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Chapter 23

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE, 1869–1896

1. Part Four Intro. (pp. 500–501) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to certain key questions about the “pallid politics” and corruption but at the same time massive changes taking place in American life in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next five chapters.

(1)

(2)

(3)

2. Grant and Corruption (pp. 502–506)

a. The authors, opinions are obviously not high regarding any of the late nineteenth-century political leaders, especially Gen. Grant - calling him “inept” and a political “greenhorn.” How important was the black vote in electing Grant and how did this political factor affect the Reconstruction policy of the Republican party? (Note that blacks, to the extent they were allowed to vote, continued to support the “party of Lincoln” until Roosevelt in the 1930s.)

b. Jay ________ and Jim ______ are cited as examples of post-Civil War corporate corruption. Boss _________ in New York City is cited as an example of political corruption. A combination of the two was the “Crédit Mobilier” scandal. What did the Crédit Mobilier scandal involve?

3. 1873 Depression and “Hard Money” (pp. 506–507)

a. The first paragraph of this section summarizes nicely the boom and bust cycles that seem to afflict American capitalism every generation or so. In your own words, what caused the economic panic of 1873?

b. We are used to inflation today (i.e., prices being higher this year than last). But in the late 1800s, the government actually contracted the money supply per capita, causing deflation (i.e., a loaf of bread would cost less this year than last). Why would debtors in the countryside who owed people money want more silver to be coined and more dollars to be printed? Why would eastern financial interests who lent money (creditors) oppose these inflationary actions?

(1) Debtors for inflation:

(2) Creditors against inflation:

4. Death of Reconstruction and Birth of “Jim Crow” (pp. 507–511)

a. Politics in the “Gilded Age” was passionate if not particularly inspiring. Party distinctions had many similarities to the present day. List a few words to describe the Republican and Democratic parties of the period.

(1) Republican:

(2) Democratic:

b. The backroom Compromise of 1877 involved ____ (number) disputed electoral votes in the 1876 election between Republican Rutherford B. ________ and Democrat Samuel J. _______. The deal gave the presidency to _________ in return, among other things, for the Democratic desire to withdraw the last federal troops from the South. This ended Republican commitment to racial equality in the South and completed the reversion of southern state governments to the white “redeemers.” What effect did the following have on the institution of legalized social segregation (“Jim Crow” laws) and black economic subservience in the South?

(1) Compromise of 1877:

(2) Civil rights cases (1883):

(3) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):

5. The Chinese (pp. 511–514) The Chinese —mostly as single men from southern China (came to the West Coast primarily during the Gold Rush and to work on the railroads, after which they ventured into other areas. This created resentment, especially during the hard economic times of the 1870s. Demagogues such as San Francisco’s Denis ________ agitated and Congress finally passed the Chinese ___________ Act in 18___, creating ethnic-based immigration restrictions that remained until 19___.

6. Politics of the 1880s (pp. 514–521) Republican James __________ of the key swing state of ________ was elected in 1880 and assassinated by a disgruntled office-seeker less than a year later. Vice President Chester _________ then took over and pushed through the _____________ Act of 1883, which started to control the abuses of the “spoils system” by classifying government jobs, testing applicants, and setting up a ________ Service Commission. Democrat Grover _____________ then beat Blaine in 1884 thanks to the desertion to the Democrats of some reform-minded, sound-money Republicans called “____________.” Cleveland liked small government which, when combined with the revenues generated from high tariffs, was producing a large government budget surplus. Cleveland tried to lower tariffs, which raised the ire of the Republicans and got Benjamin _______________ (grandson of ol’ Tippecanoe) elected over Cleveland in 1888 in one of the first campaigns heavily financed by big industrialists.

7. Populists and Politics of the 1890s (pp. 521–526)

a. The newly formed ___________ Party, or “Populists,” made a remarkable showing in the 1892 elections, backing ex-general James B. _______________. Their platform called for unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of certain large industries such as railroads. *** Pick one of these planks and explain why it would be favored by farmers and/or debtors.

b. Labor never fully joined the Populist crusade and southern whites used old racist arguments to make sure that the white Populists would not join forces on a class basis with the Colored National Farmers Alliance. Jim Crow laws and black disenfranchisement were tightened throughout the South. Though the Populists made a strong showing, the Democrat Grover ____________ returned to the White House in 1893 in time for the worst economic depression the country had yet seen. (Note: Today, the government would probably take steps to relieve suffering through welfare and unemployment insurance and by pumping more money into the economy, but then the philosophy was to “let nature take its course.”) To save money, Cleveland angered rural interests by suspending the 1890 ___________ ____________ Purchase Act and borrowing $65 million from Wall Street banker J. P. _____________.

