CARIBBEAN GROUP OF BANKING SUPERVISORS



RETROSPECTIVE:

THE FIRST TWENTY FIVE YEARS

1983-2007

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CARIBBEAN GROUP OF BANKING SUPERVISORS

RETROSPECTIVE:

THE FIRST TWENTY FIVE YEARS

1983-2007

Presented at the XXV Annual Conference of the

Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors

Nassau, The Bahamas

May 3 - 5, 2007

CGBS Secretariat

Bank of Jamaica

Kingston

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Orgins 1

Today 2

Accomplishments 4

Outlook 10

Past Coordinators/Chairs 11

Past Conferences 12

Acknowledgements 14

APPENDICES

I. Power Point Presentation At CGBS 25th Annual Conference

II. Pictures Through The Years

CARIBBEAN GROUP OF BANKING SUPERVISORS

RETROSPECTIVE:

The First Twenty Five Years

1983-2007

ORIGINS

The genesis of the Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors (CGBS) can perhaps be traced to two meetings involving Caribbean Bank Supervisors during 1981. The first was a CEMLA-sponsored meeting of Bank Supervisors in July 1981 in Mexico, where Trinidad and Tobago had raised the issue of training for Bank Supervisors in the region. The second was a meeting later that year, of English-speaking Caribbean delegates to the Second International Conference of Banking Supervisors (ICBS) held in Washington D.C. Discussions continued at that meeting on the necessity for a training programme geared specifically towards the needs of the Caribbean region. Present at these discussions were representatives of The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and the then Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority.

CEMLA was also represented at the ICBS meeting, and agreed to co-ordinate the training programme, as it was already sponsoring a similar Spanish-speaking course for Latin American countries. CEMLA’s agreement was, however, contingent on the approval of the Central Banks in the region. This approval was sought and received from the Board of Governors of the CARICOM Multilateral Clearing Facility (C.M.C.F.) at its meeting held in Barbados on November 6, 1981. The Board of Governors also approved the establishment of a Special Sub-Committee of Bank Inspectors to formulate a suitable proposal. This committee initially comprised Mr. Harry Persaud of the Bank of Guyana, Mr. Adrian Bryan (now deceased) of the Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago, Mr. O. B. Simpson of the Bank of Jamaica, Mr. Clyde Johnson of the Central Bank of Barbados, and with Mrs. Desiree Springer also of the Central Bank of Barbados nominated to co-ordinate the Sub-Committee’s Secretariat. In ensuing meetings of that Committee (December 1981- Jamaica, February 1982- Guyana, and March 1982- Jamaica) the need for two levels of training was identified: one for junior examiners and the other for senior examiners. However, since the need was assessed as greater at the junior level, a training course was formulated initially for this level only, with the proposal to develop an advanced course for senior examiners as soon as the junior course was fully established.

The initial outcome of these meetings and discussions was the First Regional Training Programme for Bank Examiners - a junior programme, held October 1982 and hosted by the Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago.

The Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors was thereby born.

It is also note worthy, that this group of regional supervisors, even though it had not yet been given the name ‘Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors’, was among the pioneer regional groupings of supervisors to be established, the ‘Off Shore Group of Supervisors’ (OGBS) being its only fore-runner.

The first formal meeting of the CGBS (then styled as The Sub-Committee of Bank Inspectors of the English Speaking Caribbean) has been officially dated as 23 – 24 June 1983 in Barbados and was attended by 22 representatives from 14 regional countries and two regional institutions[1]. The matters on the agenda included:

• The newly evolving training programme,

• A presentation on the proposal to establish a Central Bank for the Eastern Caribbean and the anticipated challenges in the supervision of banking systems in several territories, each with its own banking laws. A standardized set of banking laws was seen as one possible solution.

• The supervision of off-shore banks and the need for exchange of information on prospective applicants by the respective off-shore centres.

• The objectives and functions of the Basel Committee which served to provide an insight into what was happening in bank supervision internationally.

