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Diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats.Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary DermatologyRoss Bond*, Daniel O. Morris?, Jacques Guillot?, Emmanuel Bensignor, David Robson?, Kenneth V. Mason, Rui Kano, Peter B. Hill.*Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, U.K.?Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.??cole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, BioP?le Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, FranceEmmanuel Bensignor, Clinique Vétérinaire 17 Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire, 75003 Paris, France?Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road Glen Waverley, 3150 Victoria, AustraliaDermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland 4127, AustraliaRui Kano, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, AustraliaCorresponding author: rbond@rvc.ac.ukConflicts of interest:In the past 5 years, RB has received funding from or otherwise collaborated with Dechra Veterinary Products, Bayer Animal Health, CEVA, MSD Animal Health and Elanco. DM has received honoraria, consulting fees and/or has collaborated with Pfizer Animal Health/Zoetis, Bayer, and Ceva Animal Health. JG has received funding from or otherwise collaborated with MSD Animal Health, CEVA, Bayer Animal Health and Boehringer-Ingelheim.DR has received funding from or otherwise collaborated with MSD Animal Health, Virbac Animal Health and Elanco. EB has consulted and lectured for Elanco and CEVA.KVM is Managing Director of Dermcare-vet PTY LTD. PBH has received honoraria and consulting fees from Pfizer/Zoetis and Elanco/Novartis. ?RK has no conflicts of interest to declare. IntroductionThe genus MalasseziaHistorical aspectsEcology and epidemiologyPathogenesis: virulence attributes amongst Malassezia spp. Pathogenesis: immunological responsesPredisposing factorsQuantification by cytology and cultureMolecular approaches to identificationHistopathologyAntifungal susceptibility testingClinical signs in dogsClinical signs in catsDiagnostic algorithmTherapyPrevention and long-term managementZoonotic implicationsSynopsis of WAVD Clinical Consensus Guidelines on Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats.IntroductionThis section summarises the main conclusions from each of the section of the Consensus Guidelines. Literature reviews underpinning each of these summaries and recommendations are presented in the full text version below. 2. The Genus MalasseziaMalassezia yeasts are unique in several ways, including their strict dependence on lipids, their cellular ultrastructure, and their dominance as eukaryotic residents on the skin of warm-blooded vertebrates. The taxonomy of the genus Malassezia is evolving. Eighteen species have been described so far but many other species are most probably present on the skin or mucosal sites of warm-blooded animals. Few phenotypic tests are available to differentiate Malassezia species and some of them may overlap. As a consequence, DNA sequencing (or other techniques such as mass spectrometry) may be required for specific identification.3. Historical aspects The history of the association between Malassezia yeasts and their animal hosts has been long mired in controversy. Having been previously overlooked, canine Malassezia dermatitis has evolved from a controversial to a now routine diagnosis in small animal practice, with very significant welfare benefits for many patients. 4. Ecology and epidemiologyMalassezia pachydermatis is a normal inhabitant of healthy canine skin and mucosae. M. pachydermatis also predominates on the skin of the domestic cat, although other species are occasionally identified, particularly M. nana in the ear canal and M. slooffiae in the claw fold. Population sizes vary markedly between anatomical sites, and between different breeds. These commensal Malassezia populations provide a reservoir of yeasts that might proliferate and or induce an inflammatory response under the influence of various host predisposing factors. 5. Pathogenesis: virulence attributes amongst Malassezia yeasts. There have been significant recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between Malassezia yeasts and their hosts. The outcome of Malassezia growth in the stratum corneum is dependent upon the metabolic activities of the yeasts (expression of cell wall and secreted virulence attributes) and the host’s innate and adaptive immune defensive responses; interactions with other skin commensals (especially staphylococci) may also play a role. All these processes should ideally result in a delicately balanced homeostatic relationship. Further studies are required to define fully the parameters that dictate transitions between commensalism and parasitism that may yield opportunities for novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. 6. Pathogenesis: immunological responses to Malassezia yeasts and their clinical relevance in diagnosis/therapyA range of immunologic hyper-responsiveness can be present in dogs with Malassezia dermatitis (none, immediate, delayed, contact). Tests for immediate hypersensitivity (serology, intradermal) are relatively accessible (although not standardised), whereas delayed reactivity following intradermal testing is infrequently assessed and patch testing is technically challenging in the clinical environment. Serological and skin test reactivity is also seen in a proportion of unaffected dogs; thus immunological tests must be assessed in the context of clinical and cytological data, and not used as stand-alone ‘diagnostic’ tests. It is intuitive that evidence of immediate, IgE-mediated or cellular hypersensitivity might indicate the need for rigorous antifungal therapy to minimize allergen challenge in the sensitized host, although this remains to be proven by controlled therapeutic studies. Although evidence of immediate, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity provides a rationale for allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), to date, there is relatively limited evidence of beneficial effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy against M. pachydermatis in dogs. More data is required before this can be systematically recommended. Whilst some laboratories offer serological testing for IgG reactivity to M. pachydermatis, the clinical utility of this test is uncertain as there is no evidence of any diagnostic or therapeutic value. 7. Predisposing factorsDog breeds identified to be at increased risk of Malassezia dermatitis include West Highland white terriers (WHWT), English setters, shih tzus, Basset hounds, American cocker spaniels, boxers, dachshunds, poodles and Australian silky terriers. Devon rex and Sphynx cats are also predisposed. The presence of skin folds is a common risk factor for localised disease. Dogs with Malassezia dermatitis often have concurrent hypersensitivity disorders, cornification defects or endocrinopathies. Cats without a breed predilection most often have an underlying hypersensitivity disorder, or visceral neoplasia or other serious internal disease. 8. Recommendations for skin sampling in dogs and catsRoutine cytological sampling of skin sites in the veterinary clinic is best achieved by light microscopical examination (x50 or 100 oil objectives) of tape-strips or dry scrapes stained with modified Wright Giemsa stain (“Diff-Quik”). Cytology using swabs is normally best restricted to use in the ear canal. Factors such as important variations in anatomical site, breed, sampling method, and host immune status commonly thwart the interpretation of the clinical significance of an observed population (“XX yeasts in YY fields”); trial therapy is routinely required to establish this (sections 8.5 and 14.1-3). A single report indicates that the sharp end of a tooth pick is the preferred method for sampling the dorsal claw fold in dogs. Routine cultures provide primarily qualitative data on presence / absence of yeast, although ‘heavy’ growth on primary isolation plates likely indicates a high population. Modified Dixon’s agar is the preferred medium for the isolation and quantification for M. pachydermatis from canine skin, in view of the relatively rapid growth of distinctive colonies, and its’ potential for supporting the growth of lipid-dependent isolates; incubation should be aerobic at 32-37oC for at least 3 days. Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (preferably supplemented with 1% Tween 80) is an alternative in dogs if modified Dixon’s agar is unavailable, although occasional more-lipid dependent isolates will be overlooked with this medium; temperatures below 32oC should be avoided and use of 5-10% carbon dioxide should be considered. In cats, samples should be grown on modified Dixon’s agar at 32-34oC aerobically; cultures should be systematically extended to at least 7 days in case of presence of slower growing Malassezia spp. Temperatures in excess of 34oC must be avoided because of the potential to inhibit the growth of thermo-sensitive species such as M. globosa known to inhabit feline skin. Contact plates allow convenient, rapid and inexpensive quantitative culturing of M. pachydermatis from canine and feline skin, and are suitable for both diagnostic and research purposes. Optimally sized plates for cats and dogs (typically 18-27 mm diameter depending on site sampled) containing the preferred medium (modified Dixon’s agar) are not available commercially but are readily custom-made in mycology laboratories. Detergent scrub sampling is the ‘gold standard’ method for quantitative culture, although it is more suited to a research rather than diagnostic environment, as it is suitable for only relatively flat skin on co-operative patients, and rapid sample processing is required. This is the optimal technique for mycological assessment in therapeutic product development. 9. Diagnostic methods: Molecular and mass spectrometry identification of yeasts in culture and skinMolecular techniques are pivotal in the accurate identification of many of the currently recognised Malassezia species, with the usual exception of M. pachydermatis. In particular, sequencing of D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the rRNA gene, ITS, IGS, CHS2 and ?-tubulin genes allows for accurate identification of species and recognition of genotypes that may have relevance for host-adaptation and virulence. Microbiome studies utilising next-generation sequencing have the potential to re-define the microbial ecology of mammalian skin. Multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF MS hold promise for rapid and specific identification of Malassezia from skin and culture specimens, respectively. 10. HistopathologyA diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis cannot be made by histopathology alone. Histopathological features in dogs often comprise hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, irregular epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis that extends to hair follicle infundibulae, lymphocyte and granulocyte exocytosis, and a mixed, predominately lymphocytic, superficial perivascular or interstitial infiltrate with variable superficial dermal oedema. Yeast cells may or may not be observed in surface or infundibular stratum corneum (cytology or quantitative culture preferable for assessment of populations). In cats, histopathological features vary markedly according to the nature of the underlying disorder. 11. Antifungal susceptibility testing and resistanceTesting for resistance is hampered by the unsuitability of the current CLSI and EUCAST reference methods, lack of an agreed modified protocol optimized for M. pachydermatis, and absence of clinical breakpoints for either systemic or topical therapies. Despite these critical limitations, current data suggest that the vast majority of field isolates of M. pachydermatis are routinely susceptible to most relevant azoles (miconazole, clitrimazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and ketoconazole). However, the evidence that reduced susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to commonly used antifungal drugs may develop under both field and laboratory conditions highlights the need for surveillance and vigilance for the emergence of clinically-relevant resistance. This is especially important in cases of canine AD, seborrheoic dermatitis and chronic otitis externa where repeated treatments are commonly utilized. Improved and agreed reference methods designed to overcome the specific growth requirements of Malassezia spp. are therefore urgently required. 12. Clinical presentations in dogsErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe) dominates the clinical presentation, often favouring intertriginous zones. There may be concurrent hyperpigmentation, lichenification, malodour, traumatic alopecia and otitis externa. Some cases present with paronychia with claw fold erythema and swelling, waxy or crusty brown exudate, red-brown claw staining, or frenzied facial pruritus with varying, sometimes subtle, erythema of chin / perioral skin. 13. Clinical presentations in catsErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe) dominates the clinical presentation. There may be concurrent otitis externa and an observed breed predilection (Devon rex, Sphynx). Malassezia dermatitis might feature in cats that present with a phenotype of idiopathic facial dermatitis (Persian / Himalayan), feline paraneoplastic alopecia (especially when alopecia / shiny skin is accompanied by abundant brown exudate), thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis or feline acne. 14. Diagnostic approach1. In dogs or cats with clinical presentations detailed in sections 12 or 13 above, establish whether Malassezia yeasts can be identified cytologically (or by quantitative culture using contact plates or detergent scrub; not routine swab culture) in lesional areas, or not. Counts may be high but not necessarily so. YES: Initiate trial therapy with appropriate topical and or systemic antifungal productNO:Sample more sites; use an alternative sampling method; reconsider diagnosisEvaluate the clinical and mycological response to appropriate topical (3-4 weeks) and or systemic (2-4 weeks) antifungal therapyCOMPLETE CLINICAL & MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: diagnose Malassezia dermatitis; consider possible underlying causesPARTIAL CLINICAL, COMPLETE MYCOLOGICAL: diagnose Malassezia dermatitis; investigate/treat ongoing underlying skin diseaseNO CLINICAL RESPONSE, COMPLETE MYCOLOGICAL: consider yeast presence incidental to other inflammatory diseasePARTIAL CLINICAL & MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: suspect Malassezia dermatitis; review compliance; extend or intensify antifungal therapyNEITHER CLINICAL NOR MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: review compliance; change antifungal treatment and re-assess15. Treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats.Amongst the various treatments utilised for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs, strong evidence is available only for the use of a 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo, used twice weekly. This may be considered to be the topical treatment of first choice, where available and locally approved, and when owners are able to apply the product effectively. Moderate evidence is available for a 3% chlorhexidine shampoo. Other topical products require further evaluation; anecdotal reports indicate that some clinicians and owners favour chlorhexidine-containing mousse and wipes (sometimes combined with climbazole) for local treatment of infections, particularly in skin folds. For canine Malassezia dermatitis, there is moderate evidence for the oral use of ketoconazole at 5-10 mg/kg once or twice daily; and oral itraconazole at 5mg/kg once daily or 2 consecutive days per week. Based on current limited evidence, the use of either of these two azoles is justified in canine cases, and the final choice may depend on regional differences in availability, regulatory status, and cost. Rationale for itraconazole instead of ketoconazole includes the potential for intermittent dosing and a perceived tendency for itraconazole to be better-tolerated. However, definitive statistical evidence of superior safety and/or efficacy is lacking, and cost-benefit analysis makes ketoconazole a more practical choice in some countries. Compounded formulations must be avoided due to unreliable bioavailability. Evidence for oral fluconazole is limited to a single study where it was used at 5-10 mg/kg once daily conjunction with cephalexin. Thus fluconazole requires further assessment, especially since in vitro MIC values are routinely the highest amongst antifungal azoles utilised in veterinary medicine (section 10); this may correlate with intermittent anecdotal reports of treatment failures. Oral terbinafine warrants further evaluation due to partial beneficial effects in two trials (SoR=C-weak) and questionable stratum corneum concentrations in a pharmacokinetic study when given at the current dose of 30 mg/kg once daily. In cats, there is weak evidence only for the use of oral itraconazole at doses of 5-10 mg/kg daily; or 5 mg/kg on a 7 days on / 7 days off protocol. In view of this limited data, good safety profile, and in line with clinical consensus guidelines for feline dermatophytosis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JpZWxsbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1], itraconazole should also be considered as the systemic azole of first choice in this species for Malassezia dermatitis. Topical chlorhexidine and azole products have not been evaluated although their use is intuitive as adjunctive or sole treatments where application is practicable and clinically appropriate, such as in localised infections.Treatment of chronic relapsing cases of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats can be frustrating and may be limited due to financial considerations. Identification and treatment of underlying causes are essential. When predisposing factors cannot be controlled, regular topical treatment or pulse oral therapy are reportedly useful in minimising relapses. Because of lower risk for toxicity, topical treatments are preferred to systemic treatments for long-term therapy. Prevention of of Malassezia-associated skin diseases in dogs and catsIdeally underlying diseases favouring the yeast should be identified and corrected, whenever possible. If this is not possible, topical prevention of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs might be achieved using 2% chlorhexidine / 2% miconazole or 3% chlorhexidine shampoo twice weekly, as has been previously recommended for treatment. Lesser frequencies may be useful in preventing relapse in some cases but there is currently no evidence to support this. Twice weekly topical hydrocortisone aceponate shows promise in the prevention of Malassezia otitis externa associated with allergic skin diseases. Pulsed therapy with itraconazole (5 mg/kg once daily, 2 days on / 5 days off for three weeks) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis (but not otitis externa) in dogs and thus should be effective as a preventative. There are only anecdotal reports of preventative efficacy of itraconazole for dermatitis at a once-weekly interval. 17. Zoonotic potentialGiven the high prevalence of M. pachydermatis hand carriage by dog owners (as assessed by PCR) and the relative rarity of serious human infections by this organism, it may be surmised that the overall risk for zoonosis is quite low, especially among people who are not severely immunocompromised. Good hand hygiene by individuals in contact with pet dogs and cats should be emphasised. IntroductionScientists have been grappling with the complexity of the genus Malassezia and their associated diseases for decades. Their relevance to veterinary practitioners first became apparent in the context of canine otitis externa in the 1950’s, whereas their role in canine dermatitis was not established until more recently. Malassezia dermatitis is now recognised as a common skin disorder in canine practice, although it is encountered more occasionally in feline practice. The commissioning of this review by WAVD is timely, given the marked advances in our understanding of these lipophilic yeasts as a consequence of significant scientific endeavour, not least the recent sequencing of the genomes of the majority of the recognised species. Molecular biological techniques have transformed the taxonomy of the genus from two species in 1989 to 18 today, in the process explaining, at a stroke, many of the painstaking observations of phenotypic variation made by generations of mycologists. This is the second WAVD consensus document on superficial veterinary mycoses, following on from the dermatophytosis guidelines presented by Moriello et al. in 2017.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JpZWxsbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1] Whilst the headline title of our review is “diagnosis and treatment”, the complexity of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats requires a wider-ranging review. Unlike the dermatophytes, which visit and potentially infect the non-immune host, Malassezia yeasts are commensal organisms, forming a reservoir of potential pathogens in the stratum corneum or mucosae that may induce disease whenever the homeostatic balance of yeast virulence, on the one hand, and host immunity, on the other, is disrupted in favour of the yeast. Our review includes a full description of the genus, since six of the currently recognised species have been described on dogs and cats, and six more have been described in other species encountered by veterinary practitioners. The wide range of methods used to define and quantify Malassezia yeasts on skin is assessed; rarely does one investigator use the same method as the next, but the different methods often yield diverse and conflicting data; highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each should promote careful method selection for future studies. A basic description of molecular methods is incorporated to aid the non-specialist reader in understanding how these techniques are currently applied to yeast identification and epidemiology, and how in future they may change our diagnostic approach to the case. A discussion of current concepts of yeast virulence and host immunity is a necessary prelude to a review of immunological methods in diagnosis and therapy, and in the context of the crucial consideration of the host pre-disposing factors, whose recognition and correction is key to the prevention of chronically-relapsing disease.As the title indicates, one of our principal objectives is to describe the range of clinical presentations in dogs and cats, along with a suggested approach to elucidating the role, if any, of Malassezia yeasts in each case. Our therapeutic recommendations are drawn from both a systematic review of published therapeutic studies, but given the general paucity of high quality trials in this field, consensus views from the panel have also been incorporated. Thus, our concluding summary of therapeutic options falls between the definitions of “Practice Guideline (Evidence-Based)” and “Practice Guideline (Consensus)”. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebell</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2076</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1521722195">2076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebell, M. H.</author><author>Siwek, J.</author><author>Weiss, B. D.</author><author>Woolf, S. H.</author><author>Susman, J.</author><author>Ewigman, B.</author><author>Bowman, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. ebell@msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature</title><secondary-title>J Am Board Fam Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Board of Family Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Board Fam. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Board Fam Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>59-67</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Evidence-Based Medicine/*classification/standards</keyword><keyword>Family Practice</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Periodicals as Topic</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards</keyword><keyword>Review Literature as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0893-8652 (Print)
0893-8652 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15014055</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[2] Finally, in the spirit of a ‘one health’ approach, the zoonotic potential of these yeasts is reviewed. Since it is likely that some readers will be selective in their reading of the various sections, depending on their background and objectives, a degree of overlap is included in the text to enhance the value of individual sections. These guidelines are currently presented in their draft form, and the authors welcome constructive comments to help shape and improve the final version of this document. 2 The genus Malassezia. General properties, phylogeny, genomic studies and species of relevance to veterinary medicine. Malassezia yeasts form a well-defined and unique cluster of lipophilic fungi living almost exclusively on the skin and mucosal sites of warm-blooded vertebrates. The genus Malassezia (Baillon) is usually considered as a monophyletic taxon in the phylum Basidiomycota and subphylum Ustilaginomycotina, a highly diversified group of more than 1,500 species of plant pathogens. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Begerow</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2088</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2088</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523979541">2088</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Begerow, D.</author><author>Stoll, M.</author><author>Bauer, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Universitat Tubingen, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tubingen, Germany. dominik.begerow@uni-tuebingen.de</auth-address><titles><title>A phylogenetic hypothesis of Ustilaginomycotina based on multiple gene analyses and morphological data</title><secondary-title>Mycologia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycologia</full-title><abbr-1>Mycologia</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycologia</abbr-2></periodical><pages>906-16</pages><volume>98</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Basidiomycota/*classification/cytology/*genetics/ultrastructure</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Electron, Transmission</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>*Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Spores, Fungal/cytology/ultrastructure</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-5514 (Print)
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RW5kTm90ZT4A
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [4] proposed that the genus should be assigned as its own class, Malasseziomycetes. During the last decade, the analysis of the genome of Malassezia yeasts has allowed a better understanding of how these fungi, whose ancestors were most probably plant or soil residents, manage to survive and develop in the cutaneous ecosystem and how they interact with other members of the cutaneous microbiota. In 2007, Xu et al. published the first genome sequence of a Malassezia species (M. globosa). PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5YdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [5] A few years later, a similar analysis was performed for M. sympodialis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HaW90aTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [6] and for M. pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Triana</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2090</RecNum><DisplayText>[7]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2090</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523979964">2090</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Triana, S.</author><author>Gonzalez, A.</author><author>Ohm, R. A.</author><author>Wosten, H. A.</author><author>de Cock, H.</author><author>Restrepo, S.</author><author>Celis, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia Grupo de Diseno de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
Grupo de Diseno de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands acelis@uniandes.edu.co.</auth-address><titles><title>Draft Genome Sequence of the Animal and Human Pathogen Malassezia pachydermatis Strain CBS 1879</title><secondary-title>Genome Announc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Genome Announc</full-title></periodical><volume>3</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2169-8287 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>26472839</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[7] In 2015, Wu et al. sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genomes of 14 Malassezia species, including multiple strains of the most relevant species in medical dermatology (M. globosa, M. sympodialis, M. restricta and M. furfur). PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8] The first remarkable feature of Malassezia genomes is their small size (~ 10 Mb), about half of the size of other known basidiomycetous fungi, with some species having less than 4,000 predicted genes. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2VraG91dDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [5, 8, 9] This may reflect adaptation to the limited ecological niche of the yeasts. Gene family analyses indicate that Malassezia yeasts display unique characteristics, comprising (i), a low carbohydrate-degrading capacity due to reduction of glycosyl hydrolase-encoding genes; (ii), a lipid dependence for growth due to lack of a fatty acid synthase gene; and (iii), a concomitant expansion of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes (such as secreted lipases, phospholipases and acid sphingomyelinases) that allow Malassezia yeasts to collect and use fatty acids from the skin or mucosal surfaces of their hosts. Analysis of the genomes also revealed the presence of unique genes with unknown function and which were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8] The sexual form of Malassezia yeasts is still unknown. However, a region corresponding to the mating type locus (MAT) has been identified for these yeasts, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HaW90aTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8, 10].On lipid-enriched media such as modified Dixon’s agar, Malassezia colonies are cream to yellowish, smooth or lightly wrinkled, glistening or dull, and with the margin being either entire or lobate. Malassezia yeasts appear as small ovoid, ellipsoidal or cylindrical cells (1.5 to 6.0 ?m by 3.5 to 8.0 ?m). Reproduction is by budding on a broad base and from the same site at one pole (monopolar blastic development). Some Malassezia species are able to form filaments in cutaneous lesions but also in culture under specific conditions. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYXp6YXJvLVBvcnJvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3Nzwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [12, 14-16] The genus Malassezia (Baillon) was created in 1889 for a single species, M. furfur, observed in lesions of pityriasis versicolor, a common dermatological condition in humans. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baillon</Author><Year>1889</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Baillon, E H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Traité de Botanique Médicale Cryptogaminique</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">234-5</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1889</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Paris</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Doin</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17] It took a long time to understand the lipid dependence of this kind of fungi and, as a consequence, to obtain and maintain Malassezia yeasts in culture. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gueho-Kellerman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1970</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514566986">1970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Begerow, D.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Biodiversity, phylogeny and ultrastructure.</title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>17-63</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Berlin</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18] Conventional laboratory techniques could not be used and despite the description of numerous species, their accurate identification was not possible. In 1989, the genus Malassezia (Baillon, 1889), also known under the generic name Pityrosporum proposed by Sabouraud in 1904, comprised only two taxa: M. furfur (syn. P. ovale, P. orbiculare), a lipid dependent species found on human skin and M. pachydermatis (syn. P. pachydermatis, P. canis), a lipophilic but not lipid-dependent species isolated from the skin of animals, especially dogs. In 1990, Simmons and Guého described the new species M. sympodialis which was characterized by a sympodial budding process. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Simmons</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>87</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">87</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Simmons, R. B.</author><author>Gueho, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new species of Malassezia</title><secondary-title>Mycological Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1146-1149</pages><volume>94</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>taxonomy-</keyword><keyword>descriptions-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>ears-</keyword><keyword>scalp-</keyword><keyword>predisposition-</keyword><keyword>acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome</keyword><keyword>Malassezia-sympodialis</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz380</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19] In 1996, Guého et al. had the opportunity to collect and examine many isolates from humans and animals. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20] Conventional and modern spectrum techniques were employed to characterise these isolates, encompassing morphology, ultrastructure, physiology and molecular biology. The result was a complete revision of the genus Malassezia and the description of four new species (M. obtusa, M. globosa, M. slooffiae, and M. restricta). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20] Eleven more species were subsequently described by different groups and from varied hosts: M. dermatis, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugita</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>462</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>462</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">462</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugita, T.</author><author>Takashima, M.</author><author>Shinoda, T.</author><author>Suto, H.</author><author>Unno, T.</author><author>Tsuboi, R.</author><author>Ogawa, H.</author><author>Nishikawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan. sugita@my-pharm.ac.jp</auth-address><titles><title>New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>J Clin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1363-7</pages><volume>40</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/analysis</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Human</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation &</keyword><keyword>purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mycological Typing Techniques</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11923357</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[21] M. japonica, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpdGE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [23] from humans in Japan; M. nana ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hirai</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>593</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">593</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hirai, A.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Makimura, K.</author><author>Duarte, E. R.</author><author>Hamdan, J. S.</author><author>Lachance, M. A.</author><author>Yamaguchi, H.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia nana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals</style></title><secondary-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>623-7</pages><volume>54</volume><number>Pt 2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Brazil</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Lipid Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15023986</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[24] from cases of otitis externa in cats and cattle; M. caprae ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1845</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1845</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772724">1845</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Theelen, B.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Grup de Micologia Veterinaria. Departament de Sanitat i d' Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. javier.cabanes@uab.es</auth-address><titles><title>Two new lipid-dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals</title><secondary-title>FEMS Yeast Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Yeast Res</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS yeast research</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1064-76</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic/microbiology</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics</keyword><keyword>Goats</keyword><keyword>Horses</keyword><keyword>*Lipid Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/cytology/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Species Specificity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1567-1356 (Print)
1567-1356 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17367513</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[25] from goats; M. equina ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1845</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1845</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772724">1845</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Theelen, B.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Grup de Micologia Veterinaria. Departament de Sanitat i d' Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. javier.cabanes@uab.es</auth-address><titles><title>Two new lipid-dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals</title><secondary-title>FEMS Yeast Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Yeast Res</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS yeast research</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1064-76</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic/microbiology</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics</keyword><keyword>Goats</keyword><keyword>Horses</keyword><keyword>*Lipid Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/cytology/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Species Specificity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1567-1356 (Print)
1567-1356 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17367513</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[25] from horses; M. cuniculi ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>920</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>920</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">920</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Vega, S.</author><author>Castella, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>40-48</pages><volume>49</volume><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20560865</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[26] from rabbits; M. arunalokei ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Honnavar</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1846</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1846</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772927">1846</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Honnavar, P.</author><author>Prasad, G. S.</author><author>Ghosh, A.</author><author>Dogra, S.</author><author>Handa, S.</author><author>Rudramurthy, S. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Leprosy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India mrshivprakash@.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia arunalokei sp. nov., a Novel Yeast Species Isolated from Seborrheic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Individuals from India</title><secondary-title>J Clin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1826-34</pages><volume>54</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-660X (Electronic)
0095-1137 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27147721</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[27] from humans in India; M. brasiliensis and M. psittaci ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1844</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1844</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772724">1844</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Coutinho, S. D.</author><author>Puig, L.</author><author>Bragulat, M. R.</author><author>Castella, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: javier.cabanes@uab.es.