VARYING VIEWPOINTS

The Populists

From what you’ve read so far (there’s more on the Populists in Chapter 26), do you tend to favor Richard Hofstadter’s critical view of the Populists as rural hicks resisting inevitable progress? Or do you like the positive view of Lawrence Goodwin (influenced by the popular uprisings of the 1960s) that the Populists represented a pure, progressive grassroots movement (a “shining, popular democratic moment”)? Why do you favor one of these viewpoints?

Chapter 23 Term Sheet

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

Pages 502–506

Ulysses S. Grant

“Waving the bloody shirt”

“Jubilee Jim” Fisk

Jay Gould

“Boss” Tweed

Thomas Nast

Crédit Mobilier

Whiskey Ring

Liberal Republicans

Horace Greeley

General Amnesty Act (1872)

Pages 506–507

Panic of 1873

“Greenbacks”

Resumption Act of 1875

“Crime of ‘73”

Greenback Labor Party (1878)

Pages 507–511

“Gilded Age”

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

“Stalwarts”/Sen. Roscoe Conkling

“Half-Breeds”/Sen. James B. Blaine

Rep. Rutherford B. Hayes (1876)

Dem. Samuel J. Tilden (1876)

“Compromise of 1877”

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

“Jim Crow” laws

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Pages 511–514

Denis Kearney

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

Pages 514–521

James A. Garfield (1880)

Charles Guiteau

Chester A. Arthur (1881)

Pendleton Act of 1883

Civil Service Commission

“Mugwumps” (1884)

Dem. Grover Cleveland (1884)

Rep. Benjamin Harrison (1888)

Rep. Thomas B. Reed

“Billion-Dollar” Congress (1889)

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Farmers’Alliance

Pages 521–526

People’s Party (“Populists”)

Gen. James B. Weaver

Homestead Steel Strike (1892)

Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

Tom Watson

Depression of 1893

J. P. Morgan

Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)

Chapter 24

THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1865–1900

1. Railroad Expansion (pp. 528(536)

a. The government gave away land bigger than the state of ________ to various railroad companies. What benefits did the government get in return and why did private companies need these land grants or similar subsidies before they would build the transcontinental railways?

(1) Benefit to government:

(2) Need for subsidy:

b. Besides the first transcontinental railroad built jointly by the _________ Pacific (building from the east) and the __________ Pacific (building from the west), which was completed in 18___, three other transcontinental lines were built with public funds while a fifth, the Great _________, was built by financier James J. ________. An ex-shipping magnate named Cornelius _________ consolidated the New York __________ railroad empire in the East and Midwest. In addition to creating our four standard time zones in 18___, what impact do the authors say (p. 534) that the post-War railroad boom had on each of the following?

(1) Industrial Expansion: (4) Immigration:

(2) Agriculture: (5) Great Plains:

(3) Cities: (6) Wealth concentration:

c. The monopolistic economic power of railroad moguls such as Jay ________ and Cornelius’s son William H. ______________ finally motivated the government in 1887 to enact the ______________ Commerce Act. Even though this act didn’t do much to crimp the style of the “Robber Barons,” why do the authors on p. 536 call it a “red-letter law”?

2. Industrialization (pp. 536–537) Define the four factors the authors say came together at the end of the 1800s to create the industrial boom:

(1) Liquid capital: (3) Labor:

(2) Natural resources: (4) Innovation:

3. Titans and Trusts (pp. 537–543)

a. The steel interests of Andrew _________ are cited as an example of “vertical integration,” while the Standard Oil Trust of John D. _____________ is an example of “horizontal integration.” What is the difference between these two merger forms?