Also discussed at this inaugural meeting was:

• the need for specific training in the areas of assessment of banks’ managements, the adequacy of computer controls in light of increasing automation of banking processes and practical aspects of commercial banking,

• The need to develop Supervisory ‘early warning systems’ and a standardized manual of supervisory policies and examination procedures, as well as standardized licensee reporting formats for the region; and

• the need to inspire public awareness and confidence in bank examinations.

Indeed, the concerns to the Caribbean Supervisors at that time have been replicated across the globe and across time horizons as similar fundamental issues have continued to be on the agenda of Bank Supervisors, although the intrinsic features of the concerns have evolved in tandem with changes in financial markets and the global environment.

Since the first conference or ‘meeting’ as it was then called, the CGBS has annually convened these conferences, which brings us to where we are today in 2007, at the 25th Annual Conference of the Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors.

TODAY

Given its genesis and original mandate from the Governors of the CARICOM Central Banks, the original members of the group were the Supervisors of those organizations i.e. Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Membership was later expanded to other regional supervisory authorities and today, the group comprises Banking Supervisors from fourteen regional jurisdictions, which are:

1. Aruba

2. The Bahamas

3. Barbados

4. Belize

5. British Virgin Islands

6. Cayman Islands

7. The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (representing the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States)

8. Guyana

9. Haiti

10. Jamaica

11. Netherlands Antilles

12. Suriname,

13. Trinidad & Tobago

14. Turks & Caicos Islands

While the core group is formally mandated to coordinate regional supervisory initiatives and report/make recommendations to the CARICOM Central Bank Governors, representatives of the wider group also participate in the technical deliberations of specific CGBS Working Groups, attend and participate in the annual Caribbean Conference and training programs put on in the region, as well as take turns in hosting same. The regional representative Director to the governing Board of the Association of Banking Supervisors of the Americas (ASBA) is also selected from the wider Caribbean grouping.

Initially, the Coordinator/Chairperson function for the CGBS was for a number of years located in Barbados, due in large part, to the coordinating work responsibilities for the group’s early Harmonization Program initiative. In 1995, the CARICOM Central Bank Governors took a decision that the Chairperson/Coordinator of the group would be rotated among CARICOM Central Banks on an annual basis to allow each jurisdiction the opportunity to assume the lead role in coordinating the various programmes of the group, negotiating and maintaining interface relationships with international regulatory agencies, as well as planning and conducting training courses among the other relevant activities. In 2003 the rotation cycle for the Chair was extended to two years to give greater continuity to the effort.

The related secretariat function was assumed by Barbados in the early years and then between 1995 and 2003, it rotated annually with each subsequent Chairperson. In 2003 the decision was taken by the CARICOM Central Bank Governors to centralize the secretariat functions at the Bank of Jamaica to give a greater focus and structure to the group’s technical and administrative work, and facilitate continuity and permanence of the group’s activities and records. The principal functions of the Secretariat now include:

o Monitoring implementation of CGBS’ recommendations (flowing from CARICOM Central Bank Governors’ meetings, CGBS annual conferences and Technical Work Group reports, recommendations and meetings), through special reporting requirements, on-going follow-up etc. and update the group thereon (via the CGBS Extranet, e-mail and other correspondence).

o Coordinating the activities of Technical Working Groups e.g. arranging and as necessary leading meetings, follow-up on issues/action items by relevant jurisdictions.

o Maintaining close contact with senior representatives of international agencies and regulatory bodies (e.g. Basel Committee, Financial Stability Institute, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of Superintendent of Financial Institutions of Canada (OSFI), the Financial Supervisory Authority of the U.K. (FSA), the Deutsche Bundesbank etc.) and other regional/hemispheric bodies (e.g. ASBA, CARTAC, CFATF etc.) on supervisory matters as may be necessary.

o Coordinating regional training programmes, seminars and work-shops relating to the diverse needs of all member jurisdictions.

o Providing assistance and logistical support in the administrative arrangements for CGBS Annual Conferences.

o Managing the records, (i.e. position papers, presentations, correspondence etc. relating to the work/operations of the CGBS).

o The establishment and ongoing management of an electronic database system (Extranet)

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Notable accomplishments of the CGBS over the years have been many.