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots</title><secondary-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</full-title></periodical><pages>92-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aves</keyword><keyword>Birds</keyword><keyword>Especiacion</keyword><keyword>Loros</keyword><keyword>Malassezia brasiliensis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia psittaci</keyword><keyword>Parrots</keyword><keyword>Speciation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr-Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2173-9188 (Electronic)
1130-1406 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27184440</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[28] from domesticated parrots in Brazil; and M. vespertilionis from bats in the USA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorch</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2239</RecNum><DisplayText>[29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2239</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1536921093">2239</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lorch, J. M.</author><author>Palmer, J. M.</author><author>Vanderwolf, K. J.</author><author>Schmidt, K. Z.</author><author>Verant, M. L.</author><author>Weller, T. J.</author><author>Blehert, D. S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia verspertilionis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats.</style></title><secondary-title>Persoonia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Persoonia</full-title></periodical><pages>56-70</pages><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]. Of these to date, M. pachydermatis, M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. slooffiae, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, M. cuniculi and M. verspertilionis have been isolated from animals and may be relevant in veterinary dermatology (Table 1). With the exception of M. pachydermatis, Malassezia species are lipid dependent due to an inability to synthesize long-chained (C14 or C16) fatty acids de novo. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shifrine</Author><Year>1963</Year><RecNum>2104</RecNum><DisplayText>[30]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523983300">2104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shifrine, M.</author><author>Marr, A. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Requirement of Fatty Acids by Pityrosporum Ovale</title><secondary-title>J Gen Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of General Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Gen. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Gen Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>263-70</pages><volume>32</volume><keywords><keyword>*Chromatography</keyword><keyword>*Culture Media</keyword><keyword>*Fatty Acids</keyword><keyword>*Fungi</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword><keyword>*Oleic Acid</keyword><keyword>*Oleic Acids</keyword><keyword>*Palmitic Acid</keyword><keyword>*Radioactivity</keyword><keyword>*Stearic Acids</keyword><keyword>*Stearic acid</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1963</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-1287 (Print)
0022-1287 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14053273</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[30] There are some differences in lipid dependence among the species and this variability has been used for the development of specific tests for the identification. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>585</RecNum><DisplayText>[31]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>585</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">585</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Guého, E.</author><author>Lesourd, M.</author><author>Midgley, G.</author><author>Chevrier, G.</author><author>Dupont, B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species. A practical approach.</style></title><secondary-title>Journal de Mycologie Medicale</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal de Mycologie Medicale</full-title></periodical><pages>103-110</pages><volume>6</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[31] The phenotypic identification scheme for the routine identification of Malassezia currently includes microscopic features, ability to use lipid supplements (different Tweens and cremophor EL), catalase and beta-glucosidase reactions, and temperature tolerance at 32°C, 37°C and 40°C (Supplementary Table 1). Despite the undisputable value of this phenotypic identification scheme, ambiguous results are sometimes reported. Furthermore, the addition of recently identified species resulted in similar physiological patterns, and thus in a doubtful identification (M. arunalokei and M. brasiliensis are closely related to M. restricta and M. furfur, respectively) (Supplementary Table 1). For all these reasons, specific identification should be confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis. Various molecular loci had been proposed to identify Malassezia species (section 9). The most frequently used loci are the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWlsbG90PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [32, 33] Other genes such as chitin synthase-2 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kano</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><DisplayText>[34]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2106</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523984211">2106</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Aizawa, T.</author><author>Nakamura, Y.</author><author>Watanabe, S.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Chitin synthase 2 gene sequence of Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>Microbiol Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Microbiology and Immunology</full-title><abbr-1>Microbiol. Immunol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Microbiol Immunol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Microbiology & Immunology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>813-5</pages><volume>43</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Chitin Synthase/classification/*genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*enzymology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year></dates><isbn>0385-5600 (Print)
0385-5600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10524801</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[34] and ?-tubulin ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Castella</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2108</RecNum><DisplayText>[35]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523984318">2108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Coutinho, S. D.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Phylogenetic relationships of Malassezia species based on multilocus sequence analysis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-105</pages><volume>52</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Chitin Synthase/genetics</keyword><keyword>*Cluster Analysis</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/*genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>*Multilocus Sequence Typing</keyword><keyword>*Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/genetics</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>beta tubulin gene</keyword><keyword>multilocus sequence analysis</keyword><keyword>phylogenetic study</keyword><keyword>speciation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [36] A MALDI-TOF database of main mass spectra has recently been developed to allow the rapid identification of 14 Malassezia species.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb2xlY2thPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [37]SummaryMalassezia yeasts are unique in several ways, including their strict dependence on lipids, their cellular ultrastructure, and their dominance as eukaryotic residents on the skin of warm-blooded vertebrates. The taxonomy of the genus Malassezia is evolving. Eighteen species have been described so far but many other species are most probably present on the skin or mucosal sites of warm-blooded animals. Few phenotypic tests are available to differentiate Malassezia species and some of them may overlap. As a consequence, DNA sequencing (or other techniques like mass spectrometry) may be required for specific identification.Table 1. Summary of the taxonomy and ecology of the genus Malassezia. Malassezia speciesDescription and authors [reference]SynonymPresence in animalsPresence in humansM. furfur1889, (Robin) Baillon ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baillon</Author><Year>1889</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Baillon, E H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Traité de Botanique Médicale Cryptogaminique</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">234-5</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1889</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Paris</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Doin</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]Pityrosporum ovaleHS (dogs, cats, others)HS, PV, fungaemiaM. pachydermatis1925, (Weidman) Dodge ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weidman</Author><Year>1925</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>[38]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Weidman, F D</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Fox, H</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Exfoliative dermatitis in the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) with description of a new yeast species, Pityrosporum pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Report of the Laboratory Museum Comparative Pathology Zoological Society</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">36-45</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1925</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Philadelphia</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparative Pathology Zoological Society</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]P. pachydermatis, P. canisHS + LS (dogs, cats, many others, mostly canids)HS (dog contact), fungaemiaM. sympodialis1990, Simmons & Guého ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Simmons</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>87</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">87</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Simmons, R. B.</author><author>Gueho, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new species of Malassezia</title><secondary-title>Mycological Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1146-1149</pages><volume>94</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>taxonomy-</keyword><keyword>descriptions-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>ears-</keyword><keyword>scalp-</keyword><keyword>predisposition-</keyword><keyword>acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome</keyword><keyword>Malassezia-sympodialis</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz380</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]M. furfur serovar AHS, OT (cats)HS, AD, SDM. globosa1996, Midgley, Guého & Guillot ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]P. orbiculareM. furfur serovar BHS, OT (cats)HS, PV, SD, ADM. obtusa1996, Midgley, Guillot & Guého ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]─HS, LSM. slooffiae1996, Guillot, Midgley & Guého ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]HS (pigs, cat claws)HS, LSM. restricta1996, Guého, Guillot & Midgley ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]M. furfur serovar C─HS, SDM. dermatis2002, Sugita et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugita</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>462</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>462</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">462</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugita, T.</author><author>Takashima, M.</author><author>Shinoda, T.</author><author>Suto, H.</author><author>Unno, T.</author><author>Tsuboi, R.</author><author>Ogawa, H.</author><author>Nishikawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan. sugita@my-pharm.ac.jp</auth-address><titles><title>New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>J Clin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1363-7</pages><volume>40</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/analysis</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Human</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation &</keyword><keyword>purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mycological Typing Techniques</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11923357</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[21]─HS, ADM. japonica2003, Sugita et al. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpdGE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [22]─HS, AD, SDM. nana2004, Hirai et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hirai</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>593</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">593</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hirai, A.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Makimura, K.</author><author>Duarte, E. R.</author><author>Hamdan, J. S.</author><author>Lachance, M. A.</author><author>Yamaguchi, H.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia nana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals</style></title><secondary-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>623-7</pages><volume>54</volume><number>Pt 2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Brazil</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Lipid Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15023986</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[24]HS (cats, horses), OT (cats, cattle)─M. yamatoensis2004, Sugita et al. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpdGE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [23]─HS, SDM. caprae2007, Caba?es & Boekhout ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Caba?es</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>638</RecNum><DisplayText>[39]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>638</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">638</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Caba?es, F. J.</author><author>Theelen, B.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Grup de Micologia Veterinaria. Departament de Sanitat i d' Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two new lipid-dependent </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species from domestic animals</style></title><secondary-title>FEMS Yeast Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Yeast Res</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS yeast research</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1064-1076.</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 16</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>17367513</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[39]HS (goats)─M. equina2007, Caba?es & Boekhout ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Caba?es</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>638</RecNum><DisplayText>[39]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>638</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">638</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Caba?es, F. J.</author><author>Theelen, B.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Grup de Micologia Veterinaria. Departament de Sanitat i d' Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two new lipid-dependent </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species from domestic animals</style></title><secondary-title>FEMS Yeast Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Yeast Res</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS yeast research</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1064-1076.</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 16</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>17367513</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[39]M. equiHS, LS (horses)─M. cuniculi2011, Caba?es & Castella ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>920</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>920</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">920</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Vega, S.</author><author>Castella, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>40-48</pages><volume>49</volume><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20560865</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]HS (rabbits)─M. arunalokei2016, Honnavar, Rudramurthy,& Prasad [11]─HS, SDM. brasiliensis2016, Caba?es et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1844</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1844</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772724">1844</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Coutinho, S. D.</author><author>Puig, L.</author><author>Bragulat, M. R.</author><author>Castella, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: javier.cabanes@uab.es.
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots</title><secondary-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</full-title></periodical><pages>92-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aves</keyword><keyword>Birds</keyword><keyword>Especiacion</keyword><keyword>Loros</keyword><keyword>Malassezia brasiliensis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia psittaci</keyword><keyword>Parrots</keyword><keyword>Speciation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr-Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2173-9188 (Electronic)
1130-1406 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27184440</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[28]HS (parrots)─M. psittaci2016, Caba?es et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cabanes</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1844</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1844</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482772724">1844</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Coutinho, S. D.</author><author>Puig, L.</author><author>Bragulat, M. R.</author><author>Castella, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: javier.cabanes@uab.es.
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots</title><secondary-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</full-title></periodical><pages>92-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Aves</keyword><keyword>Birds</keyword><keyword>Especiacion</keyword><keyword>Loros</keyword><keyword>Malassezia brasiliensis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia psittaci</keyword><keyword>Parrots</keyword><keyword>Speciation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr-Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2173-9188 (Electronic)
1130-1406 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27184440</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[28]HS (parrots)─M. vespertilionis2018, Lorch et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorch</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2239</RecNum><DisplayText>[29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2239</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1536921093">2239</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lorch, J. M.</author><author>Palmer, J. M.</author><author>Vanderwolf, K. J.</author><author>Schmidt, K. Z.</author><author>Verant, M. L.</author><author>Weller, T. J.</author><author>Blehert, D. S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia verspertilionis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats.</style></title><secondary-title>Persoonia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Persoonia</full-title></periodical><pages>56-70</pages><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]HS (bats)──, not reported; AD, atopic dermatitis; HS, healthy skin; LS, lesional skin; PV, pityriasis versicolor; SD, seborrheoic dermatitis; OT, otitis. 3. Historical aspects of Malassezia yeasts as skin pathogens in dogs and cats3.1 Introduction: Prehistory facilitating discoveryAnalysis of the history of scientific discovery highlights the influence of language and geography, the role of experts and opinion leaders in study centres or in the modern day ‘centres of excellence’, and wider cultural effects that may retard or enhance investigation and implementation of technological advances in the pursuit of scientific progress. The fascinating history of the genus Malassezia and its role in disease spans four centuries and three continents and extends from early microscopical observations through to present day genome sequencing. After a [final] flurry of controversy in the late 20th century, this body of evidence culminated in development of the disease model that veterinarians use today. Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s use of a simple, single lens microscope (circa 1675) opened up a new world of cells, microorganisms and their disease-causing interactions. However, no advance is a single event: van Leeuwenhoek’s use of the microscope originated from the Romans’ observation that glass magnified objects; the art of grinding glass by 14th century Italians who produced spectacles that improved eye sight; and latterly the Dutch Janssen brothers’ manufacture of the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube. However, many subsequent discoveries were made before Malassezia yeasts were recognised as a commensal that was capable of causing skin disease in humans and animals given the appropriate conditions and stimuli. 3.2 The first reports of the yeast and disease.3.2.1. Early reports1846 Karl Ferdinand Eichstedt was the first to observe hyphal elements and blastoconidia in scale from his patients and attributed these to cause a human skin disease he called “Pityriasis versicolor”. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Eichstedt</Author><Year>1846</Year><RecNum>2215</RecNum><DisplayText>[40]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524392684">2215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eichstedt, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pilzbildung in der pityriasis versicolor</title><secondary-title>Froriep Neue Notiz Natur Heilk</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Froriep Neue Notiz Natur Heilk</full-title></periodical><pages>270</pages><volume>39</volume><dates><year>1846</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[40] 1853 Charles Robin named Eichstedt’s fungus as Microsporon furfur, believing it to be a dermatophyte, and termed the associated skin disease “Tinea versicolor”. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Robin</Author><Year>1853</Year><RecNum>2216</RecNum><DisplayText>[41]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524392811">2216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Robin, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Histoire naturelle des vegetaux parasites qui croissent sur l'homme et sur les anumaux vivants</title></titles><dates><year>1853</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>J. B. Balliere</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]1873 Sebastiano Rivolta, an Italian veterinarian, noticed a double-contour budding yeast in human “psoriatic” scales and gave them the name Cryptococcus psoriasis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rivolta</Author><Year>1873</Year><RecNum>2217</RecNum><DisplayText>[42]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2217</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524393254">2217</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rivolta, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dei Parassiti Vegetali: Come Introduzione Allo Studio Delle Malattie Parassitarie E Delle Alterazioni Dell' Alimento Degli Animali Domestici</title></titles><section>469-471</section><dates><year>1873</year></dates><pub-location>Torino</pub-location><publisher>Kessinger </publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[42] 1874 Frenchman Louis Charles Malassez ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Malassez</Author><Year>1874</Year><RecNum>11603</RecNum><DisplayText>[43]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11603</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r0rewp5f09ps9xerw9ax2fdiwa9pxvasddf2" timestamp="1501220984">11603</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Malassez, L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple</title><secondary-title>Arch Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Arch Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>451-459</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>1874</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[43] suggested that Microsporon furfur caused dandruff and correctly differentiated the yeast into genus of single cell fungi (“Saccharomyces”) rather than the dermatophyte complex. For this correction, his name was ultimately attached to the genus. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Malassez</Author><Year>1874</Year><RecNum>2218</RecNum><DisplayText>[44]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2218</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524393560">2218</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Malassez, L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple</title><secondary-title>Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry</full-title><abbr-1>Arch. Physiol. Biochem.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Arch Physiol Biochem</abbr-2><abbr-3>Archives of Physiology & Biochemistry</abbr-3></periodical><pages>451-459</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>1874</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[44]3.2.2. Attempts at classification without laboratory isolation 1884 Bizzozero studied these microbes and described them to be part of normal human skin flora. He claimed there were two different species and named them Saccharomyces ovalis and S. sphaericus. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bizzozero</Author><Year>1884</Year><RecNum>2219</RecNum><DisplayText>[45]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2219</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524393813">2219</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bizzozero, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>?ber die Mikrophyten der normalen Oberhaut des Menschen</title><secondary-title>Virchow Archives of Pathology and Anatomy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Virchow Archives of Pathology and Anatomy</full-title></periodical><pages>441-459</pages><volume>98</volume><dates><year>1884</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[45] However, these were later shown to be a single species. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sabouraud</Author><Year>1904</Year><RecNum>2220</RecNum><DisplayText>[46]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2220</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524394122">2220</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sabouraud, R. J. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Maladies du Cuir Chevelu. II. Les Maladies Desquamatives.</title></titles><dates><year>1904</year></dates><pub-location>Paris</pub-location><publisher>Masson et Cie</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[46] 1889 Baillon created the genus Malassezia to accommodate M furfur, in honour of Malassez, who was already acknowledged as having described the new species – at least in the French-speaking scientific community. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baillon</Author><Year>1889</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Baillon, E H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Traité de Botanique Médicale Cryptogaminique</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">234-5</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1889</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Paris</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Doin</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17] However this particular yeast could not be grown and isolated in laboratory conditions, as its lipid requirement in culture media were as yet unknown. 1910 Raymond Sabouraud, a prominent medical mycologist, proposed the name Pityrosporum malassezi for this bottle shaped yeast thought to cause human dandruff. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sabouraud</Author><Year>1910</Year><RecNum>2221</RecNum><DisplayText>[47]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524394376">2221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sabouraud, R. J. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Maladies du Cuir Chevelu.</title></titles><volume>3</volume><dates><year>1910</year></dates><pub-location>Paris</pub-location><publisher>Masson et Cie</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[47]1913 Alfred Kraus was able to culture P malassezi in a medium containing lanolin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kraus</Author><Year>1913</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><DisplayText>[48]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>338</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">338</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kraus, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Uber das wesen des sogenannten Unnaschen Flaschenbazillus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">723-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">106</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1913</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[48] In a prime example of the effect of geography and historical events on scientific discovery, this German scientist’s work was largely overlooked with the onset of the First World War.3.2.3. Diseases associated with Malassezia1925 Weidman reported bottle shaped yeast from the scale of the single horned Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) with a generalised exfoliative dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weidman</Author><Year>1925</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>[38]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Weidman, F D</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Fox, H</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Exfoliative dermatitis in the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) with description of a new yeast species, Pityrosporum pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Report of the Laboratory Museum Comparative Pathology Zoological Society</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">36-45</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1925</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Philadelphia</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparative Pathology Zoological Society</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[38] In contrast to M furfur this yeast cultivated readily on routine media without lipid supplementation. Weidman classified the yeast in the genus Pityrosporum with the species name P pachydermatis. The rhinoceros responded rapidly to topical therapy with 1% salicylic acid in lard. 1928-9 McLeod and Dowling part-fulfilled Koch’s postulates by isolation of M furfur from humans with seborrhoeic dermatitis in an oleic acid broth. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacLeod</Author><Year>1928</Year><RecNum>2222</RecNum><DisplayText>[49, 50]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524394684">2222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacLeod, J.</author><author>Dowling, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An experimental study of the pityrosporon of Malassez: its morphology, cultivation and pathogenicity.</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Br. J. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br J Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>139-148</pages><volume>40</volume><dates><year>1928</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dowling</Author><Year>1929</Year><RecNum>2223</RecNum><record><rec-number>2223</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524394834">2223</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dowling, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidermal infectiosn with yeast-like organisms.</title><secondary-title>British Medical Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Medical Journal</full-title><abbr-1>Br. Med. J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br Med J</abbr-2></periodical><pages>947</pages><volume>2</volume><dates><year>1929</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[49, 50] They then inoculated lesion-free skin of a person with seborrhoeic dermatitis and a normal human with the broth isolate and reproduced seborrhoeic lesions in both, from which they re-isolated M furfur. An incidental finding was an association between the dandruff, yeast and a concurrent coccoid bacterium that was carefully separated and subcultured. MacLeod and Dowling regarded these pyogenic micrococci as secondary invaders, even accepting it was constantly associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacLeod</Author><Year>1928</Year><RecNum>10403</RecNum><DisplayText>[51]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r0rewp5f09ps9xerw9ax2fdiwa9pxvasddf2" timestamp="1500293585">10403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacLeod, JMH</author><author>Dowling, GB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An experimental study of the pityrosporon of Malassez: Its morphology, cultivation and pathogenicity</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>BR. J. DERMATOL.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>139-148</pages><volume>40</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1928</year></dates><isbn>1365-2133</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[51]. Interestingly, MacLeod and Dowling referred to 3 names of the yeast in their work: the ‘spore of Malassez’, ‘Pityrosporum of Sabouraud’ or the ‘flask bacillus of Unna’. Until now, no consensus had been reached as to whether these names covered a single organism, whether it was pathogenic and what disease was caused. This work was later confirmed by Moore and his research team. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>1936</Year><RecNum>2224</RecNum><DisplayText>[52]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2224</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524395373">2224</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moore, M.</author><author>Kile, R. L.</author><author>Engman, M. F.</author><author>Engman, M. F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pityrosporum ovale (bottle baccilus of unna, spore of malassez): cultivation and possible role in seborrhoeic dermatitis.</title><secondary-title>Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology</full-title></periodical><pages>457-472</pages><volume>33</volume><dates><year>1936</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[52] These publications, discussions and controversies were a prerequisite to unravelling the role of Malassezia spp. in skin diseases of the dog and cat. 3.2.4. The controversy and ‘Dark Years’: 1940 to 19601940-1960 are known as the ‘Dark Years’ and spanned a period of more controversy. The hard won progress in the field was forgotten as a consequence of the Second World War and the overwhelming effect of cortisone treatment becoming available in the late 1940s, to which human seborrhoeic dermatitis responded. The role of Malassezia yeasts in the disease was thus forgotten.1970 The systematics were rectified when Sloff in Lodder’s ‘The Yeasts, a taxonomic study’ assigned all Pityrosporum that grew on media without lipid enrichment as single species of P pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lodder</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>2225</RecNum><DisplayText>[53]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524395695">2225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lodder, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Yeasts: a taxonomic study.</title></titles><edition>2</edition><dates><year>1970</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>North-Holland Publishing Company</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[53] 1984, The third edition of ‘The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study’ (Yarrow and Ahearn) referred to the new genus Malassezia and confirmed that one species grew without lipid enrichment. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yarrow</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText>[54]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yarrow, D.</author><author>Ahearn, D. G.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Kreger Van Rij, N. J. W.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Genus 7. Malassezia Baillon</title><secondary-title>The-yeasts.-A-taxonomic-study. </secondary-title></titles><pages>882-885.</pages><edition>3rd</edition><keywords><keyword>taxonomy-</keyword><keyword>identification-</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz380</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[54] ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yarrow</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>3968</RecNum><DisplayText>[55]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r0rewp5f09ps9xerw9ax2fdiwa9pxvasddf2">3968</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yarrow, D, Ahearn D </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Genus 7 Malassezia Baillon</title><secondary-title>The Yeasts (Third Revised and Enlarged Edition)</secondary-title></titles><pages>882-885</pages><dates><year>1984</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>978-0-444-80421-1</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[55]. This was later officially added into the taxonomical order. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cannon</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText>[56]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Cannon, P F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">International Commision on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF): name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance. Part 2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Microbiological sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Microbiological Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Microbiol. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Microbiol Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">285-7</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">3</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[56]1990 A new species, Malassezia sympodialis was described ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Simmons</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>3969</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3969</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r0rewp5f09ps9xerw9ax2fdiwa9pxvasddf2">3969</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Simmons, Robert B</author><author>Gueho, Eveline</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new species of Malassezia</title><secondary-title>Mycological research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1146-1149</pages><volume>94</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>1990</year></dates><isbn>0953-7562</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Simmons</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><record><rec-number>87</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">87</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Simmons, R. B.</author><author>Gueho, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new species of Malassezia</title><secondary-title>Mycological Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1146-1149</pages><volume>94</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>taxonomy-</keyword><keyword>descriptions-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>ears-</keyword><keyword>scalp-</keyword><keyword>predisposition-</keyword><keyword>acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome</keyword><keyword>Malassezia-sympodialis</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz380</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19] and by 1996 four new species were added to the genus. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>347</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guého, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Midgley, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Guillot, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">with description of four new species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Antonie van Leeuwenhook</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">337-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">69</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20] This species was later isolated from a cat by Bond et al. in 1996. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>326</RecNum><DisplayText>[57]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>326</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">326</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R</author><author>Anthony, R. M.</author><author>Dodd, M</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia sympodialis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from feline skin.</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Med. Vet. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Med Vet Mycol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Journal of Medical & Veterinary Mycology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>145-147</pages><volume>34</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[57]3.2.5 Modern TechnologyCurrently there are 17 different species of Malassezia.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXN0ZWxsYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [35, 58] The genus continues to expand and this is likely to continue as the classical ‘bottom-up’ microbiological approaches merge with organism-level genomics and community or ‘systems--level meta-genomics. 3.3 Malassezia yeasts in animals3.3.1. Canine ear and skin disease: the first reports (1951 to 1999).The discovery of Malassezia in animals occurred at a much later date than in the human host. As mentioned, Weidman isolated yeasts from the skin of a rhinoceros in 1925, but research in domestic animals largely re-started 30 years later. 3.3.2. Malassezia yeasts in the canine and feline ear 1955 Gustafson was the first to notice a bottle shaped yeast in otitis externa of a dog; he correctly recognized them as Pityrosporum and created a new species P. canis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gustafson</Author><Year>1955</Year><RecNum>151</RecNum><DisplayText>[59]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Gustafson, B A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Otitis externa in the dog. A bacteriological and experimental study</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">117</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1955</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Stockholm</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Royal Veterinary College</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[59] This was in error as he had misread Lodder’s description and failed to consider Weidman’s discovery of the yeast in rhinoceros skin, which grew without lipid enrichment. Gustafson was able to induce a spontaneously-resolving erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa in healthy dogs by the application of a suspension of ‘P. canis’ to the external ear canal. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gustafson</Author><Year>1955</Year><RecNum>151</RecNum><DisplayText>[59]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Gustafson, B A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Otitis externa in the dog. A bacteriological and experimental study</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">117</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1955</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Stockholm</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Royal Veterinary College</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[59]1961 Fraser also isolated and studied strains of yeast from healthy and diseased dog ears and correctly ascribed all as P pachydermatis. During the next two decades, a number of studies showed the connection between canine otitis externa and P pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sinha</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>252</RecNum><DisplayText>[60]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Sinha, B K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Mohapatra, L N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kumar, R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Studies on otitis externa in dogs. 1. Survey of aetiological agents: fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Mykosen</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mykosen</full-title><abbr-1>Mykosen</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mykosen</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">63-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">19</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[60]1974 Baxter and Lawler reported that dogs with long and pendulous ear were more prone to otitis externa. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baxter</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>357</RecNum><DisplayText>[61]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>357</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">357</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Baxter, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lawler, D C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The incidence and microbiology of otitis externa of dogs and cats in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">New Zealand Veterinary Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>New Zealand Veterinary Journal</full-title><abbr-1>N. Z. Vet. J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>N Z Vet J</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">29-32</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">20</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[61]1976 Baxter also showed that, unlike previously thought, the frequency of isolation of P pachydermatis was comparability in healthy ears and in cases of otitis externa in dogs and cats ears. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baxter</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>250</RecNum><DisplayText>[62]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baxter, M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The association of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with the normal external ear canal of dogs and cats</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>231-4</pages><volume>17</volume><dates><year>1976</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[62] 3.3.3. Canine skin disease.In today’s world, English is the language of commerce and science, so native English only speakers who read and publish in English are at a disadvantage, as illustrated by the publication history of the association of M. pachydermatis in canine skin disease. 1975 Dufait was the first to describe the skin disease, but in a local veterinary journal written in Dutch. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dufait</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>2228</RecNum><DisplayText>[63]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524397731">2228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dufait, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some cases of canine dermatitis probably due to yeasts (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Candida</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">).</style></title><secondary-title>Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift</full-title></periodical><pages>92-94</pages><volume>44</volume><dates><year>1975</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[63] Also later, several non-English language studies were published PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EdWZhaXQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgxPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [64-66], all describing canine Malassezia dermatitis; however, without a widespread English audience, many itchy dogs suffered as a result of this disadvantage.1987 Mason [40] spoke about 3 canine Malassezia dermatitis cases at the American Academy of Veterinary Dermatology Phoenix meeting, creating objection and controversy, although another veterinary dermatologist from private speciality practice advised that he has seen a similar case. Similar discussions ensued at a lecture in 1992 at the British Veterinary Dermatology Study Group spring meeting. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>227</RecNum><DisplayText>[67]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>227</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">227</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Mason, K V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Seborrhoeic dermatitis - the aetiology rediscovered</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">6-12</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">14</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">British Veterinary Dermatology Study Group</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[67] One highlight of the debate was mention of Shuster’s publication that showed that dandruff was clearly associated with ‘Pityrosporum ovale’, elegantly dismissing the distorted view that effective dandruff treatments were cytostatic rather than antimycotic in action. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shuster</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>2230</RecNum><DisplayText>[68]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2230</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524398888">2230</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shuster, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The aetiology of dandruff and the mode of action of therapeutic agents</title><secondary-title>Br J Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Br. J. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br J Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>235-42</pages><volume>111</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cell Division</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Seborrheic/drug therapy/*etiology/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications</keyword><keyword>Epidermis/pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Scalp/pathology</keyword><keyword>Scalp Dermatoses/drug therapy/*etiology/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-0963 (Print)
0007-0963 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>6235835</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[68] 1988 Larsson et al. drew attention to Malassezia skin disease in the English language by describing the skin disease associated with P pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Larsson</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>103</RecNum><DisplayText>[69]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Larsson, C. E.</author><author>Gandra, C. R. P.</author><author>Larsson, Mhma</author><author>Hagiwara, M. K.</author><author>Amaral, R. C.</author><author>Fernandes, W. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatitis in dogs caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title>Ars Veterinaria</secondary-title></titles><pages>63-68</pages><volume>4</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1988</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[69] Mason and Evans confirmed and expanded on those earlier observations, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><DisplayText>[70]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>81</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">81</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author><author>Evans, A. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dermatitis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis in 11 dogs</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Anim Hosp Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>13-20</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Symptoms-</keyword><keyword>Drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole-</keyword><keyword>Miconazole-</keyword><keyword>Case-reports</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>Ll800</keyword><keyword>ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[70] although acceptance by the veterinary profession was not universal. 1992 Pedersen published in Danish a 10 case series of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pedersen</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><DisplayText>[71]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">42</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pedersen, K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Seborrheic dermatitis in 10 dogs caused by Malassezia pachydermatis. An overlooked problem</title><secondary-title>Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift</secondary-title></titles><pages>513-520</pages><volume>75</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Case-reports</keyword><keyword>Histopathology-</keyword><keyword>Cytology-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[71] He described the cytology, mycology, histopathology and the results of antifungal treatment. The before and after clinical photographs left no doubt about the dramatic health and welfare benefits of the antifungal therapy in these cases. 1996 Mason et al. followed up on knowledge of Malassezia associated dermatitis, staphylococcal pyoderma and demodicosis and integrated these into a unifying concept of skin commensals as opportunistic and complementary pathogens. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1990</RecNum><DisplayText>[72]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1990</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1517755411">1990</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, I. S.</author><author>Mason, K. V.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Staphylococcus intermedius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Demodex canis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>119-132</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[72] By this time, the initial controversy that had dogged the profession regarding the significance of Malassezia yeasts as a cause for dermatitis in the canine had largely settled.Present day Currently, Malassezia pachydermatis is now well-recognized as a commensal yeast of dog’s skin and mucosa, and overgrowth is commonly associated with otitis externa and dermatitis. Research continues in further characterising the relative pathogenicity the different species and genotypes, and elucidating the factors that drive the conversion to pathogen (Figures 1a-c). 3.3.4 The Cat and Malassezia yeasts: rare or common? The role of Malassezia spp. in feline skin disease beyond the ear canal had not aroused much interest until the research into canine and human Malassezia spp. carriage and associated dermatitis prompted some further work in the mid to late 1990’s. 1976 Baxter was the first to report on Malassezia pachydermatis in cat ears and as previously mentioned, found that Malassezia were also present in the ears of healthy animals. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baxter</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>250</RecNum><DisplayText>[62]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baxter, M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The association of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with the normal external ear canal of dogs and cats</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>231-4</pages><volume>17</volume><dates><year>1976</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[62]. In 1990 Hajsig and Hajsig confirmed that M pachydermatis is a normal part of cat skin microflora. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hajsig</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>133</RecNum><DisplayText>[73]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">133</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hajsig, D.</author><author>Hajsig, M.</author><author>Svoboda Vukovic, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in healthy cats</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinarski Arhiv</secondary-title></titles><pages>69-73</pages><volume>60</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Staphylococcus-intermedius</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[73] At the time Malassezia dermatitis was considered extremely rare or unknown in the cat. A causal relationship between the overgrowth of Malassezia in the cat and the development of seborrheic dermatitis was proposed during the 1994 American College of Veterinary Dermatology meeting by Mason et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1975</RecNum><DisplayText>[74]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1975</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514823942">1975</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author><author>Carlotti, D. N. </author><author>Miller, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis associated dermatitis in the cat. </title><secondary-title>American Academy of Veterinary Dermatology and American College of Veterinary Dermatology Annual Meeting</secondary-title></titles><pages>??</pages><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Charleston, South Carolina</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[74] The two cats discussed had generalized exfoliative and greasy erythroderma, which responded to antifungal therapy. 1996 The isolation of M. globosa from skin of a healthy cheetah (Acinonix jubatus) represented the first report of lipid-dependent Malassezia spp from Felidae. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWlsbG90PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [20, 75] Bond et al. isolated the first lipid dependent species (Malassezia sympodialis) from domestic cat skin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>326</RecNum><DisplayText>[57]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>326</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">326</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R</author><author>Anthony, R. M.</author><author>Dodd, M</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia sympodialis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from feline skin.</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Med. Vet. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Med Vet Mycol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Journal of Medical & Veterinary Mycology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>145-147</pages><volume>34</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[57] Subsequent research by the same group and other researchers in Spain and Japan led to the isolation of M. globosa, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>366</RecNum><DisplayText>[76]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>366</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">366</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Howell, S A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Haywood, P J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia sympodialis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia globosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">from healthy pet cats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">200-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">141</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[76] M. furfur, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DcmVzcG88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80-82] from domestic cats. 2002 Mauldin et al. evaluated the presence of Malassezia yeasts in feline skin specimens submitted for histopathological examination from 1999 to 2000. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>464</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Goldschmidt, M. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Studies, Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. emauldin@vet.upenn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Retrospective study: the presence of Malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>7-13</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Pennsylvania/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Records/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11896965</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83] Of the 15 cats with Malassezia, 11 presented with an acute onset of multifocal to generalized skin lesions and were euthanised or died within 2 months of the onset of clinical signs. In contrast to humans and dog, Malassezia overgrowth in the cat, in the absence of hypersensitivity disorder or a breed predilection (Devon rex, Sphynx) may indicate a poor prognosis due to an association with life-threatening systemic diseases. 3.4 ConclusionsThe history of the association between Malassezia yeasts and its animal hosts has been long mired in controversy. Recent genomic studies have elucidated previously problematical aspects of taxonomy and indicated that genotypes and species of Malassezia are evolving as an adaptation to particular host ecological niches. Having been previously overlooked, canine Malassezia dermatitis has evolved from a controversial to a routine now diagnosis in small animal practice, with very significant welfare benefits for many patients. Fig.1a-c Graph of the numbers of publications on M. pachydermatis by year, and for dogs and catsEcology and EpidemiologyIntroductionMalassezia yeasts are common skin commensals in warm-blooded vertebrates. The loss of fatty acid synthetase genes (section 2), resulting in a requirement for a lipid source for growth, is likely one factor linking them to animal hosts. In a recent review, Theelen et al. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaGVlbGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [84] proposed a concept wherein Malassezia yeasts are potential pathogens that operate in a pliable, physiological ‘transitional mantel zone’ that is influenced by both host skin and the animal’s external environment. Thus yeast proliferation may be enhanced by either favourable environmental conditions (heat, humidity) and or changes in host susceptibility (section 7).Many culture-based studies have been carried out worldwide both in humans and in animals (especially in dogs) to better understand the ecology of Malassezia species on healthy skin and in cases of cutaneous lesions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gaitanis</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1177</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gaitanis, G.</author><author>Magiatis, P.</author><author>Hantschke, M.</author><author>Bassukas, I. D.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece. ggaitan@cc.uoi.gr</auth-address><titles><title>The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases</title><secondary-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</secondary-title><alt-title>Clinical microbiology reviews</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>106-41</pages><volume>25</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*isolation & purification/*pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/*epidemiology/*microbiology/pathology/therapy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22232373</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[33] Results are rarely comparable between studies because different sampling procedures, culture media, and identification techniques have been used. The influence of sampling methods and culture media on yeast counts are reviewed in section 8. However, the general conclusion is that M.?pachydermatis remains so far the most important and prevalent species in dogs while lipid-dependent species are detected quite frequently in certain animal species (like cats) or body sites. Some of these lipid-dependent species seem to be host-specific (Table 1). In humans, three species (M. globosa, M. restricta and M. sympodialis) predominate.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaGVlbGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [84] Interestingly human-related species may have a different geographical distribution; M. dermatis has been isolated in East Asia, M. arunalokei in India, whereas M. obtusa was mostly reported from Sweden, Canada, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYWl0YW5pczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [27, 33]Malassezia yeasts have been isolated from almost all domestic animals, different wild animals in captivity but also from wildlife. An exhaustive list of potential animal hosts was provided by Sugita et al. in 2010. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugita</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2111</RecNum><DisplayText>[85]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524069713">2111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugita, T.</author><author>Boekhout, T</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author><author>Guillot, J</author><author>Hadina, S</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemiology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-related skin diseases.</style></title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the Skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>65-119</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Heidelberg</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[85] In addition, the presence of Malassezia-like organisms has been reported in a wide range of environmental habitats, from deep sea sediments, hydrothermal vents and arctic soils, to marine sponges, stony corals, eels, lobster larvae, and nematodes.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbWVuZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [89] In a study performed in newborn Rottweiler puppies, Malassezia yeasts were recovered from around 40% of samples collected from the lips, nail beds and ears, at three, seven and 35 days of age. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wagner</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2114</RecNum><DisplayText>[90]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2114</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524074737">2114</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wagner, R.</author><author>Schadler, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Medical Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, Vienna, Austria.</auth-address><titles><title>Qualitative study of Malassezia species colonisation in young puppies</title><secondary-title>Vet Rec</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>192-4</pages><volume>147</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Lip/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/growth & development/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0042-4900 (Print)
0042-4900 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10985463</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[90]Several investigators have explored Malassezia colonization in various anatomical regions of different breeds of adult healthy dogs; example studies that utilised cultural methods are summarised in Table 2. Although there is some variability in the data, reflecting in part varied sampling methods, it can be seen that the peri-oral / lip region and interdigital skin is frequently (60-80%) colonised by M. pachydermatis in healthy pet dogs of various breeds, whereas the yeast is less-often (<25%) detected in the skin of the axilla, groin and dorsum. Using cytological techniques, Kennis et al. reported the highest number of Malassezia on the chin region, while inguinal and axillary zones presented the lowest number. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kennis</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><DisplayText>[91]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>348</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">348</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kennis, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Rosser, E. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Olivier, N. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Walker, R. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Quantity and distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">organisms on the skin of clinically normal dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1048-1051</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">208</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[91] The perianal skin and anal mucosa is a frequent (~50%) carriage site whereas nasal and oral carriage is less frequent. Malassezia yeasts were identified by cytological methods in 10-31% of examined anal sacs in two studies of groups of healthy dogs, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pappalardo</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2116</RecNum><DisplayText>[92]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524137559">2116</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pappalardo, E.</author><author>Martino, P. A.</author><author>Noli, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Milan, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Macroscopic, cytological and bacteriological evaluation of anal sac content in normal dogs and in dogs with selected dermatological diseases</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>315-22</pages><volume>13</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Anal Sacs/*cytology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology/physiopathology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/physiopathology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hair/cytology/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Pyoderma/microbiology/physiopathology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Skin/cytology/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [92, 93] Malassezia yeasts were detected on the periocular skin of only 3 out of 56 (5%) clinically normal dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Newbold</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2118</RecNum><DisplayText>[94]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524143306">2118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Newbold, G. M.</author><author>Outerbridge, C. A.</author><author>Kass, P. H.</author><author>Maggs, D. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia spp on the periocular skin of dogs and their association with blepharitis, ocular discharge, and the application of ophthalmic medications</title><secondary-title>J Am Vet Med Assoc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1304-8</pages><volume>244</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>*Administration, Ophthalmic</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage</keyword><keyword>Blepharitis/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Odds Ratio</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1943-569X (Electronic)
0003-1488 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24846431</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[94] Basset hounds show a marked breed variation, with significantly increased frequencies and population sizes of M. pachydermatis in the nose, mouth, vulva and axilla. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>351</RecNum><DisplayText>[95]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Skin and mucosal populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in healthy and seborrhoeic basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Dermatology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">101-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">8</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]Studies of oral carriage of Malassezia may have relevance as a source of transfer to the skin.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [96-98] Twice-weekly application of a miconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo to seborrheic Basset hounds resulted in a significant reduction of M. pachydermatis populations in both the skin and mouth. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>[96]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">446</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The effect of topical therapy on </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis on oral carriage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">725-726</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">142</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[96] Another study pointed out the possible transfer of Malassezia yeasts between the perioral area and pruritic skin lesions of the inguinal area and the perioral area as a consequence of frequent licking, and between undamaged interdigital region as a result of persistent scratching.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [103, 104] However, the presence of M. furfur was confirmed by molecular biology in dogs with cutaneous lesions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Machado</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1179</RecNum><DisplayText>[105]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Machado, M. L.</author><author>Ferreiro, L.</author><author>Ferreira, R. R.</author><author>Corbellini, L. G.</author><author>Deville, M.</author><author>Berthelemy, M.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service of Dermatology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. mauro.machado@ufrgs.br</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia dermatitis in dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>22</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Brazil/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [106] in Brazil. In a recent survey in Slovakia, mycological cultures performed from dogs with cutaneous lesions (n=118) and dogs with otitis externa (n=328) yielded M. pachydermatis as the most frequently isolated species (121 isolates); however, four lipid-dependent isolates were identified as M. furfur and one as M. nana. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sihelska</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>2119</RecNum><DisplayText>[107]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2119</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524145339">2119</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sihelska, Z.</author><author>Vaczi, P.</author><author>Conkova, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Species composition of Malassezia yeasts in dogs in Slovakia</title><secondary-title>Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift</full-title><abbr-1>Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr</abbr-2></periodical><pages>351-4</pages><volume>129</volume><number>7-8</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/chemistry/classification/genetics</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Slovakia/epidemiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul-Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0005-9366 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80-82]. However, the original reports of isolation of M. furfur are based on phenotypic rather than molecular methods. The isolation of M. globosa from skin of a healthy cheetah (Acinonix jubatus) represented the first report of lipid-dependent Malassezia spp from cats. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWlsbG90PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [20, 75] In 2004, Hirai et al. described M. nana, a novel species from aural discharges of a cat and cows. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hirai</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>593</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">593</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hirai, A.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Makimura, K.</author><author>Duarte, E. R.</author><author>Hamdan, J. S.</author><author>Lachance, M. A.</author><author>Yamaguchi, H.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia nana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals</style></title><secondary-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>623-7</pages><volume>54</volume><number>Pt 2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Brazil</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Lipid Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15023986</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[24] Some lipid-dependent strains similar to the M. sympodialis type strain and isolated from cats were studied using DNA sequence analysis and grouped together with M. nana.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWJhw7FlczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDU8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [108] M. nana seems to be the most common lipid-dependent species isolated from cats, particularly in the ear canal, and similarities in the sequences of 3 loci of the rRNA gene ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Bellis</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>892</RecNum><DisplayText>[109]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>892</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">892</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Bellis, F.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Absence of DNA sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer 1 region in Malassezia nana isolates from cats</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1-4</pages><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 5</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1460-2709 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19657958</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[109] , ?-tubulin gene and microsatellite profiles ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Castella</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>2122</RecNum><DisplayText>[110]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2122</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524151954">2122</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Castella, G.</author><author>De Bellis, F.</author><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Gemma.Castella@uab.es</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular characterization of Malassezia nana isolates from cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>363-7</pages><volume>148</volume><number>2-4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>DNA Fingerprinting</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genes, Fungal</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Microsatellite Repeats</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20961713</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[110] indicate that a particular M. nana genotype predominates in this host. M. slooffiae is primarily but not exclusively associated with the feline claw fold. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>?hman</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>635</RecNum><DisplayText>[80]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>?hman, S.</author><author>Perrins, N.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carriage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. yeasts in healthy and seborrhoeic Devon Rex cats.</style></title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>449-455</pages><volume>45</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[80] M. pachydermatis is less frequently isolated from cats than from dogs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYWpzaWc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [73, 75] Marked variations in Malassezia populations have been reported in the external ear canal of healthy cats. Tater et al. identified Malassezia yeasts in 43 out of 52 healthy cats sampled in the winter months in NE USA. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tater</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2120</RecNum><DisplayText>[111]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2120</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524147107">2120</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tater, K. C.</author><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H., Jr.</author><author>Erb, H. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The cytology of the external ear canal in the normal dog and cat</title><secondary-title>J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med</full-title></periodical><pages>370-4</pages><volume>50</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Breeding</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gram-Positive Cocci/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Keratinocytes</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Yeasts/isolation & purification</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0931-184X (Print)
0931-184X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14633232</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[111] By contast, Pressanti et al. failed to identify yeasts in 20 health cats sampled in France; notably in the latter study, the presence of cerumen was an exclusion criterion whereas cerumen was noted in many of the US cats, especially amongst those with a purely indoor lifestyle. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pressanti</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2121</RecNum><DisplayText>[112]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524148659">2121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pressanti, C.</author><author>Drouet, C.</author><author>Cadiergues, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France c.pressanti@envt.fr.
Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparative study of aural microflora in healthy cats, allergic cats and cats with systemic disease</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><pages>992-6</pages><volume>16</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Rhinitis, Allergic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2750 (Electronic)
1098-612X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24509255</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[112] Malassezia yeasts were detected in 20% of cats with disease and in 43% of allergic cats. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pressanti</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2121</RecNum><DisplayText>[112]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524148659">2121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pressanti, C.</author><author>Drouet, C.</author><author>Cadiergues, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France c.pressanti@envt.fr.
Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparative study of aural microflora in healthy cats, allergic cats and cats with systemic disease</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><pages>992-6</pages><volume>16</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Rhinitis, Allergic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2750 (Electronic)
1098-612X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24509255</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[112]. Devon rex cats and Sphynx cats, but not Cornish rex cats, are prone to high carriage rates of Malassezia yeasts and a generalised seborrheic dermatitis that responds to oral itraconazole. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 113-115] Predisposing factors such as hypersensitivities and internal diseases that disrupt cornification are reviewed in section 7. 4.4 Malassezia yeasts as components of the cutaneous microbiomeThe original cutaneous microbiome studies mainly focused on prokaryotic inhabitants but fungi have recently received more attention in humans and also in dogs and cats.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NZWFzb24tU21pdGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9Z
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [116, 117] The first large-scale sequencing analysis which evaluated fungal diversity (“mycobiome”) on human skin clearly demonstrated that Malassezia yeasts are the most abundant fungal organisms on many human skin sites, as previously shown for the scalp.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HZW1tZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [118-120] In contrast to extensive bacterial diversity found at all human skin sites testedPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HcmljZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [121], the fungal diversity seems more site-dependent.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5kbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [120] Reanalysis of these metagenomic datasets using a more complete set of Malassezia genomes demonstrated the presence of 12 species, with M. restricta and M. globosa by far the most abundant, distantly followed by M. sympodialis.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8] The metagenomic analysis of skin samples from 40 asymptomatic individuals in Hong Kong revealed that 90% of the sequencing reads match M. restricta.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXVuZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [122] Another study investigating 40 asymptomatic individuals in Japan indicated that Malassezia population differed by sex, body part, and season.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ba2F6YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [123] Oh et al. reported a significant decrease in community diversity as an indication of skin disease in humans.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [116, 117, 125-127] Cusco et al. suggested that the main force driving the variability in microbiota composition was the individual, rather than the breed, hair coat or the skin site.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DdXNjbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [125] Meason-Smith et al. used NGS to define a much more diverse cutaneous mycobiota than that previously described with culture-based techniques in studies of healthy and allergic dogs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NZWFzb24tU21pdGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9Z
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [117] The cutaneous mycobiota appeared to be influenced by various factors including environmental exposure, cohabitation with other pets and skin health status. Surprising, Malassezia yeasts were not the most abundant fungal organisms on healthy canine skin. Sequences corresponding to filamentous contaminants from the environment (Alternaria, Cladosporium and Epicoccum spp.) were predominant. Furthermore, Meason-Smith et al. were unable to detect any significant differences in the relative abundance of Malassezia yeasts between healthy and allergic dogs. In a similar metagenomic analysis performed in healthy and allergic cats, the most abundant fungal sequences were identified as filamentous contaminants from the environment (Cladosporium and Alternaria spp.) and not Malassezia yeasts, which were identified in 30% and 21% of healthy and allergic cat samples, but rarely accounted for more than 1% of the relative fungal abundance.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NZWFzb24tU21pdGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9Z
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [116] SummaryMalassezia pachydermatis is a normal inhabitant of healthy canine skin and mucosae. M. pachydermatis also predominates in the skin of the domestic cat, although other species are occasionally identified, particularly M. nana in the ear canal and M. slooffiae in the claw fold. Population sizes vary markedly between anatomical sites, and between different breeds. Thus these commensal Malassezia populations provide a reservoir of yeasts that might proliferate and or induce an inflammatory response under the influence of various host predisposing factors. Table 2. Frequency of isolation (%) of M. pachydermatis from skin and mucosal sites in selected studies of healthy dogs of varying breedsHealthy laboratory beagle ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[128]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Saijonmaa Koulumies, L. E. M.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>147-150</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>laboratory-animals</keyword><keyword>pets-</keyword><keyword>microbial-flora</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>mucosa-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll040</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[128]Healthy Basset hounds PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [95, 129]Mixed breed pet dogs UK ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[128]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Saijonmaa Koulumies, L. E. M.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>147-150</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>laboratory-animals</keyword><keyword>pets-</keyword><keyword>microbial-flora</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>mucosa-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll040</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[128]Mixed breed pet dogs France ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>858</RecNum><DisplayText>[130]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>858</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">858</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Breugnot, C.</author><author>de Barros, M.</author><author>Chermette, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Unite de Parasitologie-Mycologie, URA INRA-DGER, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Direction Generale de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche (Ministere de l'Agriculture), Immunopathologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, E.</auth-address><titles><title>Usefulness of modified Dixon's medium for quantitative culture of Malassezia species from canine skin</title><secondary-title>J Vet Diagn Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation</full-title><abbr-1>J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Vet Diagn Invest</abbr-2></periodical><pages>384-6</pages><volume>10</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Agar</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cell Culture Techniques/methods</keyword><keyword>Culture Media</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1040-6387 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>9786534</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[130]Mixed breed pet dogs Italy PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [99]Nose0%69%10% [n=20]Mouth25%92%30%Anus55%54%50%Perianal skin95% CP61% MSPrepuce12.5%33%10% [n=10]Vulva20%80%8.5%External ear canal55%ND10%43%12% MSPinna100% CPPeri-orbital9% MSAxilla10% CP100% DS100% CP15% CPGroin25% CPND95% CP (umbilical)15% CP68% CA3% MSDorsum0% DSND0% DS9% MSLower lip75% CPND80% CP91% CP36% MSForefoot interdigital60% CPND60% CPHindfoot interdigital70% CPND60% CPUnspecified interdigital31% MSCA. carpet square sampling; CP, contact plate; DS, detergent scrub; MS, moistened swab5. Pathogenesis: virulence attributes amongst Malassezia yeasts.The interactions between Malassezia yeasts and the skin of their hosts, and the factors which influence transition from commensal to pathogen, are the subject of intensive scientific endeavour, especially pertaining to the common pathogens of humans (M. globosa, M. sympodialis, M. restricta, and M. furfur).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYWl0YW5pczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [33, 131] Comparative genomic studies following the recent sequencing of 14 Malassezia species have significantly advanced opportunities for understanding of the adaption of the genus to its limited ecological niches (mainly skin), elucidation of virulence attributes necessary for colonisation and infection, and identification of novel interventional targets for therapy.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8] In particular, the novel description of Agrobacterium tumifaciens-mediated transformation systems that allows for the insertion of transfer DNA and targeted gene deletion in M. furfur, M. sympodialis, and M. pachydermatis, and thus analysis of individual gene function, is certain to revolutionise our understanding of the biology of this genus.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JYW5pcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [14, 135, 136]), and composition (predominance of (1→6)-?-D-glucan, trace of mannan ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kruppa</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2050</RecNum><DisplayText>[137]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2050</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519923558">2050</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kruppa, M. D.</author><author>Lowman, D. W.</author><author>Chen, Y. H.</author><author>Selander, C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author><author>Monteiro, M. A.</author><author>Williams, D. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Microbiology, East Tennessee State University, James H Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614-1708, United States. Kruppa@etsu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Identification of (1-->6)-beta-D-glucan as the major carbohydrate component of the Malassezia sympodialis cell wall</title><secondary-title>Carbohydr Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbohydrate Research</full-title><abbr-1>Carbohydr. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Carbohydr Res</abbr-2></periodical><pages>2474-9</pages><volume>344</volume><number>18</number><keywords><keyword>Carbohydrate Conformation</keyword><keyword>Cell Wall/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/chemistry/*ultrastructure</keyword><keyword>Mannans/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Polysaccharides/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>beta-Glucans/*isolation & purification</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 14</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-426X (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [140-142] Thus, these commensal yeasts are likely highly regulated by continuous interactions with the host immune system (section 6) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gow</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>2044</RecNum><DisplayText>[143]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2044</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519837146">2044</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gow, N. A.</author><author>Hube, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. n.gow@abdn.ac.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Importance of the Candida albicans cell wall during commensalism and infection</title><secondary-title>Curr Opin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Current Opinion in Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Curr. Opin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Curr Opin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>406-12</pages><volume>15</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Candida albicans/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology</keyword><keyword>Candidiasis/*immunology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cell Wall/*immunology/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Fungal Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Symbiosis</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1879-0364 (Electronic)
1369-5274 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22609181</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[143], and these interactions ultimately determine whether the outcome is inflammation (ie fungal disease), or not. Adherence, the specific attachment of the microbe to host cells, is a key step in colonisation and infection of animals by commensal and pathogenic fungi. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aly</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>262</RecNum><DisplayText>[144]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>262</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">262</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Aly, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bibel, D J</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Noble, W C</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Adherence of skin microorganisms and the development of skin flora from birth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The skin microflora and microbial skin disease</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">355-72</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Cambridge</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[144] Adherence of M. pachydermatis to canine corneocytes has been recently reviewed in detail ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ashbee</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>922</RecNum><DisplayText>[145]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>922</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">922</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ashbee, H. R.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T</author><author>Gueho, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia species and immunity: host-pathogen interactions</title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>139-174</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Heildelberg.</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[145], and likely involves a small family of proteins that are covalently bound to cell wall carbohydrate and anchored to the plasma membrane. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HaW90aTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [146], reviewed by Ashbee and Bond. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ashbee</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>922</RecNum><DisplayText>[145]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>922</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">922</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ashbee, H. R.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T</author><author>Gueho, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia species and immunity: host-pathogen interactions</title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>139-174</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Heildelberg.</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[145] A change in host immunity, altered skin microclimate, or disruption in epidermal physiology associated with concurrent diseases (section 7) may predispose animals to clinical disease. Co-proliferation of staphylococci in the same lesions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147] may exacerbate clinical signs and necessitates concurrent antibacterial therapy in some cases.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3NhbGVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [117, 149-151] The Malassezia genus’ evolution to lipid-dependency is associated with a wide expansion of lipase and phospholipase genes, and loss of carbohydrate metabolism genes, although numbers of secreted proteins overall appear lower than those of related plant pathogens (section 2). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schuster</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2053</RecNum><DisplayText>[152]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2053</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519925822">2053</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schuster, M.</author><author>Schweizer, G.</author><author>Kahmann, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: kahmann@mpi-marburg.mpg.de.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparative analyses of secreted proteins in plant pathogenic smut fungi and related basidiomycetes</title><secondary-title>Fungal Genet Biol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Fungal Genetics and Biology</full-title><abbr-1>Fungal Genet. Biol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Fungal Genet Biol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Fungal Genetics & Biology</abbr-3></periodical><keywords><keyword>Basidiomycete fungi</keyword><keyword>Cas9</keyword><keyword>Comparative genomics</keyword><keyword>Multiplexing</keyword><keyword>Secretome</keyword><keyword>Ustilago maydis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 6</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1096-0937 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [153-155]. Phospholipase activity in M. pachydermatis is stimulated by the endogenous opioid peptide ? endorphin present in the skin of dogs with dermatoses PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [156]; activity was significantly higher amongst M. pachydermatis isolates derived from the dogs with otitis externa ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Teramoto</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1880</RecNum><DisplayText>[157]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1880</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482948302">1880</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Teramoto, H.</author><author>Kumeda, Y.</author><author>Yokoigawa, K.</author><author>Hosomi, K.</author><author>Kozaki, S.</author><author>Mukamoto, M.</author><author>Kohda, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Shinchitose Animal Clinic , Hokkaido , Japan ; Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan.
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Osaka , Japan.
Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Studies , University of Tokushima , Tokushima , Japan.
Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotyping and characterisation of the secretory lipolytic enzymes of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates collected from dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Rec Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Rec Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e000124</pages><volume>2</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Bacterial pathogenesis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Otitis media</keyword><keyword>Zoonoses</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2052-6113 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26392911</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[157] or skin lesions PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA4PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [158, 159] when compared with those obtained from the dogs with healthy external ears, or non-lesional skin, respectively. Similar observations have been made in pathogenic strains of M. restricta and M. globosa collected from lesions of seborrheic dermatitis in humans. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vlachos</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1183</RecNum><DisplayText>[160]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vlachos, C.</author><author>Gaitanis, G.</author><author>Alexopoulos, E. C.</author><author>Papadopoulou, C.</author><author>Bassukas, I. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Skin and Venereal Diseases Microbiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.</auth-address><titles><title>Phospholipase activity after beta-endorphin exposure discriminates Malassezia strains isolated from healthy and seborrhoeic dermatitis skin</title><secondary-title>J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology</abbr-3></periodical><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-3083 (Electronic)
0926-9959 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22757641</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[160] Genotypic variants of M. pachydermatis with high phospholipase activity induced higher expression of pro-inflammatory genes from cultured human keratinocytes. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buommino</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1856</RecNum><DisplayText>[161]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1856</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482775166">1856</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buommino, E.</author><author>Nocera, F. P.</author><author>Parisi, A.</author><author>Rizzo, A.</author><author>Donnarumma, G.</author><author>Mallardo, K.</author><author>Fiorito, F.</author><author>Baroni, A.</author><author>De Martino, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Correlation between genetic variability and virulence factors in clinical strains of Malassezia pachydermatis of animal origin</title><secondary-title>New Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>New Microbiologica</full-title><abbr-1>New Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>New Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>216-223</pages><volume>39</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Biofilm</keyword><keyword>Inflammatory response</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Phospholipase</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1121-7138 (Print)
1121-7138 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27284984</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[161] Laboratory data indicated that phospholipase production might act in synergism with biofilm formation (layers of adhering yeasts embedded in variable quantities of extracellular matrix) to induce or exacerbate skin lesions in dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Figueredo</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1886</RecNum><DisplayText>[162]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1886</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482952718">1886</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Desantis, S.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Zootecnia, Universita degli Studi di Bari, Str. prov.le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Biofilm formation of Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>126-31</pages><volume>160</volume><number>1-2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Biofilms</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Phospholipases/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 09</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22682201</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[162] By contrast, a secreted aspartyl protease from M. globosa inhibited S. aureus biofilm proliferation and rapidly hydrolysed protein A, a major staphylococcal virulence factor.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [163] The role of biofilm formation in potentially reducing susceptibility to antifungal drugs is discussed in section 10. Other enzymes from Malassezia yeasts such as acid sphingomyelinases and chitin deacetylases may also influence host-yeast interactions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Coelho</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>2049</RecNum><DisplayText>[164]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2049</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519920313">2049</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Coelho, M. A.</author><author>Sampaio, J. P.</author><author>Goncalves, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Centro de Recursos Microbiologicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciencias da Vida, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. madc@fct.unl.pt</auth-address><titles><title>Living and thriving on the skin: Malassezia genomes tell the story</title><secondary-title>MBio</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MBio</full-title></periodical><pages>e00117-13</pages><volume>4</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>DNA, Fungal/*chemistry/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Genome, Fungal</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2150-7511 (Electronic)</isbn><accession-num>23512963</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[164]Malassezia yeasts from human skin have the ability to synthesise in vitro a large panel of indolic compounds (mainly malassezin, indolo[3,2-b] carbazole, pityriacitrin, pityrialactone and indirubin) when tryptophan is used as the single nitrogen source. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gaitanis</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1177</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gaitanis, G.</author><author>Magiatis, P.</author><author>Hantschke, M.</author><author>Bassukas, I. D.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece. ggaitan@cc.uoi.gr</auth-address><titles><title>The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases</title><secondary-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</secondary-title><alt-title>Clinical microbiology reviews</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>106-41</pages><volume>25</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*isolation & purification/*pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/*epidemiology/*microbiology/pathology/therapy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22232373</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[33] These indoles act as potent ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nuclear receptor and transcriptional regulator with pleiotropic effects that include down-regulation of immune stimulation, modification of melanogenesis and epidermal cell function, and inhibition of antagonistic microbes.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZWxlZ3Jha2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [154, 165] A recent study suggested that M. pachydermatis is able to induce activation of the AhR in human keratinocytes and to increase the expression of responsive genes and markers of epidermal differentiation. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buommino</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2062</RecNum><DisplayText>[166]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1520602568">2062</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buommino, E.</author><author>Baroni, A.</author><author>Papulino, C.</author><author>Nocera, F. P.</author><author>Coretti, L.</author><author>Donnarumma, G.</author><author>De Filippis, A.</author><author>De Martino, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II,".
Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Dermatology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II".
Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis up-regulates AhR related CYP1A1 gene and epidermal barrier markers in human keratinocytes</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29462476</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[166] Since indole production was not detected in a study of 80 M. pachydermatis strains from canine otitis externa ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kiss</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2045</RecNum><DisplayText>[167]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2045</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519840427">2045</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kiss, G.</author><author>Radvanyi, S.</author><author>Szigeti, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Central Laboratory, University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary.</auth-address><titles><title>Characteristics of Malassezia pachydermatis strains isolated from canine otitis externa</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>313-21</pages><volume>39</volume><number>7-8</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Dog Diseases</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Endopeptidases/analysis</keyword><keyword>Esterases/analysis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*classification/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year><pub-dates><date>Jul-Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0933-7407 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [168, 169] but more recent work has highlighted their importance in fungal cell recognition by host phagocytic cells. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UYWRhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [170] C-type lectins are proteins that bind carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent (hence C) manner via highly-conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UYWRhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [174] In co-operation with Dectin-2, another C-type lectin that recognises a distinct hydrophilic O mannobiose-rich protein, Mincle and Dectin-2 collaborate to enhance production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, MIP-2 and IL-10 from mouse activated phagocytes exposed to Malassezia furfur. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Jc2hpa2F3YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [173] C-type lectin-mediated innate immune mechanisms are discussed further in section 6. SummaryThere have been significant recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between Malassezia yeasts and their hosts. The outcome of Malassezia growth in the stratum corneum is dependent upon the metabolic activities of the yeasts (expression of cell wall and secreted virulence attributes) and the host’s innate and adaptive immune defensive responses; interactions with other skin commensals (especially staphylococci) may also play a role. All these processes should ideally result in a delicately balanced homeostatic relationship. Further studies are required to define fully the parameters that dictate transitions between commensalism and parasitism that may yield opportunities for novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. 6. Pathogenesis: immunological responses to Malassezia yeasts and their clinical relevance in diagnosis/therapyThe presence of Malassezia organisms on the skin, both in normal and excessive numbers, is known to activate the skin immune system. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grice</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4909</RecNum><DisplayText>[175]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513652993">4909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grice, Elizabeth A.</author><author>Dawson, Thomas L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Host–microbe interactions: Malassezia and human skin</title><secondary-title>Current Opinion in Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Current Opinion in Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Curr. Opin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Curr Opin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>81-87</pages><volume>40</volume><number>Supplement C</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/12/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1369-5274</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[175] There is now compelling evidence that Malassezia antigens can stimulate innate, antibody and cell mediated immune responses, as well as triggering hypersensitivity reactions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Glatz</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>4910</RecNum><DisplayText>[176]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513653547">4910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Glatz, Martin</author><author>Bosshard, Philipp</author><author>Hoetzenecker, Wolfram</author><author>Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Role of Malassezia spp. in Atopic Dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1217</pages><volume>4</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2077-0383</isbn><accession-num>doi:10.3390/jcm4061217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[176] Although this immune response may offer a degree of protection in certain circumstances, it may also be harmful. In animals in which an overgrowth of organisms has occurred, or in individuals that are predisposed to allergic sensitization, the ensuing inflammatory response can lead to clinical signs such as dermatitis and pruritus. This section comprises a comparative review of human and dog studies; publications on immune reactivity to Malassezia species in cats appear lacking. 6.1 Activation of keratinocytesThe initial interplay between Malassezia organisms and the skin immune system is likely to take place in the epidermis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sparber</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4912</RecNum><DisplayText>[177]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513654745">4912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sparber,Florian</author><author>LeibundGut-Landmann,Salomé</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Florian Sparber,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch
Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch</auth-address><titles><title>Host Responses to Malassezia spp. in the Mammalian Skin</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in Immunology</secondary-title><short-title>Host responses to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin</short-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Front Immunol</full-title><abbr-1>Frontiers in immunology</abbr-1></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>1614</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia,commensalism,opportunistic pathogenic fungi,skin disorders,innate immunity,Adaptive Immunity,Allergic response,Indoles</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017-November-22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1664-3224</isbn><work-type>Mini Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[177] It has been demonstrated that application of M. pachydermatis suspensions on healthy dog skin can induce skin lesions similar to those observed in naturally occurring Malassezia dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>4875</RecNum><DisplayText>[178]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4875</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1507160852">4875</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Patterson-Kane, J. C.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clinical, histopathological and immunological effects of exposure of canine skin to Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>165-175</pages><volume>42</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>1369-3786</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[178] This indicates that Malassezia cell surface markers or metabolic products derived from the yeast may be able to directly damage the skin or induce pathogenic effects by activating the skin immune system. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grice</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4909</RecNum><DisplayText>[175]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513652993">4909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grice, Elizabeth A.</author><author>Dawson, Thomas L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Host–microbe interactions: Malassezia and human skin</title><secondary-title>Current Opinion in Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Current Opinion in Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Curr. Opin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Curr Opin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>81-87</pages><volume>40</volume><number>Supplement C</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/12/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1369-5274</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[175] In order for this to happen, antigens or allergens produced or expressed by Malassezia spp.would need to penetrate the stratum corneum in order to be recognised by Langerhans cells or keratinocytes. These would then act as antigen presenting cells able to sensitise and then activate the T lymphocyte population. An impaired barrier function, such as is seen in canine and human atopic dermatitis, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marsella</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>4386</RecNum><DisplayText>[179]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4386</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1405991108">4386</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marsella, Rosanna</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fixing the skin barrier: past, present and future – man and dog compared</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet Dermatol</abbr-1></periodical><pages>73-e18</pages><volume>24</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1365-3164</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[179] is likely to facilitate transepidermal allergen penetration. Activation of keratinocytes by Malassezia is suggested by studies in humans which demonstrated that M. furfur could invade keratinocytes and resist phagolysosome fusion.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hleW5pdXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [182] Keratinocytes recognise Malassezia antigens via Toll-like receptors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Glatz</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>4910</RecNum><DisplayText>[176]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513653547">4910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Glatz, Martin</author><author>Bosshard, Philipp</author><author>Hoetzenecker, Wolfram</author><author>Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Role of Malassezia spp. in Atopic Dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1217</pages><volume>4</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2077-0383</isbn><accession-num>doi:10.3390/jcm4061217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[176] but they, along with other cells, can also be activated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor following stimulation with Malassezia furfur-derived indole alkaloids such as malassezin, indirubin and indolo carbazole. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sparber</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4912</RecNum><DisplayText>[177]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513654745">4912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sparber,Florian</author><author>LeibundGut-Landmann,Salomé</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Florian Sparber,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch
Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch</auth-address><titles><title>Host Responses to Malassezia spp. in the Mammalian Skin</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in Immunology</secondary-title><short-title>Host responses to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin</short-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Front Immunol</full-title><abbr-1>Frontiers in immunology</abbr-1></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>1614</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia,commensalism,opportunistic pathogenic fungi,skin disorders,innate immunity,Adaptive Immunity,Allergic response,Indoles</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017-November-22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1664-3224</isbn><work-type>Mini Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[177] These tryptophan-derived metabolites can trigger a variety of effects such as apoptosis of human melanocytes, but their precise role in cutaneous pathology remains to be determined. Once activated, keratinocytes can alter their cytokine expression, with up-regulation of the immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and down-regulation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1α. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruth Ashbee</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>4906</RecNum><DisplayText>[183]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4906</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513651506">4906</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruth Ashbee, Helen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Recent developments in the immunology and biology of Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol</abbr-2><abbr-3>FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>14-23</pages><volume>47</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>dendritic cell</keyword><keyword>keratinocyte</keyword><keyword>inflammatory response</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1574-695X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[183] Contradictory results have been reported for IL-6 and TNF-α with some studies demonstrating up-regulation and others showing down-regulation. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruth Ashbee</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>4906</RecNum><DisplayText>[183]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4906</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513651506">4906</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruth Ashbee, Helen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Recent developments in the immunology and biology of Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol</abbr-2><abbr-3>FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>14-23</pages><volume>47</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>dendritic cell</keyword><keyword>keratinocyte</keyword><keyword>inflammatory response</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1574-695X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[183] Keratinocytes activated by Malassezia antigens also produce antimicrobial peptides but it is not known to what extent these are protective. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Donnarumma</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>4913</RecNum><DisplayText>[184]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4913</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513657208">4913</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Donnarumma, Giovanna</author><author>Paoletti, Iole</author><author>Buommino, Elisabetta</author><author>Orlando, Manuela</author><author>Tufano, Maria Antonietta</author><author>Baroni, Adone</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia furfur induces the expression of β-defensin-2 in human keratinocytes in a protein kinase C-dependent manner</title><secondary-title>Archives of Dermatological Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Dermatological Research</full-title><abbr-1>Arch. Dermatol. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Arch Dermatol Res</abbr-2></periodical><pages>474-481</pages><volume>295</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>April 01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1432-069X</isbn><label>Donnarumma2004</label><work-type>journal article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[184] 6.2 Activation of antigen presenting cellsActivation of antigen presenting cells has also been demonstrated in vitro using human-derived immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), which are analogous to Langerhans’ cells in the skin. These cells can take up whole M. furfur yeast cells and extracts, as well as recombinant M. furfur allergen 5 (Mal f 5) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buentke</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2257</RecNum><DisplayText>[185]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537802350">2257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buentke, E.</author><author>Zargari, A.</author><author>Heffler, L. C.</author><author>Avila-Carino, J.</author><author>Savolainen, J.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</auth-address><titles><title>Uptake of the yeast Malassezia furfur and its allergenic components by human immature CD1a+ dendritic cells</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>1759-70</pages><volume>30</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Allergens/biosynthesis/*immunology</keyword><keyword>Antigens, CD1/*immunology</keyword><keyword>Dendritic Cells/*immunology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology</keyword><keyword>Flow Cytometry</keyword><keyword>Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate</keyword><keyword>Fluorescent Dyes</keyword><keyword>Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis/immunology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*immunology/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mannans/biosynthesis/immunology</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Confocal</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0954-7894 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [186] and M. furfur mannan. The internalisation was shown to occur via binding to the mannose receptor and pinocytosis. Subsequently, the MDDCs underwent maturation, indicated by up-regulation of CD83 expression and increase in expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. These mature dendritic cells are excellent antigen presenting cells and are capable of presenting peptides on MHC molecules to T cells. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Banchereau</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>3138</RecNum><DisplayText>[187]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922813">3138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Banchereau, J.</author><author>Steinman, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dendritic cells and the control of immunity</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title><abbr-1>Nature</abbr-1><abbr-2>Nature</abbr-2></periodical><pages>245-252</pages><volume>392</volume><number>6673</number><keywords><keyword>analysis</keyword><keyword>animals</keyword><keyword>antigen</keyword><keyword>antigen presentation</keyword><keyword>antigens</keyword><keyword>B-lymphocytes</keyword><keyword>cell differentiation</keyword><keyword>Cell Movement</keyword><keyword>cells</keyword><keyword>cytokine</keyword><keyword>cytokines</keyword><keyword>cytology</keyword><keyword>dendritic cell</keyword><keyword>dendritic cells</keyword><keyword>Forecasting</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Immune response</keyword><keyword>immune system</keyword><keyword>immune-response</keyword><keyword>immune-responses</keyword><keyword>Immunity</keyword><keyword>immunology</keyword><keyword>lymphocyte</keyword><keyword>lymphocytes</keyword><keyword>physiology</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword><keyword>Research Support,U.'t,P.H.S.</keyword><keyword>responses</keyword><keyword>Self Tolerance</keyword><keyword>T cell</keyword><keyword>T cells</keyword><keyword>T-cell</keyword><keyword>T-cells</keyword><keyword>T-lymphocytes</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year></dates><accession-num>872</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[187] Dendritic cells have also been shown to be activated by interaction between Malassezia antigens and various members of the C type lectin class of receptors such as Mincle, Dectins 1 & 2, and Langerin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sparber</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4912</RecNum><DisplayText>[177]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513654745">4912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sparber,Florian</author><author>LeibundGut-Landmann,Salomé</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Florian Sparber,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch
Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch</auth-address><titles><title>Host Responses to Malassezia spp. in the Mammalian Skin</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in Immunology</secondary-title><short-title>Host responses to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin</short-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Front Immunol</full-title><abbr-1>Frontiers in immunology</abbr-1></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>1614</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia,commensalism,opportunistic pathogenic fungi,skin disorders,innate immunity,Adaptive Immunity,Allergic response,Indoles</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017-November-22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1664-3224</isbn><work-type>Mini Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[177] This results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sparber</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4912</RecNum><DisplayText>[177]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513654745">4912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sparber,Florian</author><author>LeibundGut-Landmann,Salomé</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Florian Sparber,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch
Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich,Switzerland,florian.sparber@uzh.ch</auth-address><titles><title>Host Responses to Malassezia spp. in the Mammalian Skin</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in Immunology</secondary-title><short-title>Host responses to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin</short-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Front Immunol</full-title><abbr-1>Frontiers in immunology</abbr-1></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>1614</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia,commensalism,opportunistic pathogenic fungi,skin disorders,innate immunity,Adaptive Immunity,Allergic response,Indoles</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017-November-22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1664-3224</isbn><work-type>Mini Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[177] A recombinant Mala f 1 gene fragment upregulated the production of IL-6, TNF-Alpha and IL-10, but not IL-12 from leukaemia-derived dendritic cells.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [186] Interestingly, dendritic cells that have been stimulated by Malassezia antigens appear to be resistant to lysis by Natural Killer cells, a mechanism that likely favours survival of the cells in order to maintain antigen presentation.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWVudGtlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [188] 6.3 T-lymphocyte mediated immune responsesT cell-mediated immunity is important in the prevention and recovery from fungal infections and healthy human individuals demonstrate cell mediated immune responses throughout life. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Saadatzadeh</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>4877</RecNum><DisplayText>[189]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4877</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1507162280">4877</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Saadatzadeh, M. R.</author><author>Ashbee, H. R.</author><author>Cunliffe, W. J.</author><author>Ingham, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cell-mediated immunity to the mycelial phase of Malassezia spp. in patients with pityriasis versicolor and controls</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Br. J. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br J Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>77-84</pages><volume>144</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>cell-mediated immune response</keyword><keyword>leucocyte migration inhibition</keyword><keyword>lymphocyte transformation</keyword><keyword>Malassezia species</keyword><keyword>mycelial antigens</keyword><keyword>pityriasis versicolor</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><isbn>1365-2133</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[189] A deficiency in cell-mediated responses could therefore predispose the host to overgrowth of Malassezia organisms. Cell-mediated immune responses to Malassezia organisms have been investigated both in humans and dogs using assays such as leucocyte migration inhibition, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, immunohistochemistry, cytokine production, skin prick tests and atopy patch tests. Malassezia antigens and extracts have been shown to stimulate proliferation of PBMCs in a dose dependent manner in both humans ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buentke</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>4872</RecNum><DisplayText>[190]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4872</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1506471489">4872</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buentke, E.</author><author>Heffler, L. C.</author><author>Wallin, R. P. A.</author><author>L?fman, C.</author><author>Ljunggren, H. G.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The allergenic yeast Malassezia furfur induces maturation of human dendritic cells</title><secondary-title>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>1583-1593</pages><volume>31</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>cytokines</keyword><keyword>dendritic cells</keyword><keyword>Malassezia furfur</keyword><keyword>time-lapse photography</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Science, Ltd</publisher><isbn>1365-2222</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[190] and dogs. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [191] although the role of this impaired response in the pathogenesis of Malassezia overgrowth in this breed is currently unknown. However, despite the possible role of T lymphocytes in protective immunity, there is evidence that these cells are involved in sensitisation of humans and dogs that become allergic to the yeasts. Basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis usually show delayed rather than immediate intradermal test reactivity to Malassezia antigens ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText>[193]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Hendricks, A.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Lloyd, D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intradermal test reactivity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in atopic dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>448-449</pages><volume>150</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[193] although contact sensitization, as demonstrated by patch test reactivity and characterised histologically by infiltration with CD3+ lymphocytes and neutrophils, more closely correlates with disease status in this breed. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>4928</RecNum><DisplayText>[194]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4928</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1517889007">4928</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Patterson-Kane, J. C.</author><author>Perrins, N.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Patch test responses to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy basset hounds and in basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>419-427</pages><volume>44</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1369-3786</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[194] In both atopic humans and dogs, PBMC responses to Malassezia spp. are exaggerated. Malassezia antigens triggered significantly higher PBMC responses in atopic people compared to healthy individuals PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2t1Z288L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [192] In P. orbiculare [syn. M. globosa] patch test-positive atopic dermatitis patients, an infiltration of CD4+ T cells is seen at the patch test site, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tengvall Linder</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>4103</RecNum><DisplayText>[199]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tengvall Linder, M.</author><author>Johansson, C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author><author>Wahlgren, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients</title><secondary-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>122-131</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[199] and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR in the dermis of these patients was also up-regulated. Furthermore, in lesional atopic skin, the majority of the T cell clones that were reactive for P. orbiculare (M. globosa) showed a Th2 or Th2/Th0 like cytokine profilePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UZW5ndmFsbCBMaW5kZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk2
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [198, 200, 201]. Taken together, these findings provide compelling evident that T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the generation of hypersensitivity reactions to Malassezia species in genetically susceptible individuals.6.4 IgG, IgM and IgA responses to Malassezia yeastsAs would be expected in a typical immune response against an infectious agent, antibodies directed against antigens from Malassezia yeasts are produced in healthy humans and dogs throughout life. IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Malassezia species are present in both young and elderly people, but the amount of IgG and IgM tends to tail off with age corresponding with declining numbers of commensal yeasts. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Tb2hubGU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [202-204] The Malassezia-specific IgA level was found to be relatively low in all age groups. In dogs, serum titers of Malassezia-specific IgG and IgA in seborrhoeic Basset hounds with high cutaneous populations of M. pachydermatis and affected dogs of various breeds were found to be significantly greater than those of healthy Basset hounds and healthy Beagles. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [191] Using Western immunoblotting to detect IgG responses in dogs to extracts of M. pachydermatis, four proteins of 219, 110, 71 and 42 kDa were shown to be recognised mainly by dogs with Malassezia dermatitis as compared to healthy dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3178</RecNum><DisplayText>[205]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922814">3178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield</auth-address><titles><title>Immunoglobulin G responses to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy dogs and dogs with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Record</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>509-512</pages><volume>150</volume><number>16</number><keywords><keyword>analysis</keyword><keyword>animals</keyword><keyword>dermatitis</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses</keyword><keyword>dog</keyword><keyword>dog diseases</keyword><keyword>dogs</keyword><keyword>ELISA</keyword><keyword>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</keyword><keyword>healthy dogs</keyword><keyword>IgG</keyword><keyword>immunoblotting</keyword><keyword>immunoglobulin G</keyword><keyword>immunology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>microbiology</keyword><keyword>north</keyword><keyword>pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>protein</keyword><keyword>proteins</keyword><keyword>responses</keyword><keyword>serum</keyword><keyword>support,non-U.'t</keyword><keyword>veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><accession-num>214</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>PM:12017525 </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[205] In humans with atopic dermatitis, the Malassezia-specific IgG concentration in adults is no different to that found in healthy individuals. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tengvall Linder</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>4103</RecNum><DisplayText>[196, 199]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tengvall Linder, M.</author><author>Johansson, C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author><author>Wahlgren, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients</title><secondary-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>122-131</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Savolainen</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>4104</RecNum><record><rec-number>4104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Savolainen, J.</author><author>Lintu, P.</author><author>Kosonen, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pityrosporum and Candida specific and non-specific humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients</title><secondary-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>125-134</pages><volume>31</volume><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[196, 199] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\034662Tengvall Linder M., Johansson, et al. 2000 466 /id\002\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\034662Tengvall Linder M., Johansson, et al. 2000 466 /id\002\00 However, in young atopic patients aged between 16 and 21 years, significantly elevated Malassezia-specific IgG concentrations are found. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ccm9iZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [206], QUOTE "86" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\0286\01\01\00\02\00\00\01\00\00\00?\00\00\00崤12\00x\18q\03x?00最\00x\09\00\00\00?\00x\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\0271'Broberg, Faergemann, et al. 1992 71 /id\00'\00 86 This probably reflects increased exposure to the organisms through atopic skin and a tendency for IgG to follow IgE production. Despite this, no correlation has been found between Malassezia-specific serum IgG levels and atopy patch test responses to the yeast in patients with atopic dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tengvall Linder</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>4103</RecNum><DisplayText>[199]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tengvall Linder, M.</author><author>Johansson, C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author><author>Wahlgren, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients</title><secondary-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>122-131</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[199], QUOTE "63" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\0263\01\01\00\02\00\00\01\00\00\00?\00\00\00崤12\00x\18q\03x?00最\00x\09\00\00\00?\00x\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\034662Tengvall Linder M., Johansson, et al. 2000 466 /id\002\00 63 It is therefore considered that determination of Malassezia-specific IgG concentrations has little value in the diagnosis of Malassezia sensitization in atopic human patients. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hleW5pdXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [180, 199] However, concentrations of IgG4, a subtype that is induced in Th2 responses, are correlated with IgE concentrations in atopic patients with sensitivity to Malassezia sympodialis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Johansson</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>4899</RecNum><DisplayText>[207]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4899</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513576667">4899</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Johansson, C.</author><author>Tengvall Linder, M.</author><author>Aalberse, R. C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Elevated Levels of IgG and IgG4 to Malassezia Allergens in Atopic Eczema Patients with IgE Reactivity to Malassezia</title><secondary-title>International Archives of Allergy and Immunology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Archives of Allergy and Immunology</full-title><abbr-1>Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Int Arch Allergy Immunol</abbr-2><abbr-3>International Archives of Allergy & Immunology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>93-100</pages><volume>135</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>1018-2438</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[207] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03483)Scheynius, Johansson, et al. 2002 483 /id\00)\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03483)Scheynius, Johansson, et al. 2002 483 /id\00)\00 In atopic dogs with or without cytological evidence of M. pachydermatis overgrowth, there are significantly higher serum titers of Malassezia-specific IgG than those seen in healthy dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nuttall</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3670</RecNum><DisplayText>[208]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3670</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922821">3670</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nuttall, T. J.</author><author>Halliwell, R. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Serum antibodies to Malassezia yeasts in canine atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet Dermatol</abbr-1></periodical><pages>327-332</pages><volume>12</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>antibodies</keyword><keyword>atopic</keyword><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>canine</keyword><keyword>canine atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>children</keyword><keyword>contact</keyword><keyword>dermatitis</keyword><keyword>dog</keyword><keyword>dogs</keyword><keyword>ELISA</keyword><keyword>extracts</keyword><keyword>healthy dogs</keyword><keyword>healthy-individuals</keyword><keyword>human</keyword><keyword>IgE</keyword><keyword>IgE antibodies</keyword><keyword>IgG</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>management</keyword><keyword>normal dogs</keyword><keyword>orbiculare</keyword><keyword>pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Pityrosporum ovale</keyword><keyword>reactivity</keyword><keyword>seborrheic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>skin test</keyword><keyword>skin disease</keyword><keyword>yeast</keyword><keyword>serum</keyword><keyword>yeasts</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><accession-num>54</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>ISI:000172694100004 </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[208] However, there was no significant difference between atopic dogs with or without Malassezia overgrowth. By comparing the IgG response to M. pachydermatis antigens using western immunoblotting, a protein of 25 kDa was identified in the majority of atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis, but only a few atopic dogs without Malassezia overgrowth and none of the normal dogs, suggesting that this protein may have some clinical relevance in the pathogenesis of Malassezia hypersensitivity. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2775</RecNum><DisplayText>[209]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922808">2775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chen, T. A.</author><author>Halliwell, R. E. W.</author><author>Hill, P. B.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Thoday, K. L.</author><author>Foil, C. S.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Immunoglobulin G responses to Malassezia pachydermatis antigens in atopic and normal dogs</title><secondary-title>Advances in veterinary dermatology, volume 4</secondary-title></titles><pages>202-209</pages><keywords><keyword>Prion, Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens of Animals [LL821], Animal Immunology [LL650]</keyword><keyword>antigens</keyword><keyword>dermatitis</keyword><keyword>humoral immunity</keyword><keyword>IgG</keyword><keyword>immune response</keyword><keyword>skin diseases</keyword><keyword>dogs</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Blackwell Science</publisher><isbn>0632056010</isbn><accession-num>20023182547</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[209] In summary, it is clear that IgG responses to Malassezia yeasts are common in both healthy humans and dogs. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [210, 211] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03334"Sohnle & Collins-Lech 1983 334 /id\00"\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03334"Sohnle & Collins-Lech 1983 334 /id\00"\00 and exacerbate the inflammatory response. A final possibility is that IgG responses to the yeast are merely an epiphenomenon and neither contribute to, nor inhibit, the ongoing disease process. Further studies are therefore required to determine the precise role played by these antibodies in Malassezia-induced skin disease.6.5 IgE responses to Malassezia yeastsIncreased concentrations of Malassezia-specific IgE are frequently present in atopic humans and dogs. Multiple studies have shown that IgE responses to Malassezia organisms are significantly higher in patients with atopic dermatitis compared to those with other atopic diseases or healthy individuals. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TYXZvbGFpbmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMTwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [206, 212-218] In patients with atopic dermatitis of the head and neck, the clinical severity of the condition is significantly correlated with the concentration of anti M. furfur IgE. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bayrou</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>4902</RecNum><DisplayText>[219]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4902</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513643560">4902</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bayrou, O.</author><author>Pecquet, C.</author><author>Flahault, A.</author><author>Artigou, C.</author><author>Abuaf, N.</author><author>Leynadier, F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Head and Neck Atopic Dermatitis and Malassezia-furfur-Specific IgE Antibodies</title><secondary-title>Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Dermatology</abbr-1><abbr-2>Dermatology</abbr-2></periodical><pages>107-113</pages><volume>211</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1018-8665</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[219] Furthermore, QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03480!Nordvall & Johansson 1990 480 /id\00!\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03480!Nordvall & Johansson 1990 480 /id\00!\00 IgE production by PBMCs stimulated with Malassezia extracts in vitro was significantly higher in radioallergosorbent test (RAST)+ atopic dermatitis patients compared with RAST- atopic dermatitis patients or healthy controls. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kroger</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>4102</RecNum><DisplayText>[200]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kroger, S.</author><author>Neuber, K.</author><author>Gruseck, E.</author><author>Ring, J.</author><author>Abeck, D. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pityrosporum ovale extracts increase interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and IgE synthesis in patients with atopic eczema</title><secondary-title>Acta Dermato-Venereologica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Acta Dermato-Venereologica</full-title><abbr-1>Acta Derm. Venereol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Acta Derm Venereol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>357-360</pages><volume>75</volume><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[200] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03106$Wessels, Doekes, et al. 1991 106 /id\00$\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03427&Savolainen, Lintu, et al. 2001 427 /id\00&\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03478!Young, Koers, et al. 1989 478 /id\00!\00 This Malassezia-specific IgE has been found to correlate with the degree of response to Malassezia extracts in atopy patch tests at 48 hours post-test in atopic dermatitis patients. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tengvall Linder</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>4103</RecNum><DisplayText>[199]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tengvall Linder, M.</author><author>Johansson, C.</author><author>Scheynius, A.</author><author>Wahlgren, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients</title><secondary-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Allergy</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Allergy</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>122-131</pages><volume>30</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[199]In humans, multiple proteins from Malassezia yeasts ranging in molecular size from 9-110 kDa have been characterised as major allergens in atopic dermatitis, and a number have been sequenced and cloned, including Mal f 1-9 and Mal s 1-13. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aYXJnYXJpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [218, 220-230] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03110"Johansson & Karlstrom 1991 110 /id\00"\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03193&Lintu, Savolainen, et al. 1997 193 /id\00&\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03141%Nissen, Petersen, et al. 1998 141 /id\00%\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\0225$Zargari, Harfast, et al. 1994 25 /id\00$\00 One particular allergen, Mala s 13, a thioredoxin enzyme, can cross-react with the human form of the enzyme, leading to the production of auto-reactive T cells that can sustain ongoing skin inflammation. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Balaji</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>4911</RecNum><DisplayText>[231]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513654214">4911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Balaji, Hari</author><author>Heratizadeh, Annice</author><author>Wichmann, Katja</author><author>Niebuhr, Margarete</author><author>Crameri, Reto</author><author>Scheynius, Annika</author><author>Werfel, Thomas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxin–specific T cells are highly cross-reactive to human thioredoxin in atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Allergy Clin Immunol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>92-99.e4</pages><volume>128</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>T-cell autoreactivity</keyword><keyword>autoantigen</keyword><keyword>skin-homing T cells</keyword><keyword>T17</keyword><keyword>T22</keyword><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>thioredoxin</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/07/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[231] A similar effect has been reported for Mala s 11, a manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase enzyme that is found in both yeast and human cells. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Glatz</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>4910</RecNum><DisplayText>[176]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513653547">4910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Glatz, Martin</author><author>Bosshard, Philipp</author><author>Hoetzenecker, Wolfram</author><author>Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Role of Malassezia spp. in Atopic Dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1217</pages><volume>4</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2077-0383</isbn><accession-num>doi:10.3390/jcm4061217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[176] In dogs, concentrations of IgE antibodies to M. pachydermatis are significantly higher in atopic dogs than in healthy dogs or non-atopic dogs with Malassezia overgrowth. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nuttall</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3670</RecNum><DisplayText>[208]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3670</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922821">3670</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nuttall, T. J.</author><author>Halliwell, R. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Serum antibodies to Malassezia yeasts in canine atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet Dermatol</abbr-1></periodical><pages>327-332</pages><volume>12</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>antibodies</keyword><keyword>atopic</keyword><keyword>atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>canine</keyword><keyword>canine atopic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>children</keyword><keyword>contact</keyword><keyword>dermatitis</keyword><keyword>dog</keyword><keyword>dogs</keyword><keyword>ELISA</keyword><keyword>extracts</keyword><keyword>healthy dogs</keyword><keyword>healthy-individuals</keyword><keyword>human</keyword><keyword>IgE</keyword><keyword>IgE antibodies</keyword><keyword>IgG</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>management</keyword><keyword>normal dogs</keyword><keyword>orbiculare</keyword><keyword>pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Pityrosporum ovale</keyword><keyword>reactivity</keyword><keyword>seborrheic dermatitis</keyword><keyword>skin test</keyword><keyword>skin disease</keyword><keyword>yeast</keyword><keyword>serum</keyword><keyword>yeasts</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><accession-num>54</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>ISI:000172694100004 </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[208] However, dogs with recurrent Malassezia otitis had similar concentrations of allergen-specific IgE to those with healthy ears, suggesting that hypersensitivity is not always involved in such infections. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Layne</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>4900</RecNum><DisplayText>[232]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4900</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513577867">4900</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Layne, Elizabeth A.</author><author>DeBoer, Douglas J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Serum Malassezia-specific IgE in dogs with recurrent Malassezia otitis externa without concurrent skin disease</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>1-4</pages><volume>176</volume><number>Supplement C</number><keywords><keyword>IgE</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Dog</keyword><keyword>Otitis externa</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016/08/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0165-2427</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[232] Using Western immunoblotting to characterise individual antigen responses, proteins with molecular weights of 45, 52, 56, and 63 kDa from M. pachydermatis have been demonstrated to be major allergens in atopic dogs with Malassezia overgrowth.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [233]These studies provide convincing evidence that proteins from Malassezia yeasts can act as allergens in humans and dogs predisposed to the development of atopic dermatitis.6.6 Mast cell responsesRecent studies have indicated that mast cells may be involved in innate immune responses against Malassezia spp. The interaction between Curdlan, a ?-glucan component of the cell wall of M. sympodialis, and C-type lectin pattern recognition receptors (such as Dectin-1) expressed on the surface of human cutaneous mast cells, induced degranulation and augmented IgE-mediated granule exocytosis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbosa-Lorenzi</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4927</RecNum><DisplayText>[234]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1517877095">4927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbosa-Lorenzi, Valéria C.</author><author>Peyda, Simon</author><author>Scheynius, Annika</author><author>Nilsson, Gunnar</author><author>Lunderius-Andersson, Carolina</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Curdlan induces selective mast cell degranulation without concomitant release of LTC4, IL-6 or CCL2</title><secondary-title>Immunobiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Immunobiology</full-title><abbr-1>Immunobiology</abbr-1><abbr-2>Immunobiology</abbr-2></periodical><pages>647-650</pages><volume>222</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Curdlan</keyword><keyword>Dectin-1</keyword><keyword>Degranulation</keyword><keyword>Mast cells</keyword><keyword>Histamine</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/04/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0171-2985</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[234] In other circumstances, fungal ligands may induce Dectin-1 mediated mast cell activation and production of chemokines and cytokines without degranulation. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbosa-Lorenzi</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4927</RecNum><DisplayText>[234]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1517877095">4927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbosa-Lorenzi, Valéria C.</author><author>Peyda, Simon</author><author>Scheynius, Annika</author><author>Nilsson, Gunnar</author><author>Lunderius-Andersson, Carolina</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Curdlan induces selective mast cell degranulation without concomitant release of LTC4, IL-6 or CCL2</title><secondary-title>Immunobiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Immunobiology</full-title><abbr-1>Immunobiology</abbr-1><abbr-2>Immunobiology</abbr-2></periodical><pages>647-650</pages><volume>222</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Curdlan</keyword><keyword>Dectin-1</keyword><keyword>Degranulation</keyword><keyword>Mast cells</keyword><keyword>Histamine</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/04/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0171-2985</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[234] In order to demonstrate full IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, it is necessary to document mast cell degranulation following allergen exposure. In humans, both intradermal tests (IDT) and skin prick tests (SPT) may show positive reactivity to Malassezia allergens in patients suffering from atopic diseases, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Young</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>4106</RecNum><DisplayText>[215]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4106</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4106</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Young, E.</author><author>Koers, W.J.</author><author>Berrens, L. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intracutaneous tests with Pityrosporon extract in atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Acta Dermato-Venereologica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Acta Dermato-Venereologica</full-title><abbr-1>Acta Derm. Venereol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Acta Derm Venereol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>122-124</pages><volume>144</volume><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[215] whereas these tests are usually negative in healthy controls. Stronger reactions are typically seen in patients with generalised atopic dermatitisPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2t1Z288L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [195, 206, 215] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03328#Rokugo, Tagami, et al. 1990 328 /id\00#\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03478!Young, Koers, et al. 1989 478 /id\00!\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03328#Rokugo, Tagami, et al. 1990 328 /id\00#\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03478!Young, Koers, et al. 1989 478 /id\00!\00 or those with lesions predominantly on the head and neck.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OaXNzZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk4PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [221, 224, 235] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03141%Nissen, Petersen, et al. 1998 141 /id\00%\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03479\1EWaersted & Hjorth 1985 479 /id\00\1E\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03141%Nissen, Petersen, et al. 1998 141 /id\00%\00 QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03479\1EWaersted & Hjorth 1985 479 /id\00\1E\00 The SPT results have also been found to correlate with levels of Malassezia-specific IgE in the serumPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ccm9iZXJnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [206, 236] QUOTE "" ADDIN REFMAN ?\11\0519\01\00\00\00\00\01\00\00/D:\5CMy Documents\5CReference\5Ctai an's references D\03\00\03490\1EKim, Jang, et al. 1999 490 /id\00\1E\00 and with results of basophil histamine release tests ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kieffer</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>4896</RecNum><DisplayText>[235]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4896</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513319276">4896</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kieffer, Marianne</author><author>Bergbrant, Inge-Marie</author><author>Faergemann, Jan</author><author>Jemec, Gregor B. E.</author><author>Ottevanger, Vibeke</author><author>Skov, Per Stahl</author><author>Svejgaard, Else</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Immune reactions to Pityrosporum ovale in adult patients with atopic and seborrheic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Acad Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>739-742</pages><volume>22</volume><number>5, Part 1</number><dates><year>1990</year><pub-dates><date>1990/05/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0190-9622</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>(90)70100-V</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[235] but not with the severity of atopic dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>4898</RecNum><DisplayText>[236]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513319600">4898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,</author><author>Jang,</author><author>Park,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Head and neck dermatitis: the role of Malassezia furfur, topical steroid use and environmental factors in its causation</title><secondary-title>Clinical & Experimental Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical and Experimental Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Exp. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Exp Dermatol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Clinical & Experimental Dermatology</abbr-3></periodical><volume>24</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>ATOPIC dermatitis</keyword><keyword>ETIOLOGY of diseases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year></dates><publisher>Wiley-Blackwell</publisher><isbn>03076938</isbn><accession-num>5301782</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[236] Positive IDT results to Malassezia extracts have also been reported in atopic dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText>[193]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Hendricks, A.