(1) Vertical integration:

(2) Horizontal integration:

b. The financier with the bulbous nose who dominated Wall Street, bought out Carnegie, and formed the U.S. ________ Company was J. P. __________. Rockefeller consolidated what appeared to be a dying petroleum industry that was given new life by the internal-combustion engine used to power the ____________. *** If the “New-Rich” of 100 years ago were concentrated in finance, transportation, and heavy industries, the “New-Rich” of today such as ______________ (name a person) are concentrated in the _______________ industry.

c. How were the biological theories of Charles Darwin used (or abused) to rationalize the accumulation of vast wealth by a few and the relative poverty of the masses?

d. After the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act, the first government effort to control business excesses was the ___________ Anti-Trust Act of 18___. Though not effectively enforced, it put Congress on record as placing “public need” over “private greed.” *** What’s so bad about a big company monopolizing an industry? Can there be anything good about a monopoly?

4. Impact of Industrialization (pp. 543–549)

a. How did industrialization affect the South?

b. List three major areas of American life permanently affected by the Industrial Revolution:

(1)

(2)

(3)

5. Workers and Unions (pp. 549–555) (Note: As you read this section, think of the similar industrial transformations going on today, where older skills are being rapidly replaced by computerized applications.)

a. Postwar industrialization changed the nature of work from small units and farms to the regimented factory. This increased real wages, but the income gap between rich and poor was widening at an alarming rate. Unions tried to balance the power of big employers to hire and fire at will and to control working conditions. The _________ of Labor, organized in 18___ under the leadership of Terence V. ___________, was an all-inclusive union, meaning it accepted skilled and unskilled, minorities and whites, women and men. What do the authors say caused this union to lose influence after the violent incident in Chicago’s ___________ Square in 18___?

b. The “elitist” ___________ Federation of Labor (AF of L), organized in 18___, was headed by Samuel __________. How did the conservative AF of L differ from the Knights of Labor in each of the following:

(1) Membership:

(2) Philosophy:

VARYING VIEWPOINTS

Capitalists and Workers

1. Notice again the loaded terms that we often use to describe people or events. The authors point out here how the same nineteenth-century industrial leaders have been called everything from “Captains of Industry” to “Robber Barons.” After reading this chapter, how would you characterize people like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Morgan?

2. The labor movement in Europe, reacting to many of the same industrial conditions found in America, has been much more heavily based on class considerations - i.e., the working class versus the capitalist class. It has tended to be more Marxist and socialist in orientation - i.e., looking to overthrow the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production as opposed to simply trying to secure better terms for the working person within the existing capitalist system. *** After reading the “Varying Viewpoints” essay, do you have any ideas as to why the American labor movement has been less revolutionary and more accepting of the underlying capitalist structure?

Chapter 24 Term Sheet

THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

Pages 528–536

Union Pacific Railroad

Crédit Mobilier

Central Pacific Railroad

The “Big Four”

Transcontinental Line (1869)

Northern Pacific Railroad (1883)

Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad (1884)

Southern Pacific Railroad (1884)

Great Northern Railroad (1893)

James J. Hill

New York Central

“Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbilt

“Time zones” (1883)

Jay Gould

“Stock watering”

“Pool” arrangements

Wabash case (1886)

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Pages 536–537

Alexander Graham Bell

Thomas A. Edison

Pages 537–543

Andrew Carnegie

John D. Rockefeller

J. P. Morgan

“Vertical integration”

“Horizontal integration”

“Trust”

Standard Oil Trust

“Interlocking directorates “

Bessemer process

United States Steel Corp. (1901)

Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour

“Gospel of Wealth”

“Social Darwinism”

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Pages 543–549

James Buchanan Duke

The “New South”

“Pittsburgh plus” pricing

“Gibson girl”

Pages 549–555

“Scabs”

“Lockout”

“Yellow-dog contracts”

“Black list”

National Labor Union (1866)

Knights of Labor (1869)

Terence Powderly

Haymarket Square episode (1886)

American Federation of Labor (AF of L) (1886)

Samuel Gompers

“Mother” Jones

Chapter 25

URBANIZATION, IMMIGRATION, AND CULTURE, 1865–1900

1. Urbanization (pp. 557–560) This section highlights some of the post–Civil War trends that helped transform rural America into a country that would be much more familiar to us today. Looking at the chart on p. 559, you can see that city-dwellers constituted only ____ percent of the population in 1790. By 1900, that had risen to _____ percent (about half of the 1990 figure of _____ percent). Improved agricultural productivity helped feed the urban population. It also forced European and American farmers off the land and into the cities looking for industrial jobs. Cities could grow upwards because of the ___________ (means for moving people up) and the steel-framed skyscraper made popular by Chicago architect Louis _____________. Commuting to the suburbs became possible because of mass transit improvements such as the electric ___________. The city offered attractions such as electric light, indoor plumbing, _____________ (the new communications device), and shopping at department stores. On the other hand, list a few of the disadvantages of primitive city life:

2. The “New” Immigration (pp. 561–571)

a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the “new” and “old” immigration.