• We can point first to the solid relationships built up between regional Supervisors, both past and present and spoken of by past Chairs, Co-ordinators and participants. And here we speak not merely of social relationships, but professional relationships that benefit and enhance supervisory practice in each jurisdiction through exchanges of technical expertise, administrative approaches and information sharing on matters of supervisory concern which are of mutual advantage to the respective jurisdictions.

• Through the collaborative efforts of the Group, more formal information sharing arrangements have been put in place through the development of a Regional Multi-lateral Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that was originally negotiated in 2004 with 8 signatories and which has to date been signed by ten of the 14 CGBS members jurisdictions. (This is in addition to earlier/pre-existing bilateral MOUs entered into between specific member countries and which still continue to operate.) In addition to facilitating more formalized channels for the sharing of information between signatory regulatory bodies, the Regional MOU has also facilitated the conduct of joint examinations between home and host authorities with respect to more than one regional conglomerate. This important trend is expected to continue.

• The impact of the existence of the CGBS is also reflected today in the stronger financial legislation with which our members operate and the various and continuous legislative reviews that are being undertaken in respective jurisdictions to further enhance supervisory frameworks.

• The earlier legislative reviews have benefited from the Group’s detailed documentation of supervisory guidance which was one of the outputs of the ‘Harmonization Project’, which was jointly sponsored by the International Monetary Fund and CARICOM regional central banks. This project was co-coordinated by Mrs. Desiree Cherebin of the Central Bank of Barbados and lasted 18 months between 1993 and 1994. Its objectives were to prepare detailed proposals on various areas in the regulation and supervision of the region’s financial institutions, where it was identified that harmonization could be effected. These areas included:

• the regulatory framework,

• capital and other prudential criteria,

• loan classification and loss provisioning guidelines,

• the supervision of offshore banks,

• training of regional inspectors,

• deposit protection and

• on-site and of-site inspection procedures.

This project benefited significantly from a review of legislative changes and supervisory policy initiatives that had already been proposed and/or put into place in Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago at that time. Two significant outputs from this project were the documented guidance for the region on supervisory principles, one publication of which was the ‘Handbook on On-site Inspection Procedures’, and a compendium of Papers presented at the thirteen CGBS conferences up to 1995.

• The stronger legislation and supervisory frameworks in the region have also been reflected in the region’s outstanding record of compliance with the Basle Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. A recent comparative done by the International Monetary Fund with the input of its related organ, the Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre (CARTAC), of the region’s status vis-à-vis that of the rest of the world reflects an overall superior level of compliance, especially as regards particular areas of the Core Principles.

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Source: International Monetary Fund/CARTAC.

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Source: International Monetary Fund/CARTAC.

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Source: International Monetary Fund/CARTAC.

• Another accomplishment has been the narrowing of the gaps in the level and caliber of financial legislation and supervisory frameworks and practices. The frameworks across member jurisdictions are not identical, neither are they necessarily intended to be, as there are critical differences in relation to institutional structures, legal frameworks and the stages of development of the respective financial sectors. Even though we are not all at the same place, it is important that certain basic principles are present in our supervisory frameworks.

• Very significant also, has been the attitudinal changes of industry to Bank Supervisors over the years. During the 1980s it was not uncommon in the region as well as in several other parts of the world, to see banking legislation which did not address such critical prudential principles as capital adequacy, non-accrual requirements, concentration limits, and requirements for on-site supervision. Additionally, in some instances direct interfaces between Supervisors and industry was minimal and did little or nothing to ameliorate a culture of non-compliance which was evident among some licensed institutions, with influence (imagined, real or otherwise) in political circles. Over the years with the heightened awareness of supervisory issues brought by regional Supervisors to the respective political directorates, leading to stronger legislation with well defined sanction powers, several members have witnessed a transformation in industry attitudes, with a positive concomitant impact on the compliance culture in licensees .

• There have also been positive moves to foster and promote market discipline through the regular publication of financial data on licensees and system/sector performance indicators by an increasing number of regional jurisdictions, which has allowed for the evolution of an increasingly sophisticated depositing and investing public, allowing them to make more informed decisions as to how they place their funds.

