasonal implications of solar geoengineering, so as to enable its early inclusion in international climate negotiations. A cooperative approach to geoengineering “could start immediately, with informal consultations on research programmes, agreement on common standards for transparency, and joint development of assessment framework” (Parson, 2014: 103). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Lloyd</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>66</RecNum><DisplayText>Lloyd and Oppenheimer (2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>66</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781238">66</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lloyd, Ian D. </author><author>Oppenheimer, Michael </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the Design of an International Governance Framework for Geoengineering</title><secondary-title>Global Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>45-63</pages><volume>14</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num> and Oppenheimer (2014) also focus on avoiding unilateralism and look for a deployment governance regime including a scientific coordinating committee. In such proposals, the lack of precaution extends to the presumption that comprehensive multilateral agreement would be feasible. Moreover, even if feasible, such a model would focus research on deployment in a ‘mission-led’ mode and could be expected to sustain Northern dominance of research. Separating research from deployment There is a persistent – arguably dominant - thread in the literature which seeks to establish or maintain a distinction between unproblematic ‘research’ and some more intrusive practice (deployment, or steps towards it), with a threshold typically defined in terms of material risk. Even as Crutzen sought to stimulate more research on solar geoengineering, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cicerone</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>951</RecNum><DisplayText>Cicerone (2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>951</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1594917080">951</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cicerone, Ralph J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Geoengineering: Encouraging Research and Overseeing Implementation</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>221-226</pages><volume>77</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>2006/08/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-1480</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> (2006) championed separate treatment of research and ‘engineering interventions’, positing that no special treatment is merited for research. “We should proceed as we would on any other scientific problem, at least for theoretical and modeling studies” (2006: 223), he argued, suggesting that for deployment, a moratorium should be considered with exceptions for small-scale, scientific research. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Parson</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>Parson (2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parson, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Law, Emmett Center for Climate Change and the Environment, Los Angeles, CA, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage</title><secondary-title>Transnational Environmental Law</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transnational Environmental Law</full-title></periodical><pages>89-110</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Bargaining Linkage</keyword><keyword>Climate Engineering</keyword><keyword>Climate Scenarios</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>International Governance</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> (2014) argues that “much of the field research to develop and inform [geoengineering] capabilities can be carried out with small-scale interventions that are essentially riskless” (2014: 92). The NRC ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>National Research Council</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1109</RecNum><DisplayText>(National Research Council, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1606315156">1109</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book (all books with authors, including edited or translated books)">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>National Research Council,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.</publisher><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>;(National Research Council, 2015) advocated leaving key ethical questions to future deployment governance, even while promoting deliberation on a framework for governance of field experiments. By contrast, responsible research and innovation (RRI) frameworks tend to actively link research and deployment in the ‘governance of innovation’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Flegal</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>762</RecNum><DisplayText>(Flegal et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>762</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591784549">762</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Flegal, Jane A.</author><author>Hubert, Anna-Maria</author><author>Morrow, David R.</author><author>Moreno-Cruz, Juan B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Solar Geoengineering: Social Science, Legal, Ethical, and Economic Frameworks</title><secondary-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</full-title></periodical><pages>399-423</pages><volume>44</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/10/17</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Annual Reviews</publisher><isbn>1543-5938</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Flegal et al., 2019), but in practice the focus for governance has remained on the risks involved in larger scale interventions or field experiments.Throughout the research governance literature, the boundary between ‘research as normal’ and ‘risky’ research is unclear. Many authors offer diverse perspectives on where and how to draw such a boundary: modelling vs experimentation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zelli</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zelli et al., 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781236">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zelli, F.</author><author>M?ller, I.</author><author>van Asselt, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