(1) Old (1840s–1880s):

(2) New (1880s–1920s):

b. *** Can you make any general conclusions about immigration from the chart on p. 561?

c. Though America accepted large numbers of immigrants, the government provided virtually no social or economic services to these immigrants. How and why did the urban political machines (such as “Boss” Tweed in New York) provide many of these services?

d. The authors say that the “social gospel,” as advocated by ministers like Walter ___________________, tried to get the churches involved in solving the new urban problems. They also mention the name of Jane __________ of Chicago as a central person in bringing mostly middle-class women into the new occupation of social work and founding the first American “settlement house” called ________ House. What connection do the authors make between this movement and the changing roles of women?

e. What was the significance of the immigration law passed in 1882?

3. Religion and Education (pp. 571–573) Many churches became more secular in the face of an increasingly materialistic culture. The new immigration drastically expanded the ____________ and __________ faiths and new varieties emerged, including the __________ Army and the Christian __________ Church. Finally this section covers the important explosion of public and private schools (including parochial schools for the new Catholic immigrants).

4. African-Americans react to “Jim Crow” (pp. 573–575) a. By 1900, the day-to-day plight of blacks was little better than it had been under slavery. Summarize the views of these two leaders on the subject of black advancement. *** Under conditions prevailing at the time, which of these would you have supported and why?

(1) Booker T. Washington:

(2) W. E. B. DuBois:

(3) Your view:

5. Universities, Press, and Literature (pp. 575–581) Expansion of public universities was boosted by passage of the __________ Act of 1862 granting land for this purpose, and “robber barons” such as Leland __________ used their wealth to found many private universities. Andrew _________ funded the expansion of public libraries and the circulation of newspapers increased, notably with the competition between “yellow journalists” Joseph __________ and William Randolph __________. Of the extensive list of quality writers and authors discussed at the end of this section, pick three that you like and list a few of their characteristics. *** Have you read anything by any of them?

(1)

(2)

(3)

6. Moral Values and Women’s Rights (pp. 581–585) a. The new urban environment sparked debate over changing sexual attitudes and the role of women in the family. A new generation of women activists formed the National American Women’s ____________ Association in 18___. What were the differing arguments of the following two leaders in favor of women’s suffrage? *** Then put a (W) by the leader whose argument seems to you to be most similar to that of Booker T. Washington, and a (D) by the one whose argument you can connect to that of W. E. B. DuBois.

____ 1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman:

____ 2. Carrie Chapman Catt:

7. Reform, Art, and Culture (pp. 585–589) Women, most notably the colorful Carrie A. ________, led the fight against excessive drinking (mostly by men!), forming the Woman’s ____________ ______________ Association in 1874. Artists of the period included James _________ and Winslow __________. Popular music blossomed, including uniquely American forms of blues, ragtime, and jazz. The biggest world’s fair ever, the Great __________ Exposition, was held in __________ in 1893. And urban Americans had the time and money for new popular amusements such as the circus and spectator sports such as baseball, football, and boxing. *** After reading this chapter, reflect a bit on life at the end of the nineteenth century. Imagine growing up in this period and list one or two advantages and disadvantages compared to today.

(1) Advantages:

(2) Disadvantages:

Chapter 25 Term Sheet

URBANIZATION, IMMIGRATION, AND CULTURE

Pages 557–560

Louis Sullivan

Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie, 1900)

“Dumbbell” tenements

Pages 561–571

“Padrone system”

Boss Tweed

Walter Rauschenbusch

“Social Gospel”

Jane Addams

Hull House (1889)

Lillian Wald

Florence Kelley

“Nativism”

American Protective Association, 1887

Immigration restriction laws, 1882 and 1885

Pages 571–573

Dwight Lyman Moody

Cardinal Gibbons

Mary Baker Eddy

“Normal” schools

Kindergartens

Chautauqua movement

Pages 573–575

Booker T. Washington

George Washington Carver

W. E. B. DuBois

NAACP (1910)

Pages 575–581

Morrill Act (1862)

Hatch Act (1867)

Dr. Charles W. Eliot

William James

Carnegie libraries

Joseph Pulitzer

“Yellow journalism”

