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Chapter 12: The Age of Religious WarsReading and Study Guide(Divide and Conquer)Taking the time to do a study guide well reduces the time required to study well for an exam. As you invest, so shall you prosper….BIG QUESTIONS: (as you work through the chapter, keep these questions in mind)1. Why was there war between Calvinists and Catholics in France?2. What was the importance of Spanish occupation of the Netherlands?3. Why did England and Spain struggle of supremacy?4. What happened to Europe during the Thirty Years’ War?IntroductionThe worst wars throughout history have been fought in the name of religion—Catholics against Protestants, Protestant factions against other Protestants—believers versus non-believers—and so it goes.Renewed Religious Struggle?Which Protestant religion struggled to secure rights and freedoms in Central Europe during the first half of the 16th Century?? Which Protestant religion struggled to secure recognition in Western Europe?? What type of organization did Calvinism adopt? How was it organized?? How was the Catholic Church organized (restructured) as a result of the Council of Trent?? What is a politique?The French Wars of Religion [1562-1598] (p. 390-398)Anti-Protestant Measures and the Struggle for Political Power? What are Huguenots? How did they get their name?? What provided for the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?? What did enforcement of the Edicts of Fontainebleau and Chateaubriand do to FrenchProtestants?? How did Francis II come to be king of France? Who was his Queen Mother?? What three powerful families competed for power in France?? What conspiracy did Calvin object to? For what reason did he object?Appeal of Calvinism? How did Calvinism indirectly serve the forces of political decentralization in France?? Why did many aristocrats embrace Calvinism?? Who were Conde and Coligny? What did Calvinism give to political resistance??Besides religious conviction, what was the main reason for becoming a Calvinist in the second half of the 16th Century?Catherine de Médicis and the Guises? Which French kings was Catherine de Médicis the mother of? Was she Catholic or Protestant?? What was her number one priority?right805815000? What event marked the beginning of the French wars of religion?? How does the Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye demonstrateshifting alliances??What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre? What were Pope Gregory XIII’s and King Philip II’s of Spain reaction? Why was Philip happy with the massacre?? Why did Protestants sanction political resistance?o What approach did the Lutherans take?o What was Calvin’s stance concerning political resistance?Sanction-- officialpermission or approval fora course of action; supportrightbottom00Stance-- an attitude or view that somebody takes about somethingo Who was John Knox and what was his stance concerning political resistance?right21082000o What were the three main works published by the Calvinists?The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre? Who supported Henry III? Why??What treaty granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom? Did it last?? Why did Henry III truncate the treaty and circumscribe areas ofHuguenot worship??When the Catholic and Huguenot military factions resumed their fight, who led the Protestant faction? How was he heir to the French throne?Truncate-- to shorten something by cutting off or removing a part Circumscribe-- to limit thepower of or somebody to act independently; restrict? What was the Day of Barricades? Why did Henry III have to ally with Henry of Navarre? How did Henryof Navarre come to be king?o What was Pope Sixtus V and Philip II’s reaction to the possibility of a Protestant France?o Why did Henry IV (of Navarre) say “Paris is worth a mass”? Was he a politique?The Edict of Nantes—1598What was the significance of this edict? How long would it last?500062517843500“Rare is the politician who learns from the lessons of history rather than repeating its mistakes.” (KOT 398)Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (p. 398-403)What were the four pillars of Spanish power? Describe each one.? The Revolt in the Netherlandso What was the richest area of Philip’s empire?o Who was Cardinal Granvelle? What was his goal for theNetherlands? What one word describes the merchanttowns of the Netherlands? What was The Netherlands’stance toward other religions?Philip was part of the powerful Habsburg family that ruled various countries of Europe from the late 13th Century until1918 (WWI).oWho were the two member of the council of state who formed a strong opposition to the Spanish overlords? How could William of Orange be considered a politique?o What was The Compromise?o Who was the duke of Alba? Why was he hated? What was the Council of Troubles? What was theCouncil of Blood?o Who were the Sea Beggars? What did they do?o What was the Spanish Fury? What was the Pacification of Ghent? What was the Perpetual Edict?o Why did Philip II want The Netherlands?o What was said in the Apology?5095875725805000oWhat was the Twelve Year’s Truce? When were The Netherlands recognized as an independent nation?England & Spain [1553-1603] (p. 403-408)? Mary Io What did Mary do to Protestants?o What were “Marian exiles”?? Elizabeth Io What were Elizabeth’s policies that made her a politique?o What was the significance of the 1559 Act of Supremacy?What document made a moderate Protestantism the officialreligion within the Church of England?o Why did Elizabeth not marry?Obeisant— blind obedience; fawning behavior to a superior; “sucking up”Ecclesiastical-- to or involving the Christian Church or clergyRegicide—the murder of a king or queenGrievance—formal complaintso How did Elizabeth deal with the Puritans?? What were the Puritans two special grievances?? Were 16th Century Puritans separatists?? Who were Congregationalists?– What was the Conventicle Act of 1593?o What events led to war between England and Spain?? What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?o Who was Mary, Queen of Scots? What does it mean that she was “thoroughly French andCatholic”?? How did she rule Scotland? Who “watched her like a dog?”? Why did Elizabeth have Mary executed? Why was Elizabeth reluctant to do so? What wasSpain’s immediate reaction to this execution?o Who singed “the beard of Spain’s king?” Why/how did the English Navy defeat the SpanishArmada? What was Spain’s overall fate as a result of this naval battle?5238750299085100The Thirty Years’ War [1618-1648] (p. 408-413)? What made the Thirty Years’ so devastating??What is the significance of the peace treaty that ended it? (think geography)Preconditions for War? In the second half of the 16th Century, how many autonomous political entities existed in “Germany?” What did the Peace of Augsburg give each of them?? What characterized Germany as the 17th Century opened?? Geographically speaking: Why was Germany important? How powerful was the emperor? (Review question: How was the emperor chosen? What document provided for his election?)? How was Germany divided religiously? Was Calvinism allowed?If so, where? Where did the Jesuits have a stronghold?5019675581977500? What set the stage for the bloodiest of religious wars?Remember, Germany didn’t exist officially until 1871. However, for ease of understanding, we’ll call it Germany because it was a land of German-speaking people with German traditions.5438775455295100Autonomous: politically independent and self- governingYou don’t have to get too detailed on the first three phases of the War—The Bohemian Period:? Who won? The Danish Period:? Who was Wallenstein?? What was the Edict of Restitution (1629)? The Swedish Period:? Who was Gustavus Adolphus? Who bankrolled him? Why?Bankrolled-- to provide the money needed to finance a project on a continuing basis?What new military tactics did Adolphus introduce to the battlefield? What was significant about the Wallenstein episode?The Swedish-French Period:? What did the French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers do to Germany? By 1644, how manyGermans died as a direct result of the War?The Treaty of Westphalia (THIS IS IMPORTANT!!) What were the terms of the Treaty?What was/were its weakness(es)? ................
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