Human Anatomy, Chapter 6 Lecture Outline:



Human Anatomy, Chapter 6 Lecture Outline:

Cartilage and Bone

Skeletal System

* Composed of ____________________ living ____________________.

* Interacts with all of the other __________systems.

* Continually rebuilds and ____________________itself.

* Includes the bones of the ____________________as well as ____________________, ligaments, and other connective tissues that ____________________or connect the bones.

* Supports our ____________________.

* Interacts with muscles to produce ____________________.

* Permits us to sit, __________, walk, and __________.

3 Major Functions of Cartilage

* Supporting __________tissues.

* Providing a ____________________surface at articulations (joints), where two __________meet.

* Providing a model for the ____________________of most of the bones in the __________.

Types of Cartilage

* The human body has __________types of cartilage:

* ____________________cartilage

* ____________________

* ____________________cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

* Most ____________________type

* Found in: ____________________, larynx, articular (__________) surfaces, epiphyseal __________

* Flexible support with ____________________

* Surrounded by a connective tissue covering called a ______________________________

Fibrocartilage

* Extracellular __________has numerous ____________________fibers

* Resists stretching and ____________________

* Acts as a ____________________absorber, especially between ____________________ (discs), in the knee and between the __________bones

* Lacks a ______________________________

Elastic Cartilage

* Matrix contains highly branched ____________________fibers

* Found in external ear (__________) and ____________________

* Located where very ____________________support is needed

Growth Patterns of Cartilage

* ____________________growth; (growth from ____________________)

* Chondrocytes undergo ____________________

* __________cells are now in a single ____________________

* As new cells secrete ____________________, they are pushed __________

* Now each cell is in its own ____________________; ____________________has occurred

Growth Patterns of Cartilage

______________________________growth; (growth on the ____________________edge)

* Stem cells inside of perichondrium divide into ______________________________

* New ______________________________produce __________around themselves becoming chondrocytes in a ____________________

* New growth has now occurred on the ____________________of the cartilage

Functions of Bone

* Bones are composed of all ____________________types.

* Their primary component is ____________________connective tissue.

* The ____________________is sturdy and rigid due to ____________________, or mineralization.

Support and Protection

* Bones provide ____________________support and serve as a framework for the __________.

* Bones also protect many delicate __________and __________from injury and _______________.

Movement

* ____________________attached to the bones of the ____________________contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, which then functions as a series of __________.

Hemopoiesis

* _______________cell production in red bone marrow, which is located in some __________bone.

* __________bone marrow contains __________cells that form all of the blood cell types.

Storage of Mineral and Energy Reserves

* More than __________% of the body’s reserves of the minerals ____________________and ____________________are stored and released by __________.

* ____________________is an essential mineral for such body functions as ____________________contraction, __________clotting, and nerve impulse __________________.

* ____________________is needed for ATP utilization and ______________________________production, among other things.

Classification of Bone by Shape

_____________;

- greater _____________than width

- Posses an __________________________ (end) and diaphysis (_____________)

- Found primarily in __________________________skeleton

Short

- Equal _____________and width

- Found in _____________and ankles and _____________cap

Flat

- Flat, _____________surface

- Extensive _____________for __________________________attachment

- Found in _____________, shoulder blade, and _____________bones

Irregular

- __________________________shapes

- Found in __________________________and _____________

Long bone structure

* __________________________; shaft (long part) contains medullary (marrow cavity)

* __________________________; ends containing spongy bone

* __________________________; area of growth between diaphysis an epiphysis, disappears after maturity (when _____________stops)

* __________________________cartilage; hyaline for shock absorption

* ________________________ (marrow) cavity; contains bone marrow

* __________________________; fibrous lining of marrow cavity that assists with bone repair after break

* __________________________; fibrous cover of bone which allows _____________vessels into bone, assists with repair, and prevents organs from __________________________contact with bone

Four Types of Bone Cells

* _______________________________________cells

* _____________cells derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cells and _____________

* Osteoblasts

* produce new _______________, and onceosteoblasts become entrapped in the _______________they produce and secrete, they differentiate into ______________________________

* Osteocytes

* _______________bone cells

* Osteoclasts

* are involved in bone ______________________________

Flat Bones Within the Skull

* Composed of _______________layers of compact bone, with a region of _______________bone sandwiched between them.

* Both layers of _______________bone are covered by ______________________________

Ossification

* Begins in the _______________and continues as the skeleton grows during childhood and ______________________________.

* Even after the adult bones have formed, ______________________________continues.

* By the _____________through _______________weeks of embryonic development, the skeleton begins forming from either ______________________________condensations of mesenchyme or a _______________cartilage model of bone.

* These _______________are replaced by hard bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

* Produces the _______________bones of the skull, some of the _______________bones (zygomatic bone, _______________), the mandible (lower _______________), and the central part of the clavicle (______________________________).

* It begins when ______________________________becomes thickened and _________________________with a dense supply of blood capillaries, and continues in several ______.

Endochondral Ossification

* Begins with a _______________cartilage model and produces most of the other _______________of the skeleton, including the bones of the upper and lower _______________, the _______________, the _______________, and the ends of the _______________.