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Lloyd, D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intradermal test reactivity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in atopic dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>448-449</pages><volume>150</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[193] Immediate hypersensitivity responses to intradermal injections of M. pachydermatis extracts at concentrations which caused no reaction in healthy dogs have been observed in atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis, although they were also seen in some atopic dogs without Malassezia dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2886</RecNum><DisplayText>[237]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2886</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922809">2886</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Olivier, N. B.</author><author>Rosser, E. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions to Malassezia pachydermatis extracts in atopic dogs</title><secondary-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</secondary-title><alt-title>Am J Vet Res</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</full-title><abbr-1>Am. J. Vet. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Am J Vet Res</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</full-title><abbr-1>Am. J. Vet. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Am J Vet Res</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>836-41</pages><volume>59</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>*Allergens</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antigens, Fungal/im [Immunology]</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/im [Immunology]</keyword><keyword>*Dermatitis, Atopic/ve [Veterinary]</keyword><keyword>*Dog Diseases/im [Immunology]</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>*Hypersensitivity</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/im [Immunology]</keyword><keyword>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</keyword><keyword>Skin Tests/ve [Veterinary]</keyword><keyword>0 (Allergens)</keyword><keyword>0 (Antigens, Fungal)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9645</isbn><accession-num>9659547</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[237] Nevertheless, the reactivity to the extracts in atopic dogs with cytological evidence of Malassezia overgrowth was significantly higher than that in atopic dogs without. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText>[193]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Hendricks, A.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Lloyd, D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intradermal test reactivity to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in atopic dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>448-449</pages><volume>150</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[193] Additionally, positive immediate hypersensitivity reactions to extracts from M. pachydermatis using Prausnitz-Küstner tests have been demonstrated.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JyaXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [238] Clinically normal dogs received pooled sera from atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis that were IDT positive to Malassezia extracts and serum from an atopic dog with Malassezia dermatitis exhibiting high levels of anti-Malassezia IgE on an ELISA assay. Positive IDT responses were observed in the recipients following subsequent injection of the yeast extract, indicating that anti-Malassezia IgE antibodies are functional in Type I hypersensitivity reactions.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JyaXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [238] As with intradermal testing to other allergens, there is reasonable agreement between the results of intradermal tests and IgE serology to yeast allergens, although it is possible to record a positive result in one test and a negative result in the other. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oldenhoff</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>4901</RecNum><DisplayText>[239]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4901</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513578415">4901</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oldenhoff, Willam E.</author><author>Frank, Glenn R.</author><author>DeBoer, Douglas J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of the results of intradermal test reactivity and serum allergen-specific IgE measurement for Malassezia pachydermatis in atopic dogs</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet Dermatol</abbr-1></periodical><pages>507-e85</pages><volume>25</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1365-3164</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[239] The frequency of immediate hypersensitivity responses to M. pachydermatis extracts in non-atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis is low. One study investigating IDT reactivity to M. pachydermatis in 8 healthy basset hounds, 17 basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis, and 19 healthy beagles reported that only two affected basset hounds and one healthy beagle showed immediate hypersensitivity reactions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>4108</RecNum><DisplayText>[240]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1243922828">4108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Patterson-Kane, J.C.</author><author>Lloyd, D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intradermal test reactivity to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy basset hounds and basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Record</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>105-109</pages><volume>151</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[240] Taken together, these findings suggest that mast cell mediated hypersensitivity responses to M. pachydermatis allergens may be involved in the pathogenesis, and contribute to the clinical signs, in many cases of canine atopic dermatitis. As a result of this, Malassezia allergens are now typically included in standard intradermal allergy tests and IgE serology, although, to date, there is relatively limited evidence of beneficial effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy against M. pachydermatis in dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>?berg</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4914</RecNum><DisplayText>[241]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4914</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="p0v9d9zspx5zsre5e0e5erza0sdtdzs5s0wx" timestamp="1513662079">4914</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>?berg, Liselotte</author><author>Varjonen, Katarina</author><author>?hman, Susanne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Results of allergen-specific immunotherapy in atopic dogs with Malassezia hypersensitivity: a retrospective study of 16 cases</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet Dermatol</abbr-1></periodical><pages>633-e157</pages><volume>28</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1365-3164</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[241] 6.7 ConclusionBased on the above studies, the likely sequence of events leading to immune responses to Malassezia yeasts can be summarized as follows:Malassezia species proliferating within the stratum corneum of humans or dogs produce numerous antigens and allergens.These antigens penetrate to the living epidermis and activate keratinocytes, resulting in the production of antimicrobial peptides and alterations in cytokine expression.Malassezia-derived antigens that permeate into and through the living epidermis are captured by epidermal Langerhans’ cells and/or dermal dendritic antigen-presenting cells.These cells then migrate to regional lymph nodes and present the antigen to a T lymphocyte via a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II moleculeIn cooperation with different cytokines, T helper (Th) 0 precursor cells differentiate into Th1 cells and/or Th2 cells. A cytokine environment dominated by IL-12 would favour Th1 cell development, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 would stimulate the development of Th2 cells.T helper cells would activate B lymphocytes and stimulate them to differentiate into antibody–forming plasma cells. By secreting IL-2 and IFN-, Th1 cells would promote IgG production, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 from Th2 cells would promote immunoglobulin class switching to IgE.The production of Malassezia-specific IgG antibodies could potentially provide a degree of protective immunity against Malassezia organisms. Alternatively, these antibodies might activate the complement system causing epidermal damage and inflammation.The development of allergen-specific IgE antibodies could lead to sensitization of cutaneous mast cells. Subsequent exposure to Malassezia allergens could trigger the release of inflammatory mediators, resulting in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction.Circulating populations of Malassezia-specific sensitised T-cells might mediate delayed and contact hypersensitivity in selected patients. 6.8 Implications for clinical diagnosis and therapyA range of immunologic hyper-responsiveness can be present in dogs with Malassezia dermatitis (none, immediate, delayed, contact). Tests for immediate hypersensitivity (serology, intradermal) are relatively accessible (although not standardised), whereas delayed reactivity following intradermal testing is infrequently assessed and patch testing is technically challenging in the clinical environment. Serological and skin test reactivity is also seen in a proportion of unaffected dogs; thus immunological tests must be assessed in the context of clinical and cytological data, and not used as stand-alone ‘diagnostic’ tests. It is intuitive that evidence of immediate, IgE-mediated or cellular hypersensitivity might indicate the need for rigorous antifungal therapy to minimize allergen challenge in the sensitized host, although this remains to be proven by controlled therapeutic studies. Although evidence of immediate, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity provides a rationale for allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), to date, there is relatively limited evidence of beneficial effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy against M. pachydermatis in dogs. More data is required before this can be systematically recommended. Whilst some laboratories offer serological testing for IgG reactivity to M. pachydermatis, the clinical utility of this test is uncertain as there is no evidence of any diagnostic or therapeutic value. Predisposing factors for development of Malassezia dermatitisOvergrowth of commensal Malassezia yeasts may occur due to alterations of the skin’s surface microclimate, leading to overt infection. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Santoro</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1948</RecNum><DisplayText>[242]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1513002765">1948</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Santoro, D.</author><author>Marsella, R.</author><author>Pucheu-Haston, C. M.</author><author>Eisenschenk, M. N.</author><author>Nuttall, T.</author><author>Bizikova, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Review: Pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis: skin barrier and host-micro-organism interaction</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>84-e25</pages><volume>26</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bacteria/*classification</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Microbiota</keyword><keyword>Skin/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Yeasts/*classification</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25683702</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[242] Primary diseases that cause increased moisture, altered surface lipids, and/or disruption of stratum corneum barrier function, or aberrant immune responses may encourage this secondary process of overgrowth. 7.1 The roles of gender, age and breed.Gender and age do not appear to be consistently correlated with the presence of Malassezia dermatitis, but breed predilections in dogs have been described in several studies where cases were compared to the institutions’ general hospitalPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QbGFudDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [67, 243, 244] or diagnostic laboratory ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>379</RecNum><DisplayText>[245]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>379</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H.</author><author>Smith, C. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in the dog: a retrospective histopathological and immunopathological study of 86 cases (1990-95)</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>191-202</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[245] populations. Breeds identified to be at increased risk by these studies include West Highland white terriers (WHWT), English setters, shih tzus, Basset hounds, American cocker spaniels, boxers, dachshunds, poodles and Australian silky terriers. Breeds with conformations that favour skin folds are also prone to infections at intertriginous anatomical sites. The Basset hound and WHWT in particular demonstrate clinically distinctive conditions characterized by generalized seborrhea (Basset hounds)PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [95, 147] or generalized, severely pruritic dermatitis with marked lichenification and hyperpigmentation (sometimes referred to as the “Westie armadillo syndrome” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><DisplayText>[246]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H., Jr.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidermal dysplasia and Malassezia pachydermatis infection in West Highland White terriers</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>25-36</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>Epidermis-</keyword><keyword>Hyperplasia-</keyword><keyword>Pruritus-</keyword><keyword>Seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>West-Highland-Terriers</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll860</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[246] ). It is noteworthy that all of these breeds are recognized to be at increased risk for developing ether atopic dermatitis or primary idiopathic seborrhea. However, Basset hounds in the UK that present with (an albeit relapsing) M. pachydermatis-associated seborrhoeic presentation typically respond dramatically to antimicrobial shampoo therapy with no residual clinical signs of atopic or seborrhoeic dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147] Likewise, predisposed feline breeds have been recognized, although not through statistical analyses as compared to general hospital populations. Case-control studies in Devon rex cats and the sphynx breed, have demonstrated increased Malassezia counts as compared to domestic shorthaired cats.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA5PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [78, 81, 114, 115] In these cases, Malassezia overgrowth is associated with the clinical finding of seborrheic skin; especially in the claw folds. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Colombo</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>774</RecNum><DisplayText>[78]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Colombo, S.</author><author>Nardoni, S.</author><author>Cornegliani, L.</author><author>Mancianti, F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>colombo_silvia@yahoo.it</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prevalence of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. yeasts in feline nail folds: a cytological and mycological study</style></title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>278-83</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hoof and Claw/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Italy/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Tinea Versicolor/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>17610495</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[78] In Persian cats an idiopathic facial dermatitis has been widely observed by dermatology practitioners. The disease has a characteristic clinical pattern (periocular, facial folds, and perioral/chin) and may be accompanied by otitis externa. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2000 </Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText>[247]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Mason, I.S.</author><author>Rest, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats.</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>35-41</pages><volume>11</volume><dates><year>2000 </year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[247] Secondary Malassezia overgrowth occurs in some cases, and while antifungal therapy can greatly reduce pruritus in these individuals, it does not address the primary disease.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMCAgIDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [247, 248] 7.2 The role of cutaneous hypersensitivity disorders in the hostPruritic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis may create microclimate changes due to scratching (disruption of barrier function), licking (added moisture) or increased production of sebum. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Machado</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1179</RecNum><DisplayText>[105]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Machado, M. L.</author><author>Ferreiro, L.</author><author>Ferreira, R. R.</author><author>Corbellini, L. G.</author><author>Deville, M.</author><author>Berthelemy, M.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service of Dermatology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. mauro.machado@ufrgs.br</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia dermatitis in dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>22</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Brazil/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20609207</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[105] Despite the clinical observation that Malassezia overgrowth and atopic dermatitis commonly co-occur,PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYWNoYWRvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [242, 250] (section 6). Thus, a hypersensitivity response to M. pachydermatis might explain the discordance in the studies mentioned above since density of yeast on the skin’s surface cannot be used as the sole determinant of its pathogenic effect. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>398</RecNum><DisplayText>[250]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">398</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Morris, D O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Olivier, N B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Rosser, E J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions to </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">extracts in atopic dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">American Journal of Veterinary Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</full-title><abbr-1>Am. J. Vet. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Am J Vet Res</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">836-41</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">59</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[250] However, in a study where cAD was the predominant diagnosis for a group of dogs with inflammatory skin lesions, there was a statistically significant correlation between higher CADESI-03 scores and increased colony forming units of M. pachydermatis isolated by quantitative culture. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Machado</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1179</RecNum><DisplayText>[105]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Machado, M. L.</author><author>Ferreiro, L.</author><author>Ferreira, R. R.</author><author>Corbellini, L. G.</author><author>Deville, M.</author><author>Berthelemy, M.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service of Dermatology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. mauro.machado@ufrgs.br</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia dermatitis in dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>22</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Brazil/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20609207</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[105] The range of epidermal barrier defects that might influence Malassezia-host interactions in cAD has recently been the subject of a detailed review. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Santoro</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1948</RecNum><DisplayText>[242]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1513002765">1948</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Santoro, D.</author><author>Marsella, R.</author><author>Pucheu-Haston, C. M.</author><author>Eisenschenk, M. N.</author><author>Nuttall, T.</author><author>Bizikova, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Review: Pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis: skin barrier and host-micro-organism interaction</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>84-e25</pages><volume>26</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bacteria/*classification</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Microbiota</keyword><keyword>Skin/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Yeasts/*classification</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25683702</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[242] Malassezia spp. overgrowth has also been reported in a series of 18 cats with allergic skin disease, 16 of which were atopic. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ordeix</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>780</RecNum><DisplayText>[251]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>780</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">780</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ordeix, L.</author><author>Galeotti, F.</author><author>Scarampella, F.</author><author>Dedola, C.</author><author>Bardagi, M.</author><author>Romano, E.</author><author>Fondati, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Milano, Italy. laura.ordeix@dermvet.fastwebnet.it</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia spp. overgrowth in allergic cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>316-23</pages><volume>18</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Records as Topic/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>17845619</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[251]The role of seborrheic dermatosesPrimary and secondary seborrheic conditions also favour proliferation of Malassezia spp., which are lipophilic in nature. Seborrheic dermatoses in dogs have been statistically associated with significantly higher M. pachydermatis skin surface counts as compared to healthy dogs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [95, 252] Similar associations have been described in cats with seborrheic disorders.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 114] Endocrinopathies such as hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism may cause secondary seborrhea in dogs, and while no studies have demonstrated either disease to be an independent risk factor for Malassezia overgrowth, cases where endocrinopathy and Malassezia dermatitis have occurred concurrently have been reported.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QbGFudDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [243, 244, 253] In cats, no differences in Malassezia carriage were noted between healthy controls and cases with either hyperthyroidism or diabetes mellitus, using a contact plate technique for quantitative culture at several body sites; however, it should be noted that the cats with endocrinopathies in this study had no skin lesions at the time of sampling. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Perrins</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>636</RecNum><DisplayText>[82]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>636</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">636</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perrins, N.</author><author>Gaudiano, F.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carriage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. yeasts in cats with diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism and neoplasia.</style></title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>541-546</pages><volume>45</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[82]7.4 The role of aberrant cornification Malassezia overgrowth appears to be favoured by skin diseases with (assumedly) altered stratum corneum barrier function through aberrant cornification. Diseases of dogs characterized histopathologicaly by parakeratotic hyperkeratosis – such as zinc-responsive dermatosis and hepatocutaneous syndrome/superficial necrolytic dermatitis – have been anecdotally reported to promote yeast overgrowth (section 10). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2184</RecNum><DisplayText>[254]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524234289">2184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Birchard, S. J.</author><author>Sherding, R.G.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis</style></title><secondary-title>Saunder's Manual of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><pages>445-450</pages><dates><year>2006</year></dates><pub-location>St. Louis</pub-location><publisher>Saunders Elsevier</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[254] The presence of Malassezia overgrowth is associated with pruritus in American Bulldogs with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis caused by a single base deletion in the gene NIPAL4. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXVsZGluPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [255-257] In cats, a histological study of 550 skin biopsy cases identified Malassezia overgrowth most commonly with thymoma-associated dermatosis (TAD), and paraneoplastic alopecia (PNA) associated with internal neoplasia. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>464</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Goldschmidt, M. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Studies, Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. emauldin@vet.upenn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Retrospective study: the presence of Malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>7-13</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Pennsylvania/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Records/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11896965</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83] In TAD, parakeratosis is a common histopathological feature, while PNA presents either with absence of a stratum corneum or some degree of parakeratosis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>464</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Goldschmidt, M. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Studies, Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. emauldin@vet.upenn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Retrospective study: the presence of Malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>7-13</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Pennsylvania/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Records/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11896965</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83] In one cat with TAD, resolution of Malassezia dermatitis was reported to occur after its’ thymoma was surgically excised. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Forster-Van Hijfte</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><DisplayText>[258]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Forster-Van Hijfte, M. A.</author><author>Curtis, C. F.</author><author>White, R. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resolution of exfoliative dermatitis and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> overgrowth in a cat after surgical thymoma resection</style></title><secondary-title>J Small Anim Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>451-4</pages><volume>38</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Exfoliative/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Differential</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*growth & development</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Thymoma/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Thymus Neoplasms/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>9358405</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[258] It is important to recognize that these diseases are not typically pruritic unless Malassezia overgrowth is present. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [259] 7.5. The role of climateThe skin surface presents a range of natural micro-climates and several ecological niches with different moisture and nutrient levels may be recognised. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jenkinson</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>[260]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Jenkinson, D McE</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Noble, W C</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The basis of the skin surface ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The skin microflora and microbial skin disease</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1-32</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Cambridge</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[260] The eyes, ears, nares, oral cavity, lip fold, prepuce, vagina and anus provide microenvironments that are moist with secretions and constitute unique ecological niches (section 4). The skin also presents gross topographical features that affect moisture and retain secretions such as the intertriginous zones and the interdigital spaces. It is from these areas that Malassezia overgrowth commonly develops. The external (macro-) environment may also play a role in predisposing dogs to Malassezia overgrowth. ?It is generally recognised that Malassezia dermatitis is more common in tropical climates, and during warm, humid months in more temperate latitudes, in accordance with the concept that Malassezia yeasts inhabit a ‘transitional mantel zone’ that is influenced by both host skin and the animal’s external environment.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UaGVlbGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [84] ?Although not specifically studied in the dog, this factor is well-documented in human medicine. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gaitanis</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1177</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gaitanis, G.</author><author>Magiatis, P.</author><author>Hantschke, M.</author><author>Bassukas, I. D.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece. ggaitan@cc.uoi.gr</auth-address><titles><title>The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases</title><secondary-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</secondary-title><alt-title>Clinical microbiology reviews</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</full-title><abbr-1>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Clin Microbiol Rev</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>106-41</pages><volume>25</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*isolation & purification/*pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/*epidemiology/*microbiology/pathology/therapy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22232373</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]7.6. Factors of uncertain importanceThe role of immunosuppression as a risk factor for Malassezia overgrowth has been discussed anecdotally, but no studies have examined the immunosuppressed state as a risk factor for animals with active yeast infection. In cats without skin disease, retroviral infection was associated with increased density of Malassezia spp. isolation from the hair coat as compared to non-infected cats.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaWVycmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [261] Antibacterial therapy has not been reported to be an independent risk factor for development of Malassezia dermatitis in any published studies. However, a correlation between the onset of MD (or otitis) and the recent use of antibacterial drugs is sometimes observed by practitioners, and could reflect a reduction in “competition” for micro-ecological resources as the bacterial population is reduced. However, the opposite has also been noted for individual dogs, where yeast counts dropped following treatment with cephalexin.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3NhbGVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [148] 7.7 SummaryDog breeds identified to be at increased risk of Malassezia dermatitis include West Highland white terriers (WHWT), English setters, shih tzus, Basset hounds, American cocker spaniels, boxers, dachshunds, poodles and Australian silky terriers. Devon rex and Sphynx cats are also predisposed. The presence of skin folds is a common risk-factor for localised disease. Dogs with Malassezia dermatitis often have concurrent hypersensitivity disorders, cornification defects or endocrinopathies. Cats without a breed predilection most often have an underlying hypersensitivity disorder, visceral neoplasia or other serious internal disease. Quantification of Malassezia populations on canine and feline skin by cytology and culture8.1 BackgroundThe assessment of the presence and number of Malassezia species is an important step in the characterisation of the cutaneous ecosystem of dogs and cats in both health and disease. Studies utilising traditional cytological and cultural methods have clearly demonstrated that Malassezia yeasts are normal inhabitants of healthy canine and feline skin and mucosae (section 4). PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdXN0YWZzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTU1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [59, 66, 73, 81, 91, 101, 128, 262, 263] It is also clear that Malassezia overgrowth is a feature of a variety of clinical presentations in dogs PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [81, 82, 114, 251, 265] More recently developed molecular techniques have the advantage of being able to detect minority populations or organisms that cannot be cultivated using routine methods ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rodrigues Hoffmann</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1956</RecNum><DisplayText>[150]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1956</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514121580">1956</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rodrigues Hoffmann, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatopathology Specialty Service, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>60-e15</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis/*microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dogs/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Environment</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microbiota/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sheep/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Skin Physiological Phenomena</keyword><keyword>Swine/microbiology/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28133874</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[150], an issue that hindered progress with the lipid-dependent Malassezia spp. for decades. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hay</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1959</RecNum><DisplayText>[266]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1959</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514122588">1959</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hay, R. J.</author><author>Midgley, G</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T</author><author>Gueho, E</author><author>Mayser, P</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yeasts from a historical perspective.</style></title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin: science and clinical practice</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-16</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Berlin</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[266] The molecular microbiome approach has led to a marked expansion of the diversity of bacterial genera shown to inhabit skin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rodrigues Hoffmann</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1956</RecNum><DisplayText>[150]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1956</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514121580">1956</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rodrigues Hoffmann, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatopathology Specialty Service, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>60-e15</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis/*microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dogs/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Environment</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microbiota/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sheep/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Skin Physiological Phenomena</keyword><keyword>Swine/microbiology/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28133874</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[150] The Malassezia genus has retained its status as the dominant fungal inhabitant of this ecological niche in humans ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gao</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1960</RecNum><DisplayText>[267]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1960</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514133126">1960</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gao, Z.</author><author>Perez-Perez, G. I.</author><author>Chen, Y.</author><author>Blaser, M. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA. Zhan.Gao@</auth-address><titles><title>Quantitation of major human cutaneous bacterial and fungal populations</title><secondary-title>J Clin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>3575-81</pages><volume>48</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Bacteria/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Bacterial Load</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods</keyword><keyword>RNA, Bacterial/genetics</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-660X (Electronic)
0095-1137 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20702672</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[267], whereas dog and cat studies have shown a wider diversity of fungal genera, normally associated with an environmental source (section 4). The relatively low abundance of Malassezia spp PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NZWFzb24tU21pdGg8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9Z