University of Eastern Finland Law School, Joensuu, Finland</auth-address><titles><title>Institutional complexity and private authority in global climate governance: the cases of climate engineering, REDD+ and short-lived climate pollutants</title><secondary-title>Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>669-693</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>climate change</keyword><keyword>climate engineering</keyword><keyword>geoengineering</keyword><keyword>institutional complexity</keyword><keyword>institutional fragmentation</keyword><keyword>non-state actors</keyword><keyword>private authority</keyword><keyword>REDD+</keyword><keyword>Regime complex</keyword><keyword>short-lived climate pollutants</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Zelli et al., 2017), indoor vs outdoor ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parker</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText>(Parker, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parker, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, PO Box 117, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing solar geoengineering research as it leaves the laboratory</title><secondary-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</full-title></periodical><volume>372</volume><number>2031</number><keywords><keyword>Field trials</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Moratorium</keyword><keyword>Solar geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Solar radiation management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Parker, 2014), small scale vs large scale PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
ZWNOdW0+MzI8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFBhcnNvbiBhbmQgS2VpdGgsIDIwMTM7IE1h
Y01hcnRpbiBhbmQgS3Jhdml0eiwgMjAxOSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i
ZXI+MzI8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZw
eng1OThhNTkwemU1ZnRxeGFkczl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MTc4MTIzNiI+
MzI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4x
NzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlBhcnNvbiwgRS4gQS48
L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktlaXRoLCBELiBXLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1
dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkVtbWV0dCBDZW50ZXIgZm9yIENsaW1hdGUgQ2hhbmdlIGFuZCBM
YXcsIFVDTEEgU2Nob29sIG9mIExhdywgTG9zIEFuZ2VsZXMsIENBIDkwMDk1LCBVbml0ZWQgU3Rh
dGVzJiN4RDtLZW5uZWR5IFNjaG9vbCBvZiBHb3Zlcm5tZW50LCBIYXJ2YXJkIFVuaXZlcnNpdHks
IENhbWJyaWRnZSwgTUEgMDIxMzgsIFVuaXRlZCBTdGF0ZXM8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVz
Pjx0aXRsZT5FbmQgdGhlIGRlYWRsb2NrIG9uIGdvdmVybmFuY2Ugb2YgZ2VvZW5naW5lZXJpbmcg
cmVzZWFyY2g8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+U2NpZW5jZTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl
PjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPlNjaWVuY2U8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9w
ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xMjc4LTEyNzk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MzM5PC92b2x1bWU+PG51
bWJlcj42MTI1PC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48d29yay10
eXBlPlJldmlldzwvd29yay10eXBlPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3
dy5zY29wdXMuY29tL2lud2FyZC9yZWNvcmQudXJpP2VpZD0yLXMyLjAtODQ4NzQ5NzUxNzEmYW1w
O2RvaT0xMC4xMTI2JTJmc2NpZW5jZS4xMjMyNTI3JmFtcDtwYXJ0bmVySUQ9NDAmYW1wO21kNT1i
MmNiYzc5YjIwMjM5OWRkYTE1YzBlOTBmNGRlYWExZjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJs
cz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTEyNi9zY2llbmNlLjEyMzI1Mjc8L2VsZWN0
cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtbmFtZT5TY29wdXM8L3JlbW90ZS1k
YXRhYmFzZS1uYW1lPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPk1hY01hcnRpbjwvQXV0
aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xMzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1i
ZXI+MTM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdGZw
eng1OThhNTkwemU1ZnRxeGFkczl0d2V4c2Fhc3J2ZDkiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTU5MTc4MTIzNSI+
MTM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4x
NzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPk1hY01hcnRpbiwgRC4g
Ry48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyYXZpdHosIEIuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJp
YnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+U2libGV5IFNjaG9vbCBvZiBNZWNoYW5pY2FsIGFuZCBBZXJv
c3BhY2UgRW5naW5lZXJpbmcsIENvcm5lbGwgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSwgSXRoYWNhLCBOWSAxNDg1Mywg
VW5pdGVkIFN0YXRlcyYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBDb21wdXRpbmcgYW5kIE1hdGhlbWF0aWNh
bCBTY2llbmNlcywgQ2FsaWZvcm5pYSBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgVGVjaG5vbG9neSwgUGFzYWRlbmEs
IENBIDkxMTI1LCBVbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzJiN4RDtBdG1vc3BoZXJpYyBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgR2xv
YmFsIENoYW5nZSBEaXZpc2lvbiwgUGFjaWZpYyBOb3J0aHdlc3QgTmF0aW9uYWwgTGFib3JhdG9y
eSwgUmljaGxhbmQsIFdBIDk5MzUyLCBVbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIEVh
cnRoIGFuZCBBdG1vc3BoZXJpYyBTY2llbmNlcywgSW5kaWFuYSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBCbG9vbWlu
Z3RvbiwgSU4gNDc0MDUsIFVuaXRlZCBTdGF0ZXM8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRs
ZT5NaXNzaW9uLWRyaXZlbiByZXNlYXJjaCBmb3Igc3RyYXRvc3BoZXJpYyBhZXJvc29sIGdlb2Vu
Z2luZWVyaW5nPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlByb2NlZWRpbmdzIG9mIHRoZSBOYXRp
b25hbCBBY2FkZW15IG9mIFNjaWVuY2VzIG9mIHRoZSBVbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzIG9mIEFtZXJpY2E8
L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Qcm9jZWVk
aW5ncyBvZiB0aGUgTmF0aW9uYWwgQWNhZGVteSBvZiBTY2llbmNlcyBvZiB0aGUgVW5pdGVkIFN0
YXRlcyBvZiBBbWVyaWNhPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MTA4OS0xMDk0
PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjExNjwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NDwvbnVtYmVyPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48
a2V5d29yZD5DbGltYXRlIGVuZ2luZWVyaW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdlb2VuZ2luZWVy
aW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdvdmVybmFuY2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29sYXIg
cmFkaWF0aW9uIG1hbmFnZW1lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U1JNPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5
d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTk8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48d29yay10eXBlPlJldmlldzwv
d29yay10eXBlPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5zY29wdXMuY29t
L2lud2FyZC9yZWNvcmQudXJpP2VpZD0yLXMyLjAtODUwNjAyOTg0OTAmYW1wO2RvaT0xMC4xMDcz
JTJmcG5hcy4xODExMDIyMTE2JmFtcDtwYXJ0bmVySUQ9NDAmYW1wO21kNT03ZTYzZTgzZmVkMmJh
MDY1ODRlZjk1NDA3MTg2M2VmOTwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25p
Yy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTA3My9wbmFzLjE4MTEwMjIxMTY8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3Vy
Y2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtbmFtZT5TY29wdXM8L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1uYW1l
PjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXJzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Parson and Keith, 2013; MacMartin and Kravitz, 2019), ‘controllable’ vs ‘less controllable’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bellamy</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>557</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bellamy et al., 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>557</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781297">557</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bellamy, Rob</author><author>Lezaun, Javier</author><author>Palmer, James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Public perceptions of geoengineering research governance: An experimental deliberative approach</title><secondary-title>Global Environmental Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Environmental Change</full-title></periodical><pages>194-202</pages><volume>45</volume><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Controllability</keyword><keyword>Experimentation</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Public perceptions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/07/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-3780</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bellamy et al., 2017). It is not always explicit what extra hoops are required above the threshold, but it is typically clear that below the threshold standard funder, national and scientific self-regulatory processes are presumed adequate. Our understanding of the conditioning effects of research suggests this is an inappropriate presumption. Technical, risk-based thresholds for research projects are inadequate and may even be counter-productive where the impacts are cumulative, symbolic, political or cultural. We would argue that the crux of the problem is not the parameters or criteria for such thresholds, nor the category boundary, but the implicit judgement that what needs governing is impacts of the activity rather than impacts of the knowledge generated. The idea that knowledge generation is neutral and objective is deeply rooted in scientific mythology, and it is unsurprising to see it here. But it is also long rebutted, at least with respect to research into high-risk technologies in a setting of post-normal science ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Funtowicz</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>182</RecNum><DisplayText>(Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>182</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781249">182</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Funtowicz, S.O.</author><author>Ravetz, J.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Science for the post-normal age</title><secondary-title>Futures</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Futures</full-title></periodical><pages>739-755</pages><volume>25</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993). Indeed some governance proposals recognize this: ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Dilling</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>Dilling and Hauser (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dilling, L.</author><author>Hauser, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Environmental Studies Program and Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing geoengineering research: Why, when and how?</title><secondary-title>Climatic Change</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Climatic Change</full-title></periodical><pages>553-565</pages><volume>121</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> and Hauser (2013) justify a call for broad governance interventions on the basis that 'it is what the experiment represents that matters'. Moreover scientific objectivity is deeply problematic where the objects of research are socio-technical imaginaries whose material configurations are (in part) constructed by research. As ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText>Stilgoe (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Geoengineering as Collective Experimentation</title><secondary-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</full-title></periodical><pages>851-869</pages><volume>22</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Collective experimentation</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Responsible research and innovation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> (2016) argues, there is no ‘bright-line’, and no domain in which research is pristine: ”The reframing of the experiment as at least partly social challenges the attempt to hermetically seal it from public scrutiny” (2016: 860).Proposals rooted in assumptions of a bright-line between research and deployment - whether drawn at the laboratory door, or at some arbitrary threshold of scale – tend to overlook the conditioning or lock-in effects outlined above. Nonetheless, such proposals merit further study, at least insofar as it is important to understand how they might undermine efforts to install appropriate and effective governance. This is not to claim that all the proponents of such limited governance schemes support them because they would therefore enable particular formations of geoengineering socio-technical systems. Some advocates might genuinely believe they would constitute adequate governance in liberal democratic society because they judge the risks of lock-in low or dismiss the ways in which research conditions future trajectories. 6. ConclusionsMost proposals for research governance reflect a shared understanding that solar geoengineering raises challenges beyond standard research ethics and governance. But we have shown that few consider the ways in which research might construct technologies, publics, policy and politics. Even fewer offer measures that could address prejudicial consequences and the slippery slope they may portend. This is a critical shortcoming: in the absence of conditioning effects of research, we might reasonably expect problems arising from weak research governance to be rectified by future mechanisms for deployment governance. In the presence of such conditioning or lock-in, such mechanisms would be too late. Current research governance proposals focus primarily on regulating the immediate, material impacts of research activities, not the processes and implications of knowledge generation. They feature a questionable emphasis on defining a dividing line between activities requiring and not requiring additional governance. Distinguishing modelling from physical interventions, lab-work from outdoor studies, or setting thresholds according to the scale or controllability of impacts (or even a formal process to define ‘genuine research’) all tend to distract from underlying questions and presumptions about research and knowledge generation. Current governance proposals tend to presume that researchers are value-free, rational and disinterested; instrumentalise (or at least silo) considerations of public engagement; ignore existing structural inequalities in research capacities and