• The CGBS is also pleased with the international recognition given to the group and its members. A number of retirees in the early days went on to be recruited by international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund as technical consultants in supervisory matters in a number of jurisdictions. Mr. Adrian Bryan, Mr. O. B. Simpson and Mrs. Desiree Cherebin are some such former early members. Others have been recruited to other posts in international organizations – Mr. Ian Carrington and Mr. Manuel Vasquez to name some.

• Over the years, the CGBS has also built, and values the, strong relationships with other regional and international organizations :

o Members of the CGBS have participated in events of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) prior to and after the Group’s official formation, contributed comments on consultative documents, with Mrs. Desiree Cherebin (Central Bank of Barbados) and Mrs. Audrey E. Anderson (Bank of Jamaica) having the distinction of leading Working Groups at separate International Conferences of The Basel Committee -ICBS - (Germany and Switzerland respectively). Members have also had the distinction of been named to Basel technical sub-committees, with Mrs. Anna McLean (Cayman Islands Monetary Authority) having been a member of Basel’s expert sub-committee on Off-shore Banking. The Group has also contributed updates to the BCBS’ biennial ‘Report on International Developments in Banking Supervision’ since 1990, evidencing the BCBS’ recognition and acceptance of the Group since that time. Prior to 1990, updates on supervisory developments in the Caribbean had been incorporated in the updates from the Commission of Supervisory Authorities of Latin America and the Caribbean, the organization which today is known as ASBA.

o The CGBS also values its relationships with national authorities, such as the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation all of the USA; The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada; the Deutsch Bundesbank in Germany; The Financial Services Authority and the Bank of England. All these organizations have frequently participated in CGBS Conferences making meaningful contributions to the regulatory dialogue. In addition, the level and quality of technical assistance offered to the Group through their training seminars, attachments and observation missions has been unparalleled.

Mr. Henry Jeffers, former Head of Supervision at the Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago, quite clearly recalls the support of the Federal Reserve System during his time of involvement in CGBS, and a specific occasion where he discussed and agreed training assistance with Mr. Bill Taylor, (formerly of the Federal Reserve and now deceased) over a rum punch …, on a beach …, in Aruba! There is indeed a valuable lesson in this. It is not only in meeting rooms such as these, that valuable associations and deals can be cemented. And of course, as we can see from this example, the Caribbean has its own inimitable/unique alternative to the North American golf course (for the striking of such deals).

And there are several other representatives of these organizations with whom, through repeated direct interfaces, positive and strong relationships were/have been developed: Bob Bench (formerly of the OCC); Bill Ryback (formerly of the Federal Reserve and latterly, Deputy Chief Executive, Hong Kong Monetary Authority) Sarkis Yoghourtdjian of the Federal Reserve, Kim Norris of OSFI, Charles Freeland (formerly of the Basle Committee), Mr. Gerard Hoffmann of the Deutsch Bundesbank, and others.

o Members of the Caribbean Group are also integrally involved in the activities of several regional organizations, such as the Off-shore Group of Banking Supervisors (OGBS); the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF) and the Association of Supervisors of Banks of the Americas (ASBA). CGBS members have actively served on the Board of ASBA and participated in Technical Committees and Working Groups. Mrs. Audrey Anderson of the Bank of Jamaica also served a two year term as Deputy Chairman of that organization between 2003 and 2005.

o The CGBS has also had the privilege of technical assistance through direct sponsorship and/or provision of technical expertise to facilitate projects or training programmes by the International Monetary Fund/World Bank, and its related regional assistance vehicle, CARTAC (Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre); CEMLA (Centre for Economic and Monetary Studies in Latin America) which was the principal facilitator in the early training programmes (with Mr. Kim Arenas being the main representative at that time); The Caribbean Anti-Money Laundering Programme (CALP) which is no longer operational; and the FSI (Financial Stability Institute) that has offered programmes in the region geared towards senior bank supervisors since the early 2000s.

o And while the Group has benefited from expertise provided by external agencies, this has not been a one-way street. Several member countries have also participated in the provision of technical assistance to others in particular areas where they possess particular strengths such as lending technical expertise to formal missions coordinated by international agencies like the IMF and CARTAC; providing assistance in the establishing prudential indicators of system performance; and the establishment of Financial Stability Units and related technical processes for systemic analytical reviews to more accurately project, detect and address system weaknesses.