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [116, 117] likely reflects the detection of transient environmental visitors rather than permanent residents. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rodrigues Hoffmann</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1956</RecNum><DisplayText>[150]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1956</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514121580">1956</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rodrigues Hoffmann, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatopathology Specialty Service, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>60-e15</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis/*microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dogs/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Environment</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microbiota/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sheep/microbiology/physiology</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Skin Physiological Phenomena</keyword><keyword>Swine/microbiology/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28133874</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[150] Researchers and clinicians have developed a range of semi-quantitative and quantitative methods for enumeration of yeasts in skin, some of which have important applications in veterinary clinical practice for routine diagnosis, assessment of response to therapy, and in research and development of novel therapeutic agents and formulations. However, it is important to recognise that each have limitations that affect the final count ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Noble</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>254</RecNum><DisplayText>[268]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Noble, W C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Somerville, D A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Methods for examining the skin flora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Microbiology of human skin</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">316-27</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">W. B. Saunders</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[268]; methods suitable for rapid assessment of Malassezia populations by veterinary practitioners ‘on the clinic floor’ are not necessarily optimal for scientific research. The relative lack of sensitivity of histopathology for detecting Malassezia spp in the stratum corneum is discussed in Section 10. 8.1 Development and utility of skin sampling techniques for quantification of cutaneous Malassezia populations. Methods for microbiological assessment of skin populations have traditionally included impression (cytology using slides or tape; culture) and dispersal (primarily cup-scrub or swab-wash) methods. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Noble</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>254</RecNum><DisplayText>[268]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Noble, W C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Somerville, D A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Methods for examining the skin flora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Microbiology of human skin</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">316-27</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">W. B. Saunders</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[268] Impression culture methods tend to under-estimate microbial populations whereas dispersal methods yield values closer to the true population.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaWxsaWFtc29uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2NTwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [269, 270] Cytological examination without impression (scrapings, swab samples) are more recent developments. 8.1.1. Impression cytology and related techniques Development. Early researchers primarily utilised cytological techniques as Malassezia dermatitis emerged as an important inflammatory disease of dogs. These included scraping methods ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dufait</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>226</RecNum><DisplayText>[70, 271]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>226</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">226</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dufait, R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporon canis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as the cause of canine chronic dermatitis</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Medicine / Small Animal Clinician</secondary-title></titles><pages>1055-7</pages><volume>78</volume><dates><year>1983</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><record><rec-number>81</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">81</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author><author>Evans, A. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dermatitis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis in 11 dogs</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Anim Hosp Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>13-20</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Symptoms-</keyword><keyword>Drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole-</keyword><keyword>Miconazole-</keyword><keyword>Case-reports</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>Ll800</keyword><keyword>ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[70, 271], direct impression with glass slides PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYXJzc29uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4ODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [69, 243], or slide preparations prepared by rolling swabs previously rubbed on the lesional skin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><DisplayText>[70]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>81</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">81</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author><author>Evans, A. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dermatitis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis in 11 dogs</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Anim Hosp Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>13-20</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Symptoms-</keyword><keyword>Drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole-</keyword><keyword>Miconazole-</keyword><keyword>Case-reports</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>Ll800</keyword><keyword>ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[70] Keddie, Orr and Liebes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keddie</Author><Year>1961</Year><RecNum>257</RecNum><DisplayText>[272]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Keddie, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Orr, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Liebes, D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Direct staining on vinyl plastic tape, demonstration of the cutaneous flora of the epidermis by the strip method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Sabouraudia</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sabouraudia</full-title><abbr-1>Sabouraudia</abbr-1><abbr-2>Sabouraudia</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">108-11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1961</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[272] elegantly described the utility of the direct application of vinyl adhesive tape in the assessment of cutaneous bacterial and fungal populations in human skin. A comparison of effectiveness of staining methods for detecting Malassezia cells in specimens from animals seems lacking, perhaps reflecting widespread satisfaction with a modified Wright Giemsa stain (“Diff-Quik”) that is likely to be available in the clinical area PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXNvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [67, 129, 273], although cotton-blue lactophenol ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Larsson</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>103</RecNum><DisplayText>[69]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>103</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">103</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Larsson, C. E.</author><author>Gandra, C. R. P.</author><author>Larsson, Mhma</author><author>Hagiwara, M. K.</author><author>Amaral, R. C.</author><author>Fernandes, W. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatitis in dogs caused by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title>Ars Veterinaria</secondary-title></titles><pages>63-68</pages><volume>4</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1988</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[69] and May-Grunwald Giemsa PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [99] stains have also been used. Utility. Tape-stripping has now gained wide acceptance in veterinary clinical practice as a rapid and versatile method for recovering stratum corneum cells and their attendant adherent microbes.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXluYXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [274] It has also been used in a number of therapeutic studies PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3NhbGVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [148, 274], although these publications should be interpreted with due regard to the limitations of this method discussed below. Adhesive tape can be applied to deeply folded or recessed areas that are not readily accessible for direct slide application, often with minimal patient restraint. The adhesive properties aids removal of skin surface material especially in erythematous lesions with limited exudation. By counting yeast cells in a certain number of microscopical fields in the tape-trip sample, a known area of skin surface is examined. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>1967</RecNum><DisplayText>[273]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1967</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514476271">1967</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R</author><author>Sant, R. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from canine skin.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</full-title></periodical><pages>25-27</pages><volume>15</volume><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[273] Different brands of tape vary in their ability to resist staining procedures without crinkling or becoming opaque, and a ‘trial-and-error’ approach is needed to identify suitable products from amongst those available locally. Scotch tape and Sellotape Diamond Clear often work well. 8.1.2 Impression cultureCulture of impression samples obtained using contact plates ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Faergemann</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><DisplayText>[275]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">105</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Faergemann, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of contact plates for quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum orbiculare</style></title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>298-304</pages><volume>30</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infection-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>techniques-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>culture-media</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz900</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[275], adhesive tape PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VcGRlZ3JhZmY8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTY0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [276-278] or Denman brushes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>van Abbe</Author><Year>1964</Year><RecNum>267</RecNum><DisplayText>[279]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">van Abbe, N J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The investigation of dandruff</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">609-30</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">15</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1964</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[279] for quantification of Malassezia spp. in skin was well described in human dermatology long before veterinarians became interested in this area, although contact plates have been used for the study of cutaneous bacteria in dogs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db3g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [280-282] Squares of sterile carpet, popular for skin surface mycological sampling in France ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mariat</Author><Year>1967</Year><RecNum>1961</RecNum><DisplayText>[283]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1961</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514303287">1961</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mariat, F.</author><author>Adan-Campos, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>[The carpet technic, a simple method for taking samples from superficial mycosis]</title><secondary-title>Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annales de l Institut Pasteur</full-title><abbr-1>Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris).</abbr-1><abbr-2>Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris)</abbr-2></periodical><pages>666-8</pages><volume>113</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Fungi/*growth & development</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/*diagnosis</keyword><keyword>*Wool</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1967</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><orig-pub>La technique du carre de tapis, methode simple de prelevement dans les mycoses superficielles.</orig-pub><isbn>0020-2444 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [264, 284]. Comparable yeast counts were obtained in four serial applications of contact plates containing modified Dixon’s agar to lesional canine skin. When incubated at 32oC, M. pachydermatis colony counts on contact plates after 3 days and 7 days of incubation were identical on both modified Dixon’s agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar, whereas counts on both media were higher at day 7 when incubated at 26oC. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>353</RecNum><DisplayText>[285]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, DH</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparison of media and conditions of incubation for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Research in Veterinary Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">273-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">61</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[285] Utility –dogs. The contact plate technique has been used to demonstrate significantly elevated groin populations of M. pachydermatis in atopic dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>[264]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Collin, N. S.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of contact plates for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>68-72</pages><volume>35</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>diagnosis-</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>culture-</keyword><keyword>atopy-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[264] In healthy dogs, increased frequencies of isolation and population sizes of M. pachydermatis were found in the lip and interdigital skin when compared with truncal sites. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[128]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Saijonmaa Koulumies, L. E. M.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>147-150</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>laboratory-animals</keyword><keyword>pets-</keyword><keyword>microbial-flora</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>mucosa-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll040</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[128] M. pachydermatis populations varied between anatomical sites in healthy basset hounds, with higher populations on the pinnae when compared with the perineal area. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>455</RecNum><DisplayText>[129]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Jankowski, F.</author><author>Seewald, W.</author><author>Touati, F.</author><author>Deville, M.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatology Referral Service, Veterinary Clinic, Paris, France. emmanuel.bensignor@wanadoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two sampling techniques to assess quantity and distribution of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> yeasts on the skin of Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>237-41</pages><volume>13</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Anus/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Axilla/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Breeding</keyword><keyword>Cell Culture/methods</keyword><keyword>Comparative Study</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Umbilicus/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>12358606</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[129] Contact plate counts of M. pachydermatis were reduced by both oral ketoconazole and oral terbinafine in healthy basset houndsPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWlsbG90PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [287], and by chlorhexidine and climbazole wipes in a pilot study of 5 Shar pei dogs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXZhbmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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AG==
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AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [288] Utility-cats. Contact plate counts from the trunk were significantly higher in healthy Devon rex cats when compared to healthy domestic short-haired cats and Cornish rex cats; seborrheic Devon rex and Sphynx cats had high yeast counts that exceeded those of the other groups.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Wb2xrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 115] Contact plates were also used in two studies that assessed the beneficial therapeutic effects of oral itraconazole in cats with Malassezia dermatitis.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [113, 289] 8.1.3. Dispersal methods – detergent (cup) scrub. Development A detergent scrub technique using wash fluid comprising 0.075 M phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.9 and 0.1 per cent Triton X-100, first reported for studies of the human cutaneous bacterial flora ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Williamson</Author><Year>1965</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>[269]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Williamson, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kligman, A M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">A new method for the quantitative investigation of cutaneous bacteria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of Investigative Dermatology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Investigative Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Invest. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Invest Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">498-503</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">45</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">6</style></number><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1965</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[269], and subsequently in studies of cattle ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lloyd</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><DisplayText>[270]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">255</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Evaluation of a cup-scrub technique for quantification of the microbial flora on bovine skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of Applied Bacteriology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Applied Bacteriology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Appl. Bacteriol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Appl Bacteriol</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">103-7</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">56</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[270] and dogs PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXNvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [293, 294]. In a series of development studies for quantifying M. pachydermatis on canine skin ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>[295]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author><author>Plummer, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of a detergent scrub technique for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title>Research in Veterinary Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>133-137</pages><volume>58</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>diagnostic-techniques</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>detergents-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>culture-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>techniques-</keyword><keyword>detection-</keyword><keyword>mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll880</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[295], counts of the yeast in suspension of pure cultures and in skin washings declined in contact with Triton X-100 and other detergents. Vortexing or manual or mechanical shaking of the samples yielded comparable counts. The technique was judged suitable for the quantitation of M pachydermatis on canine skin provided samples were processed without delay, and preferably within one hour of collection. Utility Detergent scrub sampling revealed significantly higher M. pachydermatis populations in the axillae of healthy Basset hounds compared to healthy mixed-breed dogs, and even higher numbers in the axillae of seborrheic Basset hounds ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>351</RecNum><DisplayText>[95]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Skin and mucosal populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in healthy and seborrhoeic basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Dermatology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">101-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">8</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]. This implies both a genetic predisposition for Malassezia overgrowth in this breed, and a role of the yeast in the pathogenesis of the seborrheic skin condition. In a randomised double-blind parallel shampoos study involving 33 seborrhoeic Basset hounds, detergent scrub counts of M. pachydermatis and coagulase-positive staphylococci, and clinical scores, were significantly lower post-treatment in miconazole-chlorhexidine treated dogs when compared with selenium sulphide treated dogs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147]. 8.1.4. Dispersal methods – swab wash.Development Microbial populations recovered using conventional swabs can be quantified by dispersing organisms from the swab tip using solutions containing detergents; counts can be achieved by plating serial dilutions onto relevant culture media. This method was used previously in the quantification of staphylococci from porcine ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Allaker</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>1971</RecNum><DisplayText>[296]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1971</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514729615">1971</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Allaker, R.P.</author><author>LLoyd, D.H.</author><author>Smith, I. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prevention of exudative epidermitis in gnotobiotic piglets by bacterial interference.</title><secondary-title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>597-598</pages><volume>123</volume><dates><year>1988</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[296], human ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reuther</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>268</RecNum><DisplayText>[297]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>268</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">268</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Reuther, J W A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Noble, W C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">An ecological niche for Staphylococcus saprophyticus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">209-12</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">6</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[297] and canine skin and/or mucosae ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Allaker</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>256</RecNum><DisplayText>[298]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>256</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">256</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Allaker, R P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bailey, R M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of staphylococci at mucocutaneous sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">303-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">130</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[298]. M. pachydermatis counts did not vary significantly in each of 4 swabs applied serially to anus and external ear canal of healthy beagle dogs; dry swabs and moistened swabs had comparable efficiency at recovering the yeast ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>349</RecNum><DisplayText>[284]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>349</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">349</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">colonisation and infection of canine skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Royal Veterinary College</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">215</style></pages><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">University of London</style></publisher><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">PhD</style></work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[284]. Yeast counts were comparable when swab tips held in wash fluid were shaken manually or vortexed for 30 seconds. Utility Using the swab wash technique, the anus was the most frequently colonised site in healthy mixed breed and beagle dogs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[128]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Saijonmaa Koulumies, L. E. M.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>147-150</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>laboratory-animals</keyword><keyword>pets-</keyword><keyword>microbial-flora</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>mucosa-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll040</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[128], whereas M. pachydermatis was more frequently isolated in higher populations at nasal and buccal sites in both healthy and seborrheic basset hounds. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>351</RecNum><DisplayText>[95]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Skin and mucosal populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in healthy and seborrhoeic basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Dermatology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">101-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">8</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[95] Swab-wash counts from the claw fold of Sphynx cats and seborrheic Devon rex cats exceeded those of healthy domestic short haired, Cornish rex and Devon rex cats, whereas ear and anus populations were comparable. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Volk</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1936</RecNum><DisplayText>[115]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1936</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1511192387">1936</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Volk, A. V.</author><author>Belyavin, C. E.</author><author>Varjonen, K.</author><author>Cadiergues, M. C.</author><author>Stevens, K. B.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis and M nana predominate amongst the cutaneous mycobiota of Sphynx cats</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><pages>917-22</pages><volume>12</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Carrier State/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Seborrheic/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Species Specificity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2750 (Electronic)
1098-612X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20863732</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[115] 8.2. Comparison of methodsA number of investigators have evaluated the relative effectiveness of different sampling methods for Malassezia yeasts, primarily in dogs rather than cats. In an early publication, Plant et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Plant</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>60</RecNum><DisplayText>[243]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Plant, J. D.</author><author>Rosenkrantz, W. S.</author><author>Griffin, C. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Factors associated with a prevalence of high Malassezia pachydermatis numbers on dog skin</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>879-885</pages><volume>201</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>predisposition-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll860</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[243] reported a subjective preference for direct impression using glass slides over use of cotton swabs, skin scraping and histopathology. Bond and Sant found that both tape-strips and dry scrapes yielded high yeast counts from lesional skin whereas moistened swabs were much less efficient. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>1967</RecNum><DisplayText>[273]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1967</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514476271">1967</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R</author><author>Sant, R. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The recovery of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from canine skin.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Dermatology Newsletter</full-title></periodical><pages>25-27</pages><volume>15</volume><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[273] Similarly, various authors have reported that swab cytology was inferior to superficial scraping PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaGl0ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [102]. By contrast, Malassezia spp. yeasts and extracellular cocci were recovered in higher numbers from the dorsal claw fold (following skin eversion) by gentle scraping with the sharp point of a tooth pick, when compared with tape-stripping and direct impression using glass slides ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lo</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1988</RecNum><DisplayText>[301]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1988</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1516373821">1988</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lo, K. L.</author><author>Rosenkrantz, W. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2965 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Evaluation of cytology collection techniques and prevalence of Malassezia yeast and bacteria in claw folds of normal and allergic dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>279-e67</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27374469</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[301], likely reflecting enhanced cell exfoliation from the hard cuticle of the claw surface in this specialised site. In a study of normal canine skin, Kennis et al. reported that the tape culture method was effective at recovering Malassezia but only low numbers of yeast cells were found in samples prepared by direct glass slide impression, skin scraping, or cotton swab sampling. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kennis</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><DisplayText>[91]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>348</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">348</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kennis, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Rosser, E. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Olivier, N. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Walker, R. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Quantity and distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">organisms on the skin of clinically normal dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1048-1051</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">208</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[91] M. pachydermatis was more frequently detected in a group of dogs with chronic dermatitis using a tape culture technique when compared with conventional swabbing. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Omodo-Eluk</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1968</RecNum><DisplayText>[302]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514483482">1968</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Omodo-Eluk, A. J.</author><author>Baker, K. P.</author><author>Fuller, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland. joel.ekuk@ucd.ie</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of two sampling techniques for the detection of Malassezia pachydermatis on the skin of dogs with chronic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Journal</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet J</abbr-2></periodical><pages>119-24</pages><volume>165</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Adhesives</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/diagnosis/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Specimen Handling</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1090-0233 (Print)
1090-0233 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12573599</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[302] Potential interference from volatile antimicrobial components of the tape should be evaluated when this cultural method is utilised.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VcGRlZ3JhZmY8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTY0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [276, 303] Yeast counts on diseased skin (18 sites in 6 dogs) measured by using detergent scrubs and a contact plate technique were significantly correlated whereas counts obtained by the tape-strip technique from adjacent skin did not correlate with either quantitative cultural method. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>[295]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author><author>Plummer, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of a detergent scrub technique for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title>Research in Veterinary Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>133-137</pages><volume>58</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>diagnostic-techniques</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>detergents-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>culture-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>techniques-</keyword><keyword>detection-</keyword><keyword>mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll880</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[295] Varied results were reported in other studies where tape-strip counts and contact plate counts have been compared. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>[264]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Collin, N. S.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of contact plates for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>68-72</pages><volume>35</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>diagnosis-</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>culture-</keyword><keyword>atopy-</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>isolation-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[264] ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>455</RecNum><DisplayText>[129]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Jankowski, F.</author><author>Seewald, W.</author><author>Touati, F.</author><author>Deville, M.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatology Referral Service, Veterinary Clinic, Paris, France. emmanuel.bensignor@wanadoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two sampling techniques to assess quantity and distribution of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> yeasts on the skin of Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>237-41</pages><volume>13</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Anus/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Axilla/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Breeding</keyword><keyword>Cell Culture/methods</keyword><keyword>Comparative Study</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Umbilicus/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>12358606</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[129] Contact plate counts typically yield M. pachydermatis population densities 100-fold lower than those derived by the dispersal detergent scrub technique PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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AG==
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AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [129, 295] Thus, the contact plate technique may have low sensitivity for yeast detection when true populations are very low, but may prove more efficient when yeast are more abundant such as in clinical cases or in selected breeds with high populations in healthy skin. 8.3 Culture mediaIn quantitative investigations of the skin flora, the culture medium is known to have significant effects on the counts of Malassezia yeasts derived from human skin PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GYWVyZ2VtYW5uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4NzwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [275, 294, 304], prompting analogous canine studies. Amongst Malassezia spp., M. pachydermatis is the least fastidious and normally grows readily on routine media such as Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Puig</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1949</RecNum><DisplayText>[104]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1949</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1513098063">1949</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Puig, L.</author><author>Bragulat, M. R.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of the species Malassezia pachydermatis and re-evaluation of its lipid dependence using a synthetic agar medium</title><secondary-title>PLoS One</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS One</full-title><abbr-1>PloS one</abbr-1></periodical><pages>e0179148</pages><volume>12</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Agar/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Culture Media/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Ear/microbiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Horses/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Lipid Metabolism/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Lipids/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development/pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>RNA, Ribosomal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology/pathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1932-6203 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [103, 305, 306] In early qualitative studies, the addition of 1% Tween 80 to a dextrose / yeast extract agar enhanced the isolation of M. pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorenzini</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>110</RecNum><DisplayText>[307]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>110</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">110</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lorenzini, R.</author><author>Bernardis, F. de</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on the isolation, growth and maintenance of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title>Mycopathologia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycopathologia</full-title><abbr-1>Mycopathologia</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycopathologia</abbr-2></periodical><pages>129-131</pages><volume>99</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>techniques-</keyword><keyword>culture-media</keyword><keyword>Otitis-</keyword><keyword>mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>zz900</keyword><keyword>ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[307] Tween 80 was not needed for the selective and differential isolation of M. pachydermatis in the presence of peptone ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ushijima</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>273</RecNum><DisplayText>[308]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>273</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">273</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Ushijima, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Takahashi, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Ozaki, Y</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Selective and differential media for isolation and tentative identification of each species of Pityrosporum residing on normal or diseased human skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Microbiology and Immunology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Microbiology and Immunology</full-title><abbr-1>Microbiol. Immunol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Microbiol Immunol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Microbiology & Immunology</abbr-3></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1109-18</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">25</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[308], now recognised as the essential lipid source for growth of that species on SDA.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWVoby1LZWxsZXJtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEw
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [18, 104] M. pachydermatis was isolated from swab wash samples in comparable numbers after 3 and 7 days of incubation at 32oC on each of 5 media; SDA, SDA plus 1% Tween 80, Ushijima’s medium A, modified Dixon’s agar and Leeming’s medium. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>353</RecNum><DisplayText>[285]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, DH</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparison of media and conditions of incubation for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Research in Veterinary Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">273-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">61</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[285] After 3 days of incubation, the colonies were most distinctive on modified Dixon’s agar, forming buff-coloured domed colonies 1-1.3 mm in diameter that were readily distinguished from other cutaneous microbes; on other media the colonies were low convex. Colony counts on contact plates were significantly greater after incubation for 7 days on SDA and modified Dixon’s agar than after 3 d at 26oC, whereas 3 day and 7 day counts were comparable at 32oC; this poor growth on SDA at 26oC was in accordance with previous PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TYW5ndWluZXR0aTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODQ8L1ll