Epiphyseal Line Formation

* ______________________________ossification of a long bone occurs in progressive _____________.

* Bone growth is complete when each epiphyseal plate has ossified and the epiphyseal line has ________.

* Depending on the bone, epiphyseal plate ______________________________occurs between the ages of _______________ and_______________ years.

Bone Remodeling

* Although _______________bone size has been reached, the bone continues to _______________itself throughout a person’s lifetime in a constant process of bone _______________and _______________.

Bone Growth

* ______________________________growth occurs in the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes undergo _______________

* ______________________________growth occurs within the ______________________________.

Bone Remodeling

* The continual deposition of new _____________tissue and the removal (resorption) of old __________.

* helps maintain _______________and ______________________________levels in body fluids, and can be stimulated by _______________on a bone

* occurs at both the __________________________and _____________________surfaces of a bone

Blood Supply and Innervation

* Bone is highly ______________________________, especially in regions containing red bone ______.

* Blood vessels enter bones from the ______________________________.

* The nutrient _______________and the nutrient vein supply the ___________________of a long bone.

Effects of Hormones

* Control and regulate growth patterns in bone by altering the rates of both ______________________________and ______________________________activity.

* _______________hormone affects bone growth by stimulating the formation of another hormone, ______________________________which is produced by the _______________.

* ______________________________directly stimulates growth of cartilage in the ______________________________plate.

Effects of Hormones

* _______________hormone stimulates bone _______________.

* _______________hormone and thyroid hormone regulate and maintain normal _______________at the ______________________________plates until _______________.

* ______________________________inhibits ______________________________activity.

Review Questions

1. The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton as well as;

2. The skeletal system interacts with what to produce movements?

3. What are the 3 Major Functions of Cartilage?

4. The human body has what three types of cartilage?

5. Which type of cartilage is the most abundant type?

6. In what areas would you find hyaline cartilage?

7. Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called;

8. In what type of cartilage does the extracellular matrix have numerous collagen fibers?

9. What type of cartilage acts as a shock absorber, especially between vertebrae (discs), in the knee and between the pubic bones?

10. What type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

11. In what type of cartilage does the matrix contain highly branched elastic fibers?

12. Where would you find elastic cartilage in the body?

13. What type of growth pattern of cartilage is growth from within?

14. Describe the sequence of events in the interstitial growth of cartilage.

15. What type of growth pattern of cartilage is growth on the outside edge?

16. Bones are composed of all tissue types; True (A) or False (B)

17. What is the primary component of bone?

18. The matrix of bone is sturdy and rigid due to what process?

19. Bones provide ___________ support and serve as a _________ for the entire body.

20. Bones also protect many delicate tissues and organs from;

21. Muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, which then functions as a series of;.

22. What is blood cell production in red bone marrow?

23. Where is red bone marrow located?

24. What type of bone marrow contains stem cells that form all of the blood cell types?

25. More than how much of the body’s reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are stored and released by bone?

26. Calcium is an essential mineral for what body functions?

27. What bone shape type has greater length than width posses an epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft) and found primarily in appendicular skeleton?

28. What bone shape type has equal length and width found in wrists and ankles and knee cap?

29. What bone shape type has complex shapes and is found in vertebrae and skull

30. What is the shaft (long part) of a bone that contains medullary (marrow cavity)

31. What is the ends of bones containing spongy bone?

32. What is the area of growth between diaphysis an epiphysis,

33. When does the metaphysis disappear?

34. What cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage and used for shock absorption in the joints?

35. Medullary (marrow) cavity; contains what?

36. What is the fibrous lining of marrow cavity that assists with bone repair after break?

37. What is the fibrous cover of bone which allows blood vessels into bone, assists with repair, and prevents organs from damaging contact with bone?

38. What are the four types of bone cells?

39. What bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cells and osteoblasts?

40. What bone cells produce new bone, and onceosteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce and secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes?

41. What bone cells are mature bone cells?

42. What bone cells are involved in bone resorption?

43. What process begins in the embryo and continues as the skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence?

44. When the adult bones have formed, ossification stops; True (A) or False (B)

45. What type of ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones (zygomatic bone, maxilla), the mandible (lower jaw), and the central part of the clavicle (collarbone).

46. What type of ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model and produces most of the other bones of the skeleton, including the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pelvis, the vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicle?

47. What is bone remodeling?

48. How is interstitial bone Growth different from appositional bone growth?

49. What is the continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue?

50. What process helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids, and can be stimulated by stress on a bone?

51. What process occurs at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone?

52. Bone is highly vascularized, especially in regions containing what substance?

53. What artery and the vein supply the diaphysis of a long bone?

54. What body chemicals control and regulate growth patterns in bone by altering the rates of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

55. What hormone affects bone growth by stimulating the formation of another hormone, somatomedin which is produced by the liver?

56. Thyroid hormone stimulates bone growth; True (A) or False (B)

57. What two hormones regulate and maintain normal activity at the epiphyseal plates until puberty?

58. What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

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