• The relationships established with a several of these organizations also contributed to the firm development and continuity of the Regional Training Programmes in which senior supervisory personnel from regional Central Banks have also taught, not only being critical instruments in the transfer and accumulation of expertise to new upcoming examiners, but also assuring that the region as a whole benefited from their own skills, expertise and experiences, while also allowing for their own skills in lecturing and communication to become well honed.

• Another accomplishment has been the establishment of an extranet site during 2004, which to date is restricted to members, although work is currently being undertaken to establish a wider public access area. This extranet serves as an important repository of information on the CGBS and its members, as well as a valuable information sharing resource.

• Here, at the 25th conference, the CGBS, admittedly belatedly, is formally adopting a logo to uniquely brand the Group. The elements of the logo, which was developed by the Bank of Jamaica, are a fourteen sided coin with a map of the region displayed in the centre. These symbolize the business of the industry supervised (i.e. money), the fourteen current members and respective geographic locations.

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The launch of this logo is a fitting coincidence for this memorable anniversary.

OUTLOOK

The CGBS remains committed to its original objectives of harmonization of bank supervisory policies and practices in the Caribbean and the adoption of international best practice standards in supervision. Individually, we may not all be at the same place, but we remain committed to the common goal.

The current priorities on the CGBS Agenda include:

• Furthering dialogue that has commenced with the CARICOM Legislative Drafting Facility (CLDF), towards generating a model Banks and Financial Institutions Act that will serve as a minimum guide for the supervisory principles to be incorporated in respective legislation of member countries. The CGBS will continue to work with the CLDF to refine the draft already prepared by them, and has proposed that this be supported by policy directives issued through CARICOM on a range of supervisory matters a la the European Union approach.

• Fullest possible compliance with the revised Basle Core Principles;

• Full implementation in all jurisdictions of capital charges in relation to market risk exposures, as applicable;

• Implementation of a comprehensive framework for effective consolidated supervision of financial conglomerates within individual countries and across the region, with the ultimate objective of regional stability and the elimination of the possibility of regulatory arbitrage;

• Concomitant to the regional consolidated supervisory approach will be the requirement for the adoption of more clearly drawn agreements and protocols as to the specific responsibilities and expectations of ‘Home’ and ‘Host’ supervisory authorities in the region;

• The strengthening of information sharing arrangements and the adoption/implementation of specific information sharing protocols;

• Basel II Implementation, and in this regard, members have agreed on a number of critical steps and related time frames for actions; and

• In keeping with a decision taken by the CARICOM Central Bank Governors in late 2006, opening the membership of the Group to supervisory authorities of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States that have responsibility for the supervision of the off-shore sector. Traditionally, these countries have been represented in CGBS by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank that carries oversight responsibility for the domestic financial industry in these states.

PAST COORDINATORS/CHAIRS

Finally, a retrospective look at the CGBS would not be complete without giving recognition to the persons who served as either Co-ordinators or Chairs of the Group, over the many years as well as those persons who have contributed to the group in other ways: including as trainers and lecturers particularly in the early days when training was customized for the region and senior supervisors from our region were the key lecturers. There have also been conference speakers and organizers; Technical Working Group participants; representatives to the ASBA Board and other international organizations/fora and the records managers to name some.

For a retrospective such as this, it is however important to specifically highlight those who have served as co-coordinator or Chair through the years:

• Audrey E. Anderson (Bank of Jamaica)

• Desiree Cherebin (formerly Springer) (Central Bank of Barbados)

• Cleviston Haynes (Central Bank of Barbados)

• Wendy Ho Sing (Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago)

• Henry Jeffers (Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago)

• Catherine Kumar (Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago)

• Ramnarine Lal (Bank of Guyana)

• Christopher Lunn (Central Bank of The Bahamas)

• Cassandra Nottage (Central Bank of The Bahamas)

• Mignon Wade (Eastern Caribbean Central Bank)

