Anatomy & Physiology



Anatomy & PhysiologySkeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeletal System____________________ the body____________________ of vital organsProvide ________________________for movement____________________ storage (calcium & phosphate)____________________ cell formationBone StructureMicroscopic anatomy_________________________________ – complex series of canals & _________________________________ that run through the dense bone matrix and supply _________________________ to the osteocytes (bone cells)___________________ (Haversian canal) – elongated cylinder that runs _____________________to the long axis of the bone. Arteries, veins, & nerves run through the osteons.______________________ – rings or layers of bone matrix._______________________– space in the bony matrix where the osteocyte resides.______________________ – small channels that connect lacuna (and neighboring osteocytes) to each other and provide a means for passing nutrients & wastes between cells.Matrix composition – ________________________ & ________________________Types of bone tissue_________________________ bone – relatively solid part of bone. Make bones hard & strong. Usually found on the _________________________________ of the bone._________________________ bone – network of bony struts that form a “honeycomb” of flat bony pieces. Allows bones to be lightweight. Found on the _______________________ of the bones.____________________________ – interlocking plates or struts.________________________ (red or yellow) - fills the spaces between the trabeculae.Gross anatomy__________________________ – expanded ends. Compact bone on the exterior. Spongy bone fills the interior. The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a layer of ___________________________________________.__________________________ – shaft of the bone. Composed of a thick layer of compact bone. _______________________________________ – hollow shaft of the diaphysis. It is filled with marrow._____________________ on a bone is normally applied along the axis of the diaphysis. _______________________ – tissue that fills the spaces of spongy bone & medullary canals.___________ – ____________________________ tissue (blood cell forming). found in __________ the spongy bone & medullary canals of ___________________found in the ____________ bones of ____________________.__________________ – fat. Found in the medullary canals of the _________________ bones of _____________________._________________________ cartilage – ______________________cartilage that covers the ends of bones & provides a smooth articulating surface between the two bones of a joint.__________________________ – fibrous, tough, vascular layer that covers the outer surface of a bone.Actively involved in bone ___________________ & _____________________.Allows attachment surface for tendons & ligaments._________________________ – covers the internal bone surface of the medullary canal. Similar to periosteum.Bone Development (__________________________)Formation of bones from the hardening of _______________________ cartilage models of the future bones.____________________________ the process of bone formation. Has 2 phases._____________________ ossification Begins at the center of the ___________________ of the hyaline “bone” around the _______ month of development.A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline model.Hyaline bone becomes ossified with ________________________.Ossification proceeds from the center of the diaphysis toward the two epiphyses.The hyaline bone continues to grow & elongate, thus preventing the ossification from reaching the epiphyses for __________________ years.__________________________ ossificationAround ___________________, both of the epiphyses begin calcifying the cartilage from the inside outward.Primary & secondary ossification usually finishes around _______ years of age. The junction of P & S ossification forms a gagged line called the _______________________________________.Hyaline cartilage remains at the ends of the bones as ____________________________ cartilage.Bone RemodelingThe continual breaking down of calcium salts by _____________________________ and the relaying of calcium salts by _________________________________.We recycle _____% to _____% of our bones every week to repair and strengthen the bones and to maintain calcium balance in our blood.Hormonal effect on bone growth & remodeling____________________ gland – secretes the hormone ______________________, which stimulates _________________________ & decreases blood calcium levels. Makes bones stronger.__________________________ – secretes the hormone _______________________, which stimulates _________________________ activity & increases blood calcium levels. This makes the bones weaker.Anterior Pituitary – secretes ______________________________, which stimulates bone growth & elongation.Classification of bones____________________ – almost all bones of appendages____________________ – carpals & tarsals____________________ – ribs, scapula, cranial bones, sternum____________________ – vertebrae, coxal, facial____________________ – small bones with no bony attachments (E.g. patella)Skeletal System DisordersBone Fractures_____________________ – bone breaks cleanly, but does not penetrate the skin._____________________ – broken ends of the bone penetrate through the skin._____________________ – bone broken into many pieces & fragments._____________________ – bone is crushed inward._____________________ – broken bone ends forced into each other._____________________ – ragged break occurs when excessive twisting is applied to the bone.__________________________ – bone breaks incompletely much like a green twig.Skeletal Disorders_________________________ – decreased osteoblast activity due to the body’s inability to absorb calcium. Usually seen in the __________________ although exercise & proper calcium intake in middle years can delay the onset of this disorder. Factors that speed up the effects of osteoporosis are: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. More often seen in ________________________.___________________ – Vit. _____ deficiency causes soft bones due to a reduction in calcium. Causes __________________ legs and other skeletal disformities. ___________________ – excessive GH secretion ___________________closure of the epiphyseal plates. Results in a _________________________________________.___________________ – excessive GH secretion ___________________ closure of the epiphyseal plates. Results in ___________________________________________.Joints / Articulations General infoJoints are __________________________________________________________.Three functional types: ______movable (synarthrosis); ______________________ moveable (amphiarthrosis); _____________________ moveable (diarthrosis)Synarthroses (________movable joints)Occur between bones that come in close contact with each other.A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue separates the bones.Examples are: Amphiarthroses (____________________ moveable joints)Joints are limited to a few degrees of movement.Occur in areas where the bones are connected by disks of fibrocartilage or by thick ligaments.Examples are: Diarthroses (______________________ moveable joints)Joints are able to move in ________________ directions and with ______________ degrees of movement.Bones have a layer of ___________________ (hyaline) cartilage at the ends & are held together by ligaments.Articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity – the ___________________ cavity – that allows for substantial freedom of movement.The articular capsule is a double layers capsule that surrounds the ends of the bones with a protective fibrous layer and a inner synovial membrane._____________________ fluid is a slippery lubricant that fills the synovial joint.Synovial joints that bear greater weight (E.g. knee) contain __________________________ pads & fluid filled sacs (__________________) also help to pad the joints from extrinsic wear. Types of freely moveable joints_______________________________ – most freely moveable type. Able to move in 3 planes. Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________ - nearly flat surfaces are able to glide over one another in 2 planes. Ex: ________________________________________. _________________________ - oval surface of one bone fits on the complementary concave surface of the other bone. Ex:_______________________________________________.__________________________ – convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of the other bone thus limiting them to 1 plane of movement. Ex: _____________________________________________________.__________________________ – cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed by the other bone. Movement limited to rotation. Ex: _____________________________________________.__________________________ – cones with both concave & convex shaped articular surfaces. Allows for a wide variety of movements. Only one example –Joint Disorders_________________________ – chronic joint disorder due to the wearing down of the articular cartilage due to age. Often called “_________________________” arthritis. Accounts for _______% of all arthritis. ________________________ arthritis – autoimmune disease whereby the immune system attacks its own tissues and destroys the articular cartilage. Onset usually begins in the _______’s and can eventually lead to disfigurement and crippling._____________________________ – the build up of ___________________ crystals in the joints. The crystals are painful and can wear away at the articular cartilage.________________________ – inflammation of a bursa due to injury or excessive friction in a joint. ________________________ – inflammation of the tendon sheaths of a joint due to overuse. ................
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