William Randolph Hearst

Edwin L. Godkin (The Nation, 1865)

Henry George (Progress and Poverty, 1879)

Edward Bellamy (Looking Backward, 1888)

Gen. Lewis Wallace (Ben Hur, 1880)

Horatio Alger

Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass)

Emily Dickinson

Kate Chopin (The Awakening, 1899)

Mark Twain

Bret Harte

William Dean Howells

Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage, 1895)

Henry James

Jack London

Frank Norris

Pages 581–585

Victoria Woodhull

Anthony Comstock

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

National Women’s Suffrage Association, (NWSA, 1890)

Carrie Chapman Catt

Ida B. Wells

National Association of Colored Women (1896)

Pages 585–589

Women’s Christian Temperance Association (WCTA, 1874)

Frances E. Willard

Carrie Nation

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

Clara Barton

James Whistler

John Singer Sargent

George Inness

Thomas Eakins

Winslow Homer

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Henry H. Richardson

Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893)

Vaudeville

Phineas T. Barnum/James A. Bailey

“Buffalo Bill” Cody

Sports (participation and spectator)

“Gentleman Jim” Corbett

James Naismith

Chapter 26

THE GREAT WEST AND THE

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION, 1865–1890

1. Conquest of the Plains Indians (pp. 590–600)

a. The intrusion of whites onto the Great Plains decimated native populations through disease and set tribes against each other in competition for ever-dwindling resources. The government tried to pacify the Indians by signing treaties with them—treating them as “sovereign” nations and forcing them onto reservations in exchange for material benefits. But these treaties assumed that Indians had basically European values. List the two basic white misunderstandings of Indian society and beliefs cited by the authors.

(1)

(2)

b. The treaties were violated on both sides, resulting in continuous warfare from the 1860s to the 1880s. For each of these tribes, list their geographic location, one prominent leader, and any other notes you think are interesting:

(1) Sioux:

(2) Nez Percé:

(3) Apache:

c. The authors attribute the “taming” of the Indians to the increased contact caused by the transcontinental railroad, to the spread of European diseases, and to the virtual extermination of the buffalo, of which there were approximately ____ million in 1865. Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and help to “civilize” them, while the hard-liners wanted to keep squeezing and punishing them. “Humanitarians” pushed for passage of the _________ Severality Act of 18___. This act tried to integrate Indians into American culture. What were the provisions and results of this Act? *** What is your view of the “integration” effort? If not by integration, how was the Indian to survive in a world dominated by whites?

(1) Provisions:

(2) Results:

(3) Your view:

2. Western Economy (pp. 600–604) Mineral wealth, including the __________ Lode silver deposits in Nevada, played a major part in the western economy, as did cattle and farming. The railroads, particularly using new refrigerated cars, allowed cattle to reach the new meat-packing centers like Chicago and then be transported east. But the railroad brought out a wave of farmers and the _____________ Act of 1862 gave them free land to cultivate. (Remember the Jeffersonian idea that the country would be a better, more stable place if most people were small farmers?). But what worked in the East was less successful in the West because land roughly west of the 100th meridian was too dry to farm. When huge numbers of people abandoned their farms in the 1880s, the government again came to the rescue in the form of giant dams and irrigation projects to facilitate agriculture. *** How would you respond to a westerner who argued that the government should stay out of peoples’ lives and should leave the people free to go about their business without interference?

3. The Frontier Analyzed (pp. 604–608) With the 1889 land rush into previously Indian territory in _____________ and results of the census of 18____, it appeared to many that “a frontier line is no longer discernible.” In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson ___________ delivered his famous thesis that the pioneer experience (about to come to an end, he said) was the primary shaper of a distinctively American culture and set of values. Summarize the three arguments cited by the authors about the significance of the frontier in American history:

(1) a “safety valve”:

(2) a cultural meeting place:

(3) dominant role of government:

4. Farmers and Populist Sentiment (pp. 608–614)

a. By mechanizing and specializing, farmers greatly increased their output in the late 1800s, but the high cost of doing so caused them to fall deeply into debt and they became more susceptible to the world price fluctuations of the few crops they were producing. Explain what the authors mean by the section heading entitled “Deflation Dooms the Debtor” on p. 609.