Recognition is also given to the jurisdictions that have undertaken hosting responsibilities of annual conferences through the years and are indicated in the table below:

PAST CONFERENCES

| | | |

|CONFERENCE |THEME |HOST |

| | | |

|XXII |Towards Effective Regional Financial |Trinidad |

|6th – 8th May 2004 |Sector Supervision within a Globalized Context | |

| | | |

|XXI |Threats And Challenges For Caribbean Systems And Regulatory |Jamaica |

|15th – 17th May 2003 |Imperatives For Action | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XX |Evolution And Dynamics Of The Supervisory Processes |Guyana |

|9th – 11th May 2002 | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XIX |Financial Regulation In The 21st Century: |Eastern Caribbean Central Bank |

|17th – 19th May 2001 |A Caribbean Perspective | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XVIII |Not recorded |Netherlands Antilles |

|18th – 19th May 2000 | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XVII |Adapting To Supervisory Challenges Into The 21st Century |Cayman Islands |

|26th – 28th May, 1999 | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XVI |Supervisory Challenges As We Approach The New Millennium |Barbados |

|14th – 16th May, 1998 | | |

| | | |

|XV |Regulatory Framework And Macro-Economic Policy: Partners For Sound And |The Bahamas |

|16th – 18th October, 1997 |Efficient | |

| |Financial Markets In The 21st Century | |

| | | |

|XIV |Not recorded |Belize |

|1996 | | |

| | | |

|XIII |The Expanding |Guyana |

|18th – 20th May 1995 |Role Of Bank Supervision In Our Changing Financial Environment | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XII |The Changing Dynamics In The Region’s Financial Environment – Adequacy Of|Jamaica |

|12th – 14th May 1994 |Legal And Regulatory Responses | |

| | | |

| | | |

|XI |The Emergence Of Intra-Regional Financial Institutions, The Implications | |

|6th – 7th May 1993 |For The Supervisory System Of Regional Host And Parent Authorities |Barbados |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|X |Not recorded |Trinidad & Tobago |

|7th – 8th May 1992 | | |

| | | |

|IX |Not recorded |Eastern Caribbean Central Bank |

|9th – 10th May 1991 | | |

| | | |

|VIII |Recent Developments In Regional Financial Systems And The Responses Of The|Cayman Islands |

|10 – 11 May 1990 |Supervisory Authorities | |

| | | |

|VII | |Belize |

|6th – 7th April 1989 |Not titled | |

| | | |

|VI | |Aruba |

|25th – 27th May 1988 |Not titled | |

| | |The Bahamas |

|V | | |

|14th – 15th May 1987 |Not titled | |

| | | |

| | | |

|IV | |Netherlands Antilles |

|24th – 25th April 1986 |Not titled | |

| | | |

|III | |Haiti |

|28th – 29th March 1985 |Not titled | |

| | | |

|II | |St. Kitts |

|28th – 29th June 1984 |Not titled | |

| | | |

|I | |Barbados |

|23rd – 24th 1983 |Not titled | |

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In preparing this retrospective, the Secretariat had the opportunity and good fortune to speak with five former Chairs/early members who shared their experiences and dug into their mind’s archives from the period of their direct involvement with the Caribbean Group of Banking Supervisors, thus greatly facilitating the marshalling of information for the compilation of this historical retrospective on the CGBS. Special appreciation is hereby expressed to these former members:

Mr. O. B. Simpson

Mrs. Desiree Cherebin

Mr. Henry Jeffers

Mrs. Mignon Wade

Mrs. Audrey E. Anderson

The words of Mr. O.B. Simpson, at the close of his interview, very aptly and succinctly encapsulates the CGBS experience over the past twenty five years:

‘CGBS....… THE THINGS THAT USED TO HAPPEN WERE SO STRONG THAT YOU FEEL GOOD THAT YOU WERE A PART OF IT.’

APPENDICES

I. Power Point Presentation at CGBS 25th Annual Conference

II. Pictures Through the Years

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[1] Unfortunately, the records do not give specific details of the countries and regional institutions represented at that first meeting of the Group.

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