reproduce dominant, Northern norms in research practices, values and purposes. Put simply they abstract knowledge generation from its cultural, economic, political and international contexts.In current proposals, governance is typically expected to legitimate research. It is rarely anticipated to constrain research, nor to transform its practice or purpose. The dominant framing tends towards a narrow and instrumental rather than a capacious view of the public interest in research (defined by researchers themselves rather than by international or global publics). Emergent forms of governance extending to self-regulation are commonly accepted, at least for forms of research categorised as low-risk. Such governance approaches may be all that appears plausible in the current febrile political climate. But the result risks accepting ‘sleep-walking’ into solar geoengineering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McKinnon</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText>(McKinnon, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781235">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McKinnon, Catriona</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Sleepwalking into lock-in? Avoiding wrongs to future people in the governance of solar radiation management research</title><secondary-title>Environmental Politics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmental Politics</full-title></periodical><pages>441-459</pages><volume>28</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/04/16</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0964-4016</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(McKinnon, 2019) through the co-evolution of research, technological imaginaries and political responses, while attempts at international governance struggle ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McLaren</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>984</RecNum><DisplayText>(McLaren and Corry, 2021)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1595857802">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLaren, Duncan</author><author>Corry, Olaf</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clash of Geofutures and the Remaking of Planetary Order: Faultlines underlying conflicts over geoengineering governance</title><secondary-title>Global Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Policy</full-title></periodical><volume>In press</volume><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McLaren and Corry, 2021). Solar geoengineering could be enlisted in further enabling (the promise of) a slow transition which protects Northern interests and the economic assets of current elites. We conclude therefore that the patchy palimpsest of bottom-up proposals is inadequate. Instead we see a strong case for explicit, reflexive, international research governance encompassing the emergent social, ethical and political, as well as technical, implications of solar geoengineering research. Unilateral action (especially in a Northern nation) to attempt to establish a research governance regime would be undesirable, likely to replicate unhelpful epistemological and cultural norms and reify existing power relations. There is a clear need for an international sui generis regime for geoengineering research governance, constructed with broad international and public participation. While implausible, a voluntary moratorium until such a regime is in place would halt ‘sleepwalking’ while incentivising regime-building. The model of the London Convention / London Protocol on marine geoengineering provides useful pointers towards firmly guiding research to the public interest and minimising risk. Ideally a geoengineering research regime needs to also ensure that all research recognises and engages with its political and ethical context and is governed in a fully international framework, implemented by national and international research funders. We are not holding our breath for such a breakthrough, especially given the hesitancy of most civil society organisations to engage in detail with solar geoengineering. But in the absence or even implausibility of such a regime, even research into solar geoengineering can be expected to reinforce and magnify the complexities which already beset global climate politics and make the pursuit of solar geoengineering risky, controversial and ethically questionable. While concrete proposals for a detailed research governance regime cannot be developed without international participation, here we suggest some principles and directions for such a regime. Even though the extant research governance proposals focus on technical and natural science experiments, our review has suggested that other research – from modelling to ethics and critical social science – can contribute to conditioning or prejudicial effects, and should be encompassed by a governance regime. Nonetheless it is important to remember that – as indicated in Section 2, certain forms of research – notably modelling, and the natural sciences – are privileged in political institutions and processes such as the IPCC, whilst others, such as ethics and critical social science, while contributing to the salience of particular techniques or configurations of geoengineering, seem to have less political impact in terms of their content. We would not recommend seeking to replicate a regime from some other controversial technology. This is despite the similarity in principles outlined above, and those – inclusiveness, transparency, public engagement and precaution – promoted in international research collaborations on issues such as nuclear power and the human genome ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ghosh</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>876</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ghosh, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>876</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1592239984">876</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Contribution to an Edited Book">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ghosh, Arunabha</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Blackstock, Jason J. </author><author>Low, Sean</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental institutions, international research programmes, and lessons for geoengineering research</title><secondary-title>Geoengineering our Climate? Ethics, Politics, and Governance</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ghosh, 2018). There is no analogue in which research is governed without being simultaneously enabled: examples such as the human genome project involved international bodies providing funding or critical hardware as leverage to impose rules on research (e.g. on intellectual property or liability). And for such examples it seems equally hard to separate research from subsequent deployment. Nonetheless, further