b. Notorious individualists, farmers (still representing _____ percent of the population) were being victimized by the railroads and by various middlemen, but they were slow to act collectively. However, in 1867 a rural grouping called the National ___________ (still active today) was formed, followed by the _____________ Labor party in the 1870s. This was succeeded in the 1880s by the cooperative Farmers’ _____________, which evolved into the grassroots People’s Party of the 1890s (better known as the ____________). List the four main elements of the Populist Party platform cited on page 613:

(1) (3)

(2) (4)

5. 1893 Depression (pp. 614–615) The economic crash of the early 1890s added industrial workers to the embittered farmers. Jacob S. _________ led a protest march of the unemployed in 1894. That same year, Eugene V. ______ led a crippling strike in ___________ against the __________ Palace Car Company, a strike put down by federal troops on the orders of President __________.

6. Watershed Election of 1896 (pp. 615–621) With the potential for class conflict (workers and farmers vs. the business class), the 1896 election loomed large. The Republicans nominated William _____________, whose campaign was managed and financed by the ruthless Marcus Alonzo _________. The Democrats went for the thunderous 36-year-old “Boy Orator” from the state of ____________, William Jennings _________, whose fiery “_________ of Gold” speech (calling for inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver) won over the convention. This left the Populists with a fateful choice. Even though the Democrats supported only one of their objectives (“free silver”), they decided to join with the Democrats in supporting Bryan in order to improve their chances of winning. When Bryan eventually lost to McKinley, the Populists had lost their identity for good and never recovered. On

p. 619, the authors call the election of 1896 the “most significant political turning point” in over 30 years. Why?

*** Can you draw any conclusions from this story?

VARYING VIEWPOINTS

The Turner Thesis

1. In the first paragraph of this essay, Turner’s thesis (first expounded at the 1893 Great Colombian Exhibition) is summarized. What role did Turner ascribe to the frontier in shaping the unique American culture?

2. Turner wrote in a “eurocentric” period in which the superiority and ever-onward advancement of the “Anglo-Saxon” races was assumed. *** How does Turner’s thesis reflect this underlying assumption?

3. We currently live in an age in which “multiculturalism” and “diversity” are held in high regard. How do the theories of the “New Western historians” about the unique nature of the West (described in the second half of this essay) reflect these underlying multicultural assumptions?

Chapter 26 Term Sheet

THE GREAT WEST AND THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Pages 590–600

Great Sioux reservation

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

“Buffalo Soldiers”

Sand Creek massacre (1864)

Fetterman massacre (1866)

Sioux/Sitting Bull

Custer’s “Last Stand” (1874)

Nez Percé/Chef Joseph (1877)

Apache/Geronimo

“Buffalo Bill” Cody

Helen Hunt Jackson (Ramona, 1884)

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

Dawes Severality Act (1887)

Carlisle Indian School (1879)

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Pages 600–604

Pike’s Peak Gold Rush (1858)

Comstock Lode (1859)

“Long Drives” (1866-88)

Homestead Act (1862)

“Sodbusters”

100th meridian

John Wesley Powell

Joseph F. Glidden

Pages 604–608

Oklahoma “sooners” (1889)

Yellowstone (1872) and Yosemite (1890)

Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)

Pages 608–614

“cash” crops

Montgomery Ward (1872)

Deflation

National Grange (1867)

Greenback Labor Party (1878)

Farmers Alliances (late 1880s)

People’s Party (Populists, early 1890s)

Coin’s Financial School (1894)

Ignatius Donnelley and Mary Lease

James B. Weaver

Pages 614–615

Panic of 1893

Coxey’s Army (1894)

J. P. Morgan (1895)

Pullman strike (1894)

Eugene V. Debs

Gov. John Altgeld

A. G. Richard Olney

Pages 615–621

William McKinley

Mark Hanna

William Jennings Bryan

“Cross of Gold” speech

“Gold Bugs”

Dingley Tariff Bill (1897)

Gold Standard Act (1900)

Chapter 27

U.S. Imperialism, 1890–1899

Note: The next two chapters cover the second great wave of expansionist fever to hit the country—after the “Manifest Destiny” phase of the 1840s. Think about why it was that, at the end of the century, the feeling again arises that the country must “expand or explode.”

1. Imperialist Stirrings (pp. 623–625) What do the authors mean by the following causes they ascribe to the new imperialist stirrings:

(1) Overseas markets:

(2) “Yellow press”:

(3) Missionary impulse:

(4) Racism/Darwinism:

(5) New Steel Navy:

2. Venezuela and Hawaii (pp. 625-628) In 1895–1896, when President Cleveland thought that ________________

(a European country) was getting too powerful in Latin America, his Secretary of State Richard ___________ tried successfully to invoke the _____________ Doctrine in a boundary dispute with Venezuela. Although war almost resulted, the precedent of the United States acting as the “protector” of Latin America was further established. *** After reading the section on the 1893 planter “revolt” in Hawaii and the eventual annexation of Hawaii in 1898, do you see any similarities between these events and the way that Texas and California came into the Union?

3. Cuba and War with Spain (pp. 628–631) Americans sympathized with the renewed Cuban fight for independence from Spain, especially when the incoming Spanish General “___________” Weyler attempted its violent suppression. To sell newspapers, the two big “_____________” (a color) journalists, William R. __________ and Joseph _____________ played up this brutality. They got their sensational story in February 1898 when the battleship _______ blew up in Havana Harbor. Although the American reaction was one of outrage, the authors conclude that the Spanish probably _________ (did or did not) blow up this ship. When McKinley asked for a war declaration, Congress agreed and further “self-righteously” passed the _______________ Amendment, which forbade annexation of Cuba after a successful war. *** Pause here to reflect on the causes and justification for war with Spain. In 1898, would you have been one of those pushing for intervention, or would you have opposed a war declaration? Why?

4. Spanish-American War of 1898 (pp. 631–636) Going beyond his authority, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore ___________ had ordered Commodore George _______ to attack the Spanish outpost in ____________ should war break out. Although having little relevance to the liberation of Cuba, this attack was a _______________ (success or failure). The capture of Manila was aided by the local revolutionary leader Emilio ______________.

Theodore ______________ resigned from the government and helped form a regiment called the Rough ____________ that captured _____ ________ Hill near the city of _________, leading to a naval victory over the Spanish fleet. Many more Americans died of tropical diseases than from bullet wounds, and the war was over within four months. *** Secretary of State John Hay dubbed this a “splendid little war.” After reading the military history, what do you think?

5. Annexing the Philippines—Imperialism or No? (pp. 636–639) As a result of the peace treaty signed with Spain in 1898, Cuba was freed (with reservations!) and the United States took over responsibility for the former Spanish possessions of ________, _______________ , and the __________________. President ____________ then faced the “devil’s dilemma”—what to do with the Philippines. Should he keep them and try to join the world’s imperialist powers, or should he set them free as had been done in Cuba? List three imperialistic factors that convinced McKinley to keep the islands and three arguments against annexation used by the newly organized Anti-Imperialist League. ***Evaluate these arguments. Which arguments are strongest and weakest in your opinion?

Imperialist Arguments Anti-Imperialist Arguments

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) Your opinion:

6. Problems of Empire (pp. 639–643) Congress granted limited self-government to the island of _________ _________ and, in 1917, gave its people U.S. citizenship. Cuba was governed until 1902 by U. S. General Leonard _________, after which, as required under the ____________ Amendment, U.S. troops withdrew. However, Cuba was forced to write the so-called __________ Amendment into its own constitution. What were the three conditions of Cuban independence (the consequences of which are still evident today) written into this amendment?

(1)

(2)

(3)

Chapter 27 Term Sheet

U.S. Imperialism

Pages 623–625

“Yellow press”

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Rev. Josiah Strong

Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan

“Big Sister” policy

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Pages 625–628

Richard Olney

Monroe Doctrine

Great Rapprochement

Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaiian planter “revolt” (1893)

Pages 628–631

Cuban insurrectos

Gen. “Butcher” Weyler

de Lome letter (February 1898)

“Remember the Maine” (February 1898)

McKinley’s war message (April 1898)

Teller Amendment

Pages 531–536

John D. Long

Theodore Roosevelt

Com. George Dewey

Manila Harbor (May 1898)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Hawaiian Annexation (July 1898)

Adm. Cervera

Gen. William R. Shafter

Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”

Col. Leonard Wood

San Juan Hill

Santiago (July 1898)

Gen. Nelson A. Miles

Pages 636–639

Treaty with Spain

Philippine annexation

Anti-Imperialist League

William Jennings Bryan

Pages 639–643

Foraker Act (1900)

Insular Cases (1901)

Dr. Walter Reed

Platt Amendment (1901)

Guantanamo Bay

Elihu Root

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