studies of research governance in other controversial technologies could help us design more practical tools and regimes for geoengineering research.Our analysis supports arguments that any meaningful research governance regime should include – and be based upon - public engagement, transparency and accountability. But most existing proposals fall short in all three respects: presenting engagement in instrumental ways, failing to recognise many interests (especially in the global South); applying limited, and often voluntary approaches to transparency; and – with rare exceptions - shying away from consideration of funding, liability or accountability mechanisms.Even without an overarching framework, researchers (and funding agencies) could adopt more responsible standards and approaches, particularly through early public engagement in research design and purpose. Funders could prioritise improving understandings of the complexities of political and cultural constructions of solar geoengineering and other climate policy responses. There is also a case for building on the most developed process for international engagement on research, the SRMGI. So far this arguably offers inclusion without real recognition, and suffers the weaknesses of an inbuilt separation of research and deployment. Yet it could become a platform for support to be given to research and governance activities which engage broader Southern interests and values and thus open meaningful international discussion and contestation over the purposes and desirability of solar geoengineering research. At the same time support should be directed into much more trans-disciplinary, reflexive research on governance mechanisms and their roles in technological and political co-evolution. Research processes in geoengineering should be consistently used as sites for experimentation and contestation over governance, in processes of ‘collective experimentation’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stilgoe</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stilgoe, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stilgoe, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom</auth-address><titles><title>Geoengineering as Collective Experimentation</title><secondary-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science and Engineering Ethics</full-title></periodical><pages>851-869</pages><volume>22</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Climate engineering</keyword><keyword>Collective experimentation</keyword><keyword>Geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Responsible research and innovation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Stilgoe, 2016) or ‘learning by doing’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parker</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText>(Parker, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0tfpzx598a590ze5ftqxads9twexsaasrvd9" timestamp="1591781237">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parker, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, PO Box 117, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Governing solar geoengineering research as it leaves the laboratory</title><secondary-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</full-title></periodical><volume>372</volume><number>2031</number><keywords><keyword>Field trials</keyword><keyword>Governance</keyword><keyword>Moratorium</keyword><keyword>Solar geoengineering</keyword><keyword>Solar radiation management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Parker, 2014). Lessons could be learned from more developed efforts at meaningful engagement and co-production in other climate research areas PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZW1vczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZW1vczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lemos et al., 2018; Klenk et al., 2015). Moreover, a reflexive assessment of ‘governance research’ could usefully broaden our gaze to encompass?equally vital political questions of democracy, accountability, security or justice - critical?points of departure?that raise different questions about solar geoengineering research. Conceiving of the challenge in terms of governance - as a set of rules or norms for particular forms of research – should not distract from reflections upon research as an unavoidably political activity, nor the critical need to reconfigure its purposes as well as its practices.EndnoteA note on our own positionalities?regarding research into solar geoengineering?may be helpful to the reader. As scholars, we have conducted social, political science and international relations research into geoengineering and other technologies closely related to climate discourse. We both endorse the view that research into solar geoengineering may indeed be merited by the growing severity of the climate crisis. Yet we are increasingly concerned that the wider body of research is – largely against the intent of its participants – becoming complicit in a process prone to abetting climate procrastination. We have found that research plays a constitutive role in a wider process in which exploration of technology and governance options has effects that at a critical moment could enable continued delay in cutting emissions. We therefore would support measures to appropriately govern all research into solar geoengineering – including our own - not to delay or prevent important work, but to ensure that it serves wider goals of sustainability and justice.References ADDIN EN.REFLIST African Academy of Sciences and Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative (2013) Governance of Research on Solar Geoengineering: African Perspectives. Consolidated report of three workshops in Senegal, South Africa, and Ethiopia. Nairobi, Kenya: African Academy of Sciences.Asafu-Adjaye J, Blomquist L, Brand S, et al. (2015) An ecomodernist manifesto. S, Sugiyama M and Ishii A (2017) Ambivalent climate of opinions: Tensions and dilemmas in understanding geoengineering experimentation. Geoforum 80(Supplement C): 82-92.Asayama S, Sugiyama M, Ishii A, et al. (2019) Beyond solutionist science for the Anthropocene: To navigate the contentious atmosphere of solar geoengineering. The Anthropocene Review. DOI: 10.1177/2053019619843678. 1-19.Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee (ASOC) (2010) The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research into Climate Engineering Techniques. Washington DC: Climate Institute.Austin JL (1959) How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Barrett S (2014) Solar Geoengineering’s Brave New World: Thoughts on the Governance of an Unprecedented Technology. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 8(2): 249-269.Beck S and Mahony M (2018) The IPCC and the new map of science and politics. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 9(6): e547.Bellamy R (2016) A Sociotechnical Framework for Governing Climate Engineering. Science Technology and Human Values 41(2): 135-162.Bellamy R, Chilvers J, Vaughan NE, et al. (2013) ‘Opening up’ geoengineering appraisal: Multi-Criteria Mapping of options for tackling climate change. Global Environmental Change 23(5): 926-937.Bellamy R and Lezaun J (2017) Crafting a public for geoengineering. Public Understanding of Science 26(4): 402-417.Bellamy R, Lezaun J and Palmer J (2017) Public perceptions of geoengineering research governance: An experimental deliberative approach. Global Environmental Change 45: 194-202.Bellamy R and Palmer J (2019) Geoengineering and geographers: Rewriting the Earth in what image? Area 51(3): 524-531.Biermann F and M?ller I (2019) Rich man’s solution? Climate engineering discourses and the marginalization of the Global South. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 19(2): 151-167.Biofuelwatch, ETC Group and Heinrich B?ll Foundation (2017) The Big Bad Fix: The Case Against Climate Geoengineering. Available at: D (2011) Governing Climate Engineering: Scenarios for Analysis. Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Discussion Paper. SSRN. DOI: D (2013) The who, what, and wherefore of geoengineering governance. Climatic Change 121(3): 539-551.Bodle R, Oberthür S, Donat L, et al. (2014) Options and Proposals for the International Governance of Geoengineering, Project No. (FKZ) 3711 11101 Ecologic Institute, Berlin for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Germany.Boettcher M, Gabriel J and Low S (2016) Solar radiation management: foresight for governance. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam.Brent K, McGee J, McDonald J, et al. (2020) Putting the Great Barrier Reef marine cloud brightening experiment into context. Available at: HJ, Gammon AR and Preston CJ (2014) Gender and Geoengineering. Hypatia 29(3): 651-669.Burns ET, Flegal JA, Keith DW, et al. (2016) What do people think when they think about solar geoengineering? A review of empirical social science literature, and prospects for future research. Earth's Future.Cairns R (2016) Climates of suspicion: 'Chemtrail' conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering. Geographical Journal 182(1): 70-84.Callies DE (2018) Institutional Legitimacy and Geoengineering Governance. Ethics, Policy and Environment 21(3): 324-340.Carlarne CP (2011) Arctic dreams and geoengineering wishes: The collateral damage of climate change. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 49(3): 602-669.Carr WA, Preston CJ, Yung L, et al. (2013) Public engagement on solar radiation management and why it needs to happen now. Climatic Change 121(3): 567-577.Carr WA and Yung L (2018) Perceptions of climate engineering in the South Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, and North American Arctic. Climatic Change 147(1): 119-132.Carton W, Asiyanbi A, Beck S, et al. (2020) Negative emissions and the long history of carbon removal. WIREs Climate Change 11(6): e671.Chilvers J and Kearnes M (2019) Remaking Participation in Science and Democracy. Science, Technology, & Human Values. DOI: 10.1177/0162243919850885. 0162243919850885.Cicerone RJ (2006) Geoengineering: Encouraging Research and Overseeing Implementation. Climatic Change 77(3): 221-226.Climate Emergency Declaration (November 21, 2020) Climate emergency declarations in 1,840 jurisdictions and local governments cover 820 million citizens.Corry O (2017) The international politics of geoengineering: The feasibility of Plan B for tackling climate change. Security Dialogue 48(4): 297-315.Craik N (2015) International EIA Law and Geoengineering: Do Emerging Technologies Require Special Rules? Climate Law 5(2-4): 111-141.Craik N and Moore N (2014) Disclosure-based governance for climate engineering research. CIGI Papers No. 50. Available at: A (2018) Geoengineering tensions. Futures 102: 78-88.Dilling L and Hauser R (2013) Governing geoengineering research: Why, when and how? Climatic Change 121(3): 553-565.Dykema JA, Keith DW, Anderson JG, et al. (2014) Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372(2031).Fiorino DJ (1990) Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms. Science, Technology and Human Values 15(2): 226-243.Flegal J (2018) The Evidentiary Politics of the Geoengineering Imaginary. UC Berkeley.Flegal JA and Gupta A (2018) Evoking equity as a rationale for solar geoengineering research? Scrutinizing emerging expert visions of equity. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18(1): 45-61.Flegal JA, Hubert A-M, Morrow DR, et al. (2019) Solar Geoengineering: Social Science, Legal, Ethical, and Economic Frameworks. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44(1): 399-423.Foley RW, Guston D and Sarewitz D (2018) Towards the anticipatory governance of geoengineering. In: Blackstock JJ and Low S (eds) Geoengineering our climate? Ethics, politics and governance. London: Routledge.Frumhoff PC and Stephens JC (2018) Towards legitimacy of the solar geoengineering research enterprise. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences 376(2119): 20160459.Funtowicz SO and Ravetz JR (1993) Science for the post-normal age. Futures 25(7): 739-755.Fuss S, Canadell JG, Peters GP, et al. (2014) Betting on negative emissions. Nature Climate Change 4: 850.Gardiner SM (2011) A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Gardiner SM and Fragnière A (2018) The Tollgate Principles for the Governance of Geoengineering: Moving Beyond the Oxford Principles to an Ethically More Robust Approach. Ethics, Policy & Environment 21(2): 143-174.Ghosh A (2016) The Great Derangement: climate change and the unthinkable. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Ghosh A (2018) Environmental institutions, international research programmes, and lessons for geoengineering research. In: Blackstock JJ and Low S (eds) Geoengineering our Climate? Ethics, Politics, and Governance. London: Routledge.Ginzky H and Frost R (2014) Marine Geo-Engineering: Legally Binding Regulation under the London Protocol. Carbon & Climate Law Review 8(2).Grinspoon D (2016) Earth in Human Hands: shaping our planet’s future. Grand Central: New York.Gupta A and M?ller I (2019) De facto governance: how authoritative assessments construct climate engineering as an object of governance. Environmental Politics 28(3): 480-501.Haas PM (1992) Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization 46(1): 1-35.Hajer M (2003) Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void. Policy Sciences 36(2): 175-195.Hanafi A and Hamburg SP (2018) The solar radiation management governance initiative: Advancing the international governance of geoengineering research. In: Blackstock JJ and Low S (eds) Geoengineering our Climate? Ethics, Politics, and Governance. London: Routledge.Heyen D, Horton J and Moreno-Cruz J (2019) Strategic implications of counter-geoengineering: Clash or cooperation? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 95: 153-177.Hogue C (2010) Guidelines for geoengineering R&D: Asilomar conference raises issues for governance of tests and deployment of climate-controlling technologies. Chemical and Engineering News 88(21): 26-27.Hourdequin M (2018) Geoengineering Justice: The Role of Recognition. Science, Technology, & Human Values 44(3): 448-477.House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2010) The Regulation of Geoengineering. London: The Stationery Office.Hubert A-M, Kruger T and Rayner S (2016) Geoengineering: Code of conduct for geoengineering. Nature 537: 488.Hubert AM (2017) Code of Conduct for Responsible Geoengineering Research. Geoengineering Research Governance Project, University of Calgary.Hubert AM and Reichwein D (2015) An Exploration of a Code of Conduct for Responsible Scientific Research Involving Geoengineering: Introduction, Draft Articles and Commentaries. SSRN. DOI: M (2009) Why We Disagree About Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Irvine PJ, Kravitz B, Lawrence MG, et al. (2016) An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering. WIREs Climate Change 7(6): 815-833.Jasanoff S (2015) Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity. In: S. J and Kim SH (eds) Dreamscapes of Modernity Sociotechnical Imageries and the Fabrication of Power. The University of Chicago Press.Jinnah S, Nicholson S and Flegal J (2018) Toward Legitimate Governance of Solar Geoengineering Research: A Role for Sub-State Actors. Ethics, Policy and Environment 21(3): 362-381.Keith D (2013) A Case for Climate Engineering. MIT Press/Boston Review Books.Keith DW (2017) Toward a Responsible Solar Geoengineering Research Program. Issues in Science and Technology 33(3).Kintisch E (2010) Hack the planet : Science’s best hope– Or worst nightmare– For averting climate catastrophe.Klenk NL, Meehan K, Pinel SL, et al. (2015) Stakeholders in climate science: Beyond lip service? Science 350(6262): 743.Kravitz B, Robock A, Boucher O, et al. (2011) The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). Atmospheric Science Letters 12(2): 162-167.Kreuter J, Matzner N, Baatz C, et al. (2020) Unveiling assumptions through interdisciplinary scrutiny: Observations from the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689). Climatic Change 162(1): 57-66.Kruger T (2018) A commentary on the Oxford Principles. In: Blackstock JJ and Low S (eds) Geoengineering our Climate? Ethics, Politics, and Governance. London: Routledge, pp.190-198.Lemos MC, Arnott JC, Ardoin NM, et al. (2018) To co-produce or not to co-produce. Nature Sustainability 1(12): 722-724.Lempert RJ and Prosnitz D (2011) Governing Geoengineering Research: A Political and Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Potential Near-Term Options. RAND Corporation Technical Report: Santa Monica CA.Lin AC (2013) Does Geoengineering Present a Moral Hazard? Ecology Law Quarterly 40: 673-712.Lin AC (2016) The missing pieces of geoengineering research governance. Minnesota Law Review 100(6): 2509-2576.Lloyd ID and Oppenheimer M (2014) On the Design of an International Governance Framework for Geoengineering. Global Environmental Politics 14(2): 45-63.Lockyer A and Symons J (2019) The national security implications of solar geoengineering: an Australian perspective. Australian Journal of International Affairs 73(5): 485-503.Long J, Rademaker S, Anderson JG, et al. (2012) Geoengineering: A national strategic plan for research on the potential effectiveness, feasibility, and consequences of climate remediation technologies. Task Force On Climate Remediation Research: The Bipartisan Policy Center Low S and Buck HJ (2020) The practice of responsible research and innovation in “climate engineering”. WIREs Climate Change 11(3): e644.Low S and Schafer S (2019) Tools of the trade: practices and politics of researching the future in climate engineering. Sustainability Science. Epub ahead of print May 6th. DOI: DOI: 10.1007/s11625-019-00692-x.MacMartin DG and Kravitz B (2019) Mission-driven research for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(4): 1089-1094.MacMartin DG, Ricke KL and Keith DW (2018) Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376(2119).MacNaghten P and Owen R (2011) Environmental science: Good governance for geoengineering. Nature 479(7373): 293.Matzner N and Barben D (2020) Climate Engineering as a Communication Challenge: Contested Notions of Responsibility Across Expert Arenas of Science and Policy. Science Communication 42(1): 61-89.McDonald J, McGee J, Brent K, et al. (2019) Governing geoengineering research for the Great Barrier Reef. Climate Policy 19(7): 801-811.McKinnon C (2019) Sleepwalking into lock-in? Avoiding wrongs to future people in the governance of solar radiation management research. Environmental Politics 28(3): 441-459.McLaren D (2016) Mitigation Deterrence and the ‘Moral Hazard’ in Solar Radiation Management. Earth’s Future 4(12): 596-602.McLaren D (2017) Mirror, mirror: fairness and justice in geoengineering. Lancaster.McLaren D (2020) The injustice in geoengineering: Restorative climate justice and justice as recognition. In: Sapinski JP, Buck HJ and Malm A (eds) Has It Come to This? The Promises and Perils of Geoengineering on the Brink. Rutgers University Press.McLaren D and Corry O (2021) Clash of Geofutures and the Remaking of Planetary Order: Faultlines underlying conflicts over geoengineering governance. Global Policy In press.McLaren D and Markusson N (2020) The co-evolution of technological promises, modelling, policies and climate change targets. Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-0740-1.McLaren D, Parkhill K, Corner A, et al. (2016) Public conceptions of justice in climate engineering. Global Environmental Change 41: 64-73.McLaren DP (2018) Whose climate and whose ethics? Conceptions of justice in solar geoengineering modelling. Energy Research & Social Science 44: 209-221.Mitchell T (2011) Carbon Democracy, Political Power in the Age of Oil. Verso.Moore JW (2015) Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. London: Verso.Morgan G and Ricke K (2010) Cooling the Earth Through Solar Radiation Management: The need for research and an approach to its governance. Opinion piece for the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) MG, Gottlieb P and Nordhaus RR (2013) Needed: Research Guidelines for Solar Radiation Management. Issues in Science and Technology 29(3).Morrow DR (2019) A mission-driven research program on solar geoengineering could promote justice and legitimacy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2020.1694220.Morrow DR, Kopp RE and Oppenheimer M (2009) Toward ethical norms and institutions for climate engineering research. Environmental Research Letters 4(4).Muffett C and Feit S (2019) Fuel to the Fire: How Geoengineering Threatens to Entrench Fossil Fuels and Accelerate the Climate Crisis The Center for International Environmental Law: Washington DC Research Council (2015) Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Nicholson S, Jinnah S and Gillespie A (2018) Solar radiation management: a proposal for immediate polycentric governance. Climate Policy 18(3): 322-334.Nordmann A (2007) If and Then: a Critique of Speculative NanoEthics. NanoEthics 1(1): 31-46.Oreskes N and Conway EM (2011) Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Press.Parker A (2014) Governing solar geoengineering research as it leaves the laboratory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372(2031).Parson EA (2014) Climate engineering in global climate governance: Implications for participation and linkage. Transnational Environmental Law 3(1): 89-110.Parson EA and Keith DW (2013) End the deadlock on governance of geoengineering research. Science 339(6125): 1278-1279.Parthasarathy S, Avery C, Hedberg N, et al. (2010) A public good? Geoengineering and intellectual property. Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program Program, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor MI.Pasztor J (2017) Toward governance frameworks for climate geoengineering. Global Challenges Quarterly Report Quarter 1, 2017: Global cooperation in dangerous times - learning from the past to inform the future: 21-24.Pidgeon N, Parkhill K, Corner A, et al. (2013) Deliberating stratospheric aerosols for climate geoengineering and the SPICE project. Nature Climate Change 3(5): 451-457.Preston C and Carr W (2018) Recognitional Justice, Climate Engineering, and the Care Approach. Ethics, Policy & Environment 21(3): 308-323.Rayner S, Heyward C, Kruger T, et al. (2013) The Oxford Principles. Climatic Change 121(3): 499-512.Reynolds J (2019a) The Governance of Solar Geoengineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Reynolds JL (2019b) Solar geoengineering to reduce climate change: a review of governance proposals. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475(2229): 20190255.Reynolds JL, Contreras JL and Sarnoff JD (2018) Intellectual property policies for solar geoengineering. WIREs Climate Change 9(2): e512.Reynolds JL and Parson EA (2020) Nonstate governance of solar geoengineering research. Climatic Change 160(2): 323-342.Ricke KL, Moreno-Cruz JB and Caldeira K (2013) Strategic incentives for climate geoengineering coalitions to exclude broad participation. Environmental Research Letters 8(1): 014021.Rip A (2012) The Context of Innovation Journeys. Creativity and Innovation Management 21(2): 158-170.Royal Society (2009) Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty. London: Royal Society.Sch?fer S and Low S (2014) Asilomar moments: Formative framings in recombinant DNA and solar climate engineering research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372(2031).Searle JR (1969) Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Smith PT (2018) Legitimacy and Non-Domination in Solar Radiation Management Research. Ethics, Policy & Environment 21(3): 341-361.Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative (2011) Solar radiation management: the governance of research. Environmental Defense Fund, The Royal Society and TWAS.Stephens JC and Surprise K (2020) The hidden injustices of advancing solar geoengineering research. Global Sustainability 3: e2.Stilgoe J (2015) Experiment Earth: Responsible Innovation in Geoengineering. Routledge/Earthscan.Stilgoe J (2016) Geoengineering as Collective Experimentation. Science and Engineering Ethics 22(3): 851-869.Stilgoe J, Owen R and Macnaghten P (2013a) Developing a framework for responsible innovation. Research Policy 42(9): 1568-1580.Stilgoe J, Watson M and Kuo K (2013b) Public Engagement with Biotechnologies Offers Lessons for the Governance of Geoengineering Research and Beyond. PLoS Biology 11(11).Sugiyama M, Arino Y, Kosugi T, et al. (2018) Next steps in geoengineering scenario research: limited deployment scenarios and beyond. Climate Policy 18(6): 681-689.Sugiyama M, Asayama S, Ishii A, et al. (2017a) The Asia-Pacific’s role in the emerging solar geoengineering debate. Climatic Change 143(1): 1-12.Sugiyama M, Asayama S and Kosugi T (2020) The North–South Divide on Public Perceptions of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering?: A Survey in Six Asia-Pacific Countries. Environmental Communication 14(5): 641-656.Sugiyama M, Asayama S, Kosugi T, et al. (2017b) Transdisciplinary co-design of scientific research agendas: 40 research questions for socially relevant climate engineering research. Sustainability Science 12(1): 31-44.Szerszynski B, Kearnes M, Macnaghten P, et al. (2013) Why Solar Radiation Management Geoengineering and Democracy Won't Mix. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 45(12): 2809-2816.Talberg A, Thomas S, Christoff P, et al. (2018) How geoengineering scenarios frame assumptions and create expectations. Sustainability Science 13(4): 1093-1104.Turnhout E, Van Bommel S and Aarts N (2010) How Participation Creates Citizens: Participatory Governance as Performative Practice. Ecology and Society 15(4).US Government Accountability Office (2010) A Coordinated Strategy Could Focus Federal Geoengineering Research and Inform Governance Efforts. GAO-10-903 DG (2008) On the regulation of geoengineering. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24(2): 322-336.Victor DG (2011) Global Warming Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Weitzman ML (2015) A Voting Architecture for the Governance of Free-Driver Externalities, with Application to Geoengineering. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117(4): 1049-1068.Wiertz T (2015) Visions of Climate Control: Solar Radiation Management in Climate Simulations. Science, Technology, & Human Values 41(3): 438-460.Williams J (December 19, 2019) The spread of national net zero targets. Available at: (accessed November 25, 2020).Winickoff DE and Brown MB (2013) Time for a government advisory committee on geoengineering research. Issues in Science and Technology 29(4): 79-85.Wolff J (2019) Fighting risk with risk: solar radiation management, regulatory drift, and minimal justice. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2020.1694214. 1-20.Zelli F, M?ller I and van Asselt H (2017) Institutional complexity and private authority in global climate governance: the cases of climate engineering, REDD+ and short-lived climate pollutants. Environmental Politics 26(4): 669-693. ................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
Related searches
- chap 1 introduction to management
- silver sneakers lancaster pa
- introduction to psychology chapter 1 quiz
- university physics volume 1 pdf
- introduction to sociology exam 1 quizlet
- lancaster wholesale primitive stores
- lancaster california dmv appointments
- minecraft university map 1 12 2
- one write company lancaster ohio
- lancaster pa silver sneakers location
- lancaster neuro spine associates
- lancaster neurology lancaster pa