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [54, 309] and subsequent reports ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>858</RecNum><DisplayText>[130]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>858</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">858</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Breugnot, C.</author><author>de Barros, M.</author><author>Chermette, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Unite de Parasitologie-Mycologie, URA INRA-DGER, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Direction Generale de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche (Ministere de l'Agriculture), Immunopathologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, E.</auth-address><titles><title>Usefulness of modified Dixon's medium for quantitative culture of Malassezia species from canine skin</title><secondary-title>J Vet Diagn Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation</full-title><abbr-1>J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Vet Diagn Invest</abbr-2></periodical><pages>384-6</pages><volume>10</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Agar</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cell Culture Techniques/methods</keyword><keyword>Culture Media</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1040-6387 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>9786534</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[130]. Counts from swab-wash samples grown on SDA or modified Dixon’s agar for 4 or 7 days were comparable at 32 and 37oC. When compared with aerobic culture, an atmosphere of 5-10% carbon dioxide significantly increased the frequency of isolation and the colony counts on SDA but not modified Dixon’s agar in swab-wash samples incubated at 37oC for 7 daysGuillot et al. compared Malassezia counts on SDA and modified Dixon’s agar from swabs and carpet squares at 27 and 37oC ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>858</RecNum><DisplayText>[130]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>858</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">858</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Breugnot, C.</author><author>de Barros, M.</author><author>Chermette, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Unite de Parasitologie-Mycologie, URA INRA-DGER, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Direction Generale de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche (Ministere de l'Agriculture), Immunopathologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, E.</auth-address><titles><title>Usefulness of modified Dixon's medium for quantitative culture of Malassezia species from canine skin</title><secondary-title>J Vet Diagn Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation</full-title><abbr-1>J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Vet Diagn Invest</abbr-2></periodical><pages>384-6</pages><volume>10</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Agar</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cell Culture Techniques/methods</keyword><keyword>Culture Media</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1040-6387 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>9786534</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[130]. The frequencies of isolation were significantly higher on modified Dixon’s agar at both temperatures after 8 days of incubation; higher counts of larger colonies were cultivated on modified Dixon’s agar. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no reports of comparative studies on quantification of Malassezia spp. from feline skin. Although M. pachydermatis predominates on both healthy cats and cats with dermatitis, lipid-dependent species such as M. sympodialis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [57, 76], M. globosa ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>366</RecNum><DisplayText>[76]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>366</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">366</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Howell, S A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Haywood, P J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia sympodialis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia globosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">from healthy pet cats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">200-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">141</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[76], M. furfur ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crespo</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>437</RecNum><DisplayText>[77]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>437</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">437</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crespo, M. J.</author><author>Abarca, M. L.</author><author>Caba?es, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia furfur </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from a cat</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1573-1574</pages><volume>37</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[77], M. nana PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IaXJhaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 82, 115] are occasionally encountered. Modified Dixon’s agar has proven suitable for the isolation of these species at 32oC over a 7 day incubation period, whereas SDA does not support their growth ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gueho-Kellerman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1970</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514566986">1970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Begerow, D.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Biodiversity, phylogeny and ultrastructure.</title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>17-63</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Berlin</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18].8.4 Recommendations for culture Modified Dixon’s agar is the preferred medium for the isolation and quantification for M. pachydermatis from canine skin, in view of the relatively rapid growth of distinctive colonies, and its’ potential for supporting the growth of lipid-dependent isolates; incubation should be aerobic at 32-37oC for at least 3 days. SDA (preferably supplemented with 1% Tween 80) is an alternative in dogs if modified Dixon’s agar is unavailable, although occasional more-lipid dependent isolates will be overlooked with this medium; temperatures below 32oC should be avoided and use of 5-10% carbon dioxide should be considered. In cats, samples should be grown on modified Dixon’s agar at 32-34oC aerobically; cultures should be systematically extended to at least 7 days in case of presence of slower growing Malassezia spp. Temperatures in excess of 34oC must be avoided because of the potential to inhibit the growth of thermo-sensitive species such as M. globosa known to inhabit feline skin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gueho-Kellerman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1970</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514566986">1970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Begerow, D.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Biodiversity, phylogeny and ultrastructure.</title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>17-63</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Berlin</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18] 8.5 Defining normal and abnormal populations of Malassezia spp. yeasts in the context of clinical reports Dermatologists in speciality clinical practice nowadays are accustomed to systematically evaluating M. pachydermatis populations in inflammatory skin lesions in the majority of their canine and feline patients, most often with cytology, and will frequently record ‘elevated populations’ or ‘overgrowth’ in their clinical records. When these observations are subject to critical scientific review (such as when case series or reports are submitted to journals for publication), problems arise because reviewers and editors tend to prefer objective confirmation of such claims. This has resulted in definitions of abnormal populations in terms of “more than XX yeast cells in YY oil-immersion (x100) fields”. It is important to appreciate that these definitions are likely arbitrary unless previous studies established the likely values obtained with the identical sampling method in that particular anatomical site in that particular breed of dog or cat. Marked variations in populations between anatomical sites within the same dog are routinely described; for example, contact plates may yield confluent growth from the lip region of healthy dogs whereas counts are routinely much lower in the axilla and groin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[128]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Saijonmaa Koulumies, L. E. M.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population sizes and frequency of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>147-150</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>laboratory-animals</keyword><keyword>pets-</keyword><keyword>microbial-flora</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>mucosa-</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll040</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[128] Breed variation is extreme in some circumstances, for example in Basset hounds PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 114, 115] It is important to note that high populations can be recovered from clinically normal skin; using the ‘gold standard’ detergent scrub samples, population sizes in healthy and seborrheic Basset hounds were shown to overlap ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>351</RecNum><DisplayText>[95]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>351</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">351</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Skin and mucosal populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in healthy and seborrhoeic basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Dermatology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">101-106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">8</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[95] ‘High’ counts need not necessarily be clinically relevant in each case where they are detected.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [250, 311, 312] Ultimately, a commensal existence or cutaneous disease caused by M. pachydermatis involves complex interactions between the yeast and its’ mammalian host that are not simply a result of achieving a particular number or density of yeast cells within the stratum corneum. 8.6. Summary: recommendations for skin sampling in dogs and catsRoutine cytological sampling of skin sites in the veterinary clinic is best achieved by light microscopical examination (x50 or 100 oil objectives) of tape-strips or dry scrapes stained with modified Wright Giemsa stain (“Diff-Quik”). Cytology using swabs is normally best restricted to use in the ear canal. Factors such as important variations in anatomical site, breed, sampling method, and host immune status commonly thwart the interpretation of the clinical significance of an observed population (“XX yeasts in YY fields”); trial therapy is routinely required to establish this (sections 8.5 and 14.1-3). A single report indicates that the sharp end of a tooth pick is the preferred method for sampling the dorsal claw fold in dogs.Routine cultures provide primarily qualitative data on presence / absence of yeast, although ‘heavy’ growth on primary isolation plates likely indicates a high population. Contact plates allow convenient, rapid and inexpensive quantitative culturing of M. pachydermatis from canine and feline skin, and are suitable for both diagnostic and research purposes. Optimally sized plates for cats and dogs (typically 18-27 mm diameter depending on site sampled) containing the preferred medium (modified Dixon’s agar) are not available commercially but are readily custom-made in mycology laboratories. Detergent scrub sampling is the ‘gold standard’ method for quantitative culture, although it is more suited to a research rather than diagnostic environment, as it is suitable for only relatively flat skin on co-operative patients, and rapid sample processing is required. This is the optimal technique for mycological assessment in therapeutic product development. 9. Diagnostic methods: molecular and mass spectrometry identification of yeasts in culture and skin The application of molecular biological techniques has underpinned the radical transformation of the taxonomy of the genus Malassezia over the last 30 years, with an expansion from two to 18 recognised species (section 2).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ZYXJyb3c8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8, 54] This section briefly reviews some of the more commonly reported molecular and mass spectrometry techniques that may be encountered in the veterinary literature on Malassezia species. 9.1. Electrophoretic karyotypingElectrophoretic karyotyping involves the separation of intact chromosomal DNA according to its size on an agarose gel, generating specific banding patterns dependent upon the number and size of chromosomes.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2VraG91dDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTQ8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [57, 76, 314] The ready availability of sequence-based methods has largely super-ceded this method in yeast identification. 9.2 Ribosomal RNA gene sequencingRibosomal RNA gene sequences have proven attractive targets for molecular fungal taxonomy on account of the presence of multiple copies in the genome, and their tendency to have combinations of highly-conserved sequences that may be recognised by pan-fungal PCR primers, separated by highly varied species-specific or genotype-specific domains. Amongst these, the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions have been frequently used in the identification and phylogenetic studies of Malassezia species (Figure 2a and b).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWlsbG90PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [26-28, 32, 39, 306, 315, 316] Partial sequencing of the 26S rRNA of one hundred M. pachydermatis isolates identified seven sequence types, named sequevars (Ia-Ig); some of these variants seem to be host-specific for dog, ferrets and rhinoceros. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>409</RecNum><DisplayText>[305]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Guého, E.</author><author>Chevrier, G</author><author>Chermette, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemiological analysis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> isolates by partial sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA</style></title><secondary-title>Research in Veterinary Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>22-25</pages><volume>62</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[305] Marked sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer (IGS)(Fig. 2a and b) of M. pachydermatis isolated from dogs and cats enabled identification of 3 major groups (1, 2, 3) with 10 subtypes (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdWdpdGE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [159] By contrast, lack of sequence diversity in the IGS region of M. nana isolates ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Bellis</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>892</RecNum><DisplayText>[109]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>892</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">892</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Bellis, F.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Absence of DNA sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer 1 region in Malassezia nana isolates from cats</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1-4</pages><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 5</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1460-2709 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19657958</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[109] , and in the ?-tubulin gene and microsatellite profiles ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Castella</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>2122</RecNum><DisplayText>[110]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2122</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524151954">2122</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Castella, G.</author><author>De Bellis, F.</author><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Gemma.Castella@uab.es</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular characterization of Malassezia nana isolates from cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>363-7</pages><volume>148</volume><number>2-4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>DNA Fingerprinting</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genes, Fungal</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Microsatellite Repeats</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20961713</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[110] indicate that a particular M. nana genotype predominates in cats.9.3. Chitin synthase 2 and ?-tubulin genesAmplification of the chitin synthase 2 (CHS2) gene in seven Malassezia species yielded an ~620 bp fragment with 95% sequence homology between the species, although phylogenetic analyses indicated that each species was genetically distinct. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kano</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2106</RecNum><DisplayText>[34]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2106</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1523984211">2106</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Aizawa, T.</author><author>Nakamura, Y.</author><author>Watanabe, S.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Chitin synthase 2 gene sequence of Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>Microbiol Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Microbiology and Immunology</full-title><abbr-1>Microbiol. Immunol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Microbiol Immunol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Microbiology & Immunology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>813-5</pages><volume>43</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Chitin Synthase/classification/*genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal/genetics</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*enzymology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year></dates><isbn>0385-5600 (Print)
0385-5600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10524801</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[34] Limited genetic variability in seen in the CHS2 gene amongst M. pachydermatis isolates from dogs in previous studiesPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaXphd2E8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [319, 320], although wider variation was observed more recently. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Puig</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1857</RecNum><DisplayText>[58]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482775166">1857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Puig, L.</author><author>Castella, G.</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Gemma.Castella@uab.cat.</auth-address><titles><title>Cryptic Diversity of Malassezia pachydermatis from Healthy and Diseased Domestic Animals</title><secondary-title>Mycopathologia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycopathologia</full-title><abbr-1>Mycopathologia</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycopathologia</abbr-2></periodical><pages>681-8</pages><volume>181</volume><number>9-10</number><keywords><keyword>Domestic animals</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Multilocus</keyword><keyword>Sequencing</keyword><keyword>beta-Tubulin</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-0832 (Electronic)
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RW5kTm90ZT4A
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [35, 110, 321] 9.4. Multilocus PCR approachesGenotypic approaches involving analyses of sequences obtained from multiple loci on the Malassezia genome, such as combined analyses of D1/D2, ITS, CHS2 and ?-tubulin sequences has proven to be a powerful tool in the epidemiological assessment of the intraspecific variations and adaptation of these particular genotypes to specific hosts.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QdWlnPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [35, 58, 306, 322]9.5. Random amplification of polymorphic DNAAs the name suggests, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a PCR-based method where short primers bind to random sites on the yeast genome to produce fragments that create specific banding patterns on electrophoresis. Whilst reproducibility is sometimes challenging, it is regarded as a useful epidemiological tool amongst Malassezia species. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugita</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2111</RecNum><DisplayText>[85]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524069713">2111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugita, T.</author><author>Boekhout, T</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author><author>Guillot, J</author><author>Hadina, S</author><author>Cabanes, F. J.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Gueho-Kellerman, E.</author><author>Mayser, P.</author><author>Velegraki, A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemiology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-related skin diseases.</style></title><secondary-title>Malassezia and the Skin. Science and Clinical Practice.</secondary-title></titles><pages>65-119</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Heidelberg</pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[85] Buommino et al. reported that RAPD analysis of M. pachydermatis indicated the existence of four different genotypes (genotype 1 to 4), with the genotype-1 strains producing the highest amounts of biofilm and phospholipase activity. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buommino</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1856</RecNum><DisplayText>[161]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1856</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482775166">1856</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buommino, E.</author><author>Nocera, F. P.</author><author>Parisi, A.</author><author>Rizzo, A.</author><author>Donnarumma, G.</author><author>Mallardo, K.</author><author>Fiorito, F.</author><author>Baroni, A.</author><author>De Martino, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Correlation between genetic variability and virulence factors in clinical strains of Malassezia pachydermatis of animal origin</title><secondary-title>New Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>New Microbiologica</full-title><abbr-1>New Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>New Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>216-223</pages><volume>39</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Biofilm</keyword><keyword>Inflammatory response</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Phospholipase</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1121-7138 (Print)
1121-7138 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27284984</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[161] Moreover, Buommino et al. reported that the inflammatory response induced by M. pachydermatis strains in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat cells) was significantly higher in cells co-cultured with strain of genotypes 1 or 2. Conversely, cells infected with strains of genotype 3 or 4 did not significantly induce expression of TLR-2 and cytokines; overall these data suggest a possible association between genotype and virulence factors expressed by M. pachydermatis strains.9.6. Next generation sequencing and the microbiomeRecently, methods based on next generation sequencing (NGS) have allowed a better characterization of the complex microbial communities occurring on the skin and made it possible to detect Malassezia species that would otherwise be missed using culture-based methods (section 4.4).9.7. Multiplex PCRRecently, a multiplex PCR method that utilized multiple hybridization probes for six Malassezia species, including M. pachydermatis, was reported to provide sensitive and rapid identification of Malassezia DNA in skin swab samples from both animals and humans.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JbGFoaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [323] 9.7. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometryRecently, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a tool for identification of microbial cells or cell extracts. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Singhal</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2233</RecNum><DisplayText>[324]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2233</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524419184">2233</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Singhal, N.</author><author>Kumar, M.</author><author>Kanaujia, P. K.</author><author>Virdi, J. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India.
Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi New Delhi, India.</auth-address><titles><title>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis</title><secondary-title>Front Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Front Microbiol</full-title></periodical><pages>791</pages><volume>6</volume><keywords><keyword>Maldi-tof ms</keyword><keyword>bacterial identification</keyword><keyword>fungi</keyword><keyword>peptide mass fingerprint</keyword><keyword>proteomics</keyword><keyword>viruses</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1664-302X (Print)
1664-302X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26300860</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[324] The method is rapid and sensitive, although identification of isolates is possible only if the spectral database contains fingerprints of the relevant species and strains. Recently, mass spectrometry has also been utilised for the identification of Malassezia yeasts isolated from patients in three French university hospitals. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EZW5pczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [36] A MALDI-TOF database of main mass spectra has also recently been developed to allow the rapid identification of 14 Malassezia species (section 2).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb2xlY2thPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [37]9.8. SummaryMolecular techniques are pivotal in the accurate identification of many of the currently recognised Malassezia species, with the usual exception of M. pachydermatis. In particular, sequencing of D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the rRNA gene, ITS, IGS, CHS2 and ?-tubulin genes or regions allows for accurate identification of species and recognition of genotypes that may have relevance for host-adaptation and virulence. Microbiome studies utilising next-generation sequencing have the potential to re-define the microbial ecology of mammalian skin. Multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF MS hold promise for rapid and specific identification of Malassezia from skin and culture specimens, respectively. right1654175ITS5.8S26S（LSU)5SIGS1IGS2 18S（SSU)ITS1ITS200ITS5.8S26S（LSU)5SIGS1IGS2 18S（SSU)ITS1ITS2Fig.2a Schematic structure of the ribosomal RNA gene in fungi.Fig. 2b. Sequencing identification for biological classification level in fungi on each rDNA region666755080 Class Family Genus Species Strain18SD1/D2 26SITSIGS Class Family Genus Species Strain18SD1/D2 26SITSIGS Histopathological features of canine and feline Malassezia dermatitis 10.1 Background The histopathological features in skin biopsy specimens from lesions of Malassezia infection in dogs and cats commonly represent an amalgamation of features reflecting both the host response to the yeast as well as the concurrent, underlying disease. Preparation of the skin prior to biopsy and/or the ready loss of surface scale and yeasts during histological processing results in the number of yeasts observed by microscopy to be of questionable interpretative pathological significance. The issue of yeast number is compounded by the potential for hypersensitivity responses to Malassezia allergens to exaggerate the immunological reaction out of proportion to the population density of the yeast (section 6). Taken together, a diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis cannot be made by histopathology alone; it is more realistic to limit expectations of histopathology to providing evidence of a consistent inflammatory process, and/or indication of the nature of an underlying predisposing disorder. In routine cases, skin populations of the yeast are best assessed by cytology or quantitative culture (section 8). In some cases, histopathological approaches might be best employed after the yeast has been removed by appropriate therapy to enhance the characterisation of underlying disease. 10.2 Experimental studies Cutaneous responses to the application of viable and killed Malassezia have been assessed both clinically and histologically in laboratory animals (guinea pigs, mice, rabbits) and humans, primarily with ‘lipid-dependent’ Malassezia species isolated from humans (whose nomenclature pre-dates current revised taxonomy) applied under occlusion.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ecm91aGV0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4MDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [325-328] Lesions generally comprised focal areas of scaling that most often resolved without treatment upon discontinuation of inoculation, and were characterised histologically by yeast cells or hyphae in the stratum corneum, variable epidermal hyperplasia, and superficial dermal inflammation with granulocytes and lymphocytes. Interestingly, Swiss white mice developed skin lesions whereas the nude (nu/nu) mouse, the hairless mice and nude rats did not. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drouhet</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>475</RecNum><DisplayText>[325]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>475</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">475</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drouhet, E.</author><author>Dompmartin, D.</author><author>Papachristou-Moraiti, A.</author><author>Ravisse, P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatite experimentale a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum ovale </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">et (ou) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pityrosporum orbiculare </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chez le cabaye et la souris.</style></title><secondary-title>Sabouraudia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sabouraudia</full-title><abbr-1>Sabouraudia</abbr-1><abbr-2>Sabouraudia</abbr-2></periodical><pages>149-156</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>1980</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[325] Inoculation of suspensions of M. pachydermatis into the middle ear and dermis of immunosuppressed mice led to transient infection that resolved within 21 days. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schlemmer</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2272</RecNum><DisplayText>[329]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2272</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1538064449">2272</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schlemmer, K. B.</author><author>Jesus, F. P. K.</author><author>Loreto, E. S.</author><author>Tondolo, J. S. M.</author><author>Ledur, P. C.</author><author>Dallabrida, A.</author><author>da Silva, T. M.</author><author>Kommers, G. D.</author><author>Alves, S. H.</author><author>Santurio, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Departamento de Patologia, Laboratorio de Patologia Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</auth-address><titles><title>An experimental murine model of otitis and dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><keywords><keyword>dermatitis</keyword><keyword>malasseziosis</keyword><keyword>new infection model</keyword><keyword>otitis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 14</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-0507 (Electronic)
0933-7407 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>30106183</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[329] In laboratory Beagles, application of M. pachydermatis was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, occasionally with parakeratosis, superficial perivascular dermal inflammation with primarily neutrophils and lymphocytes, and sometimes mast cells (but not eosinophils); features were more severe at sites that were occluded. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>477</RecNum><DisplayText>[330]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>477</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">477</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Patterson-Kane, J. C.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical, histopathological and immunological effects of exposure of canine skin to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style></title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>165-175</pages><volume>42</volume><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[330] Histological changes markedly reduced within 7 days of withdrawal of yeast challenge. 10.3 Canine Malassezia dermatitisHistopathologically, canine Malassezia dermatitis presents with variable but often marked hyperkeratosis and multifocal parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with the characteristic budding, bottle-shaped yeasts and often cocci (if not lost during processing) over an irregular spongiotic epidermal hyperplasia that extends to the follicular infundibula (reviewed by PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXVsZGluPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [83, 331]). Exocytosis of lymphocytes is a regular feature, and neutrophilic or eosinophilic exocytosis may create epidermal microabscesses. Mast cell exocytosis is rare but a linear array of mast cells at the dermo-epidermal junction is not infrequent. Pigmentary incontinence is occasionally observed. The follicular ostia and infundibulae may be dilated with hyperkeratosis, occasional focal parakeratosis and yeast cells, with variable cocci bacteria. The superficial dermis has variable oedema with interstitial and perivascular inflammation of lymphocytes (usually the dominant cell type), plasma cells, histiocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. As mentioned above, it is important to recognise that yeast cells are not always observed; Malassezia cells were absent in 23 out of 86 cases in one study. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>379</RecNum><DisplayText>[245]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>379</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H.</author><author>Smith, C. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in the dog: a retrospective histopathological and immunopathological study of 86 cases (1990-95)</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>191-202</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[245] Thee follicular ostia / infundibulae may be the best place to find yeast cells when numbers are low. Whilst visible in haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, periodic acid-Schiff or Grocott’s-Gomori methenamime silver stains accentuate the presence of the yeast. Researchers at Cornell University ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>379</RecNum><DisplayText>[245]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>379</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H.</author><author>Smith, C. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in the dog: a retrospective histopathological and immunopathological study of 86 cases (1990-95)</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>191-202</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[245] proposed standardized histological criteria for the ‘presumptive’ or final histopathological diagnosis of ‘Malassezia dermatitis’ comprising:pronounced irregular epidermal and infundibular hyperplasia; prominent epidermal and infundibular parakeratotic hyperkeratosis; diffuse epidermal and infundibular intercellular oedema (spongiosis); diffuse epidermal and infundibular lymphocytic exocytosis; Superficial perivascular to interstitial dermatitis wherein lymphocytes are a prominent inflammatory cell type.The presence of unipolar budding yeast in the surface and/or infundibular keratin.In the case of absence of budding yeasts, these authors regarded the histopathological diagnosis as ‘presumptive’ provided the first 5 criteria were fulfilled. Unfortunately, similar features may be observed in skin biopsies from lesional skin in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Olivry</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2185</RecNum><DisplayText>[332]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524242064">2185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Olivry, T.</author><author>Hill, P. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. thierry_olivry@ncsu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XVIII): histopathology of skin lesions</title><secondary-title>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</abbr-2><abbr-3>Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology</abbr-3></periodical><pages>305-9</pages><volume>81</volume><number>3-4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/*pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Skin/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Societies, Medical</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 20</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0165-2427 (Print)
0165-2427 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11553392</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[332] a disease whose signs may mimic or complicate those of canine Malassezia dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bizikova</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2186</RecNum><DisplayText>[333]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2186</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524242344">2186</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bizikova, P.</author><author>Santoro, D.</author><author>Marsella, R.</author><author>Nuttall, T.</author><author>Eisenschenk, M. N.</author><author>Pucheu-Haston, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Review: Clinical and histological manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>79-e24</pages><volume>26</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Seasons</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25676252</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[333] Features more supportive of Malassezia dermatitis include scalloping of epidermal and follicular margins, eosinophilic pustules and diffuse lymphocytic exocytosis, but none of these are pathognomonic. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gross</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>[331]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gross, T. L.</author><author>Ihrke, P. J.</author><author>Walder, E. J.</author><author>Affolter, V. K.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Second.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis.</style></title><secondary-title>Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Clinical and histopathological diagnosis.</secondary-title></titles><pages>142-146</pages><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[331] 10.4 Feline Malassezia dermatitisThe histopathogical features associated with Malassezia dermatitis in cats are poorly defined, although hyperkeratosis and irregular epidermal hyperplasia have been observed in association with abundant yeasts in the stratum corneum, analogous to canine features. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crosaz</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1973</RecNum><DisplayText>[265]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1973</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514822862">1973</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crosaz, O.</author><author>Legras, A.</author><author>Vilaplana-Grosso, F.</author><author>Debeaupuits, J.</author><author>Chermette, R.</author><author>Hubert, B.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Department of Medicine, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Generalized dermatitis associated with Malassezia overgrowth in cats: A report of six cases in France</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol Case Rep</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Mycol Case Rep</full-title></periodical><pages>59-62</pages><volume>2</volume><keywords><keyword>Cat</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia yeasts</keyword><keyword>Predisposing factor</keyword><keyword>Treatment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 13</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2211-7539 (Print)
2211-7539 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24432218</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[265] ?The lack of description of the histopathology associated with these yeast in allergic and seborrhoeic cats that are otherwise healthy reflects infrequent biopsy sampling in cases more readily assessed by cytological techniques or culture. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ordeix</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>780</RecNum><DisplayText>[251]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>780</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">780</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ordeix, L.</author><author>Galeotti, F.</author><author>Scarampella, F.</author><author>Dedola, C.</author><author>Bardagi, M.</author><author>Romano, E.</author><author>Fondati, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Milano, Italy. laura.ordeix@dermvet.fastwebnet.it</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia spp. overgrowth in allergic cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>316-23</pages><volume>18</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Records as Topic/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>17845619</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[251] ?By contrast, more reports are available in cats with generalised infections that are often associated with visceral neoplasia or other serious internal diseases (Supplementary Table 2). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>464</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Goldschmidt, M. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Studies, Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. emauldin@vet.upenn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Retrospective study: the presence of Malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>7-13</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Pennsylvania/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Records/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11896965</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83] 10.5 Other conditions where Malassezia yeasts may be observed histologicallyMalassezia yeasts may proliferate opportunistically in response to skin disease and it is therefore not surprising that they may be observed in the stratum corneum in a variety of conditions. ?According to a standard textbook ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gross</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>[331]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gross, T. L.</author><author>Ihrke, P. J.</author><author>Walder, E. J.</author><author>Affolter, V. K.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Second.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis.</style></title><secondary-title>Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Clinical and histopathological diagnosis.</secondary-title></titles><pages>142-146</pages><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[331], Malassezia may feature in cases of bacterial intertrigo, feline hypersensitivity reactions, acrodermatitis of Bull terriers, atopic dermatitis, congenital follicular parakeratosis, facial dermatitis of Persian and Himalayan cats, familial paw pad hyperkeratosis, feline acne, feline paraneoplastic alopecia, feline thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis, female hyperoestrogenism, food allergy, hypothyroidism, ichthyosis, interdigital furunculosis, mucinosis, nasodigital hyperkeratosis, sarcoptic mange, seborrhoeic dermatitis, Sertoli cell tumour-associated skin disease, superficial necrolytic dermatitis, and zinc-responsive dermatosis (Supplementary Table 3). ?10.6. SummaryA diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis cannot be made by histopathology alone. Histopathological features in dogs often comprise hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, irregular epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis that extends to hair follicle infundibulae, lymphocyte and granulocyte exocytosis, and a mixed, predominately lymphocytic, superficial perivascular or interstitial infiltrate with variable superficial dermal oedema. Yeast cells may or may not be observed in surface or infundibular stratum corneum (cytology or quantitative culture preferable for assessment of populations). In cats, histopathological features vary markedly according to the nature of the underlying disorder. Antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance11.1 IntroductionAntifungal chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of a range of clinical presentations in both humans and animals that are attributable to cutaneous Malassezia. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [334, 335] The need for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in general has increased in parallel with the recent emergence of AMR as a significant threat in both human medicine and animal health. This section reviews literature relevant to Malassezia spp. and identifies areas for future development. 11.2 MethodsThe susceptibility test is critical for the selection of treatment strategy and the control of drug-resistant pathogens, and in circumstances where the organism’s susceptibility cannot be reliably predicted by its’ identity. In 2008, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute published the most recent document (CLSI M27-A3) in its’ series of reference standards for susceptibility testing of yeasts. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Institute</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2017</RecNum><DisplayText>[336]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2017</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518621076">2017</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Manuscript">36</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard - third edition. Document M27-A3.</title></titles><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Wayne, PA, USA. </pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[336] However, these are focused on invasive human pathogens such as Candida and Cryptococcus spp., and Malassezia pachydermatis, a lipophilic and aerobic yeast, does not exhibit sufficient growth in the standard defined (and lipid-free) RPMI 1640 medium to permit use of the reference method for this species. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) analogous reference susceptibility test for pathogenic yeasts and molds ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Testing.</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2018</RecNum><DisplayText>[337]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518621634">2018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EUCAST Definitive Document E.DEF. 7.3.1. Method for the determination of broth diltuion minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for yeasts.</title><tertiary-title>;[337] also specifies use of an RPMI-1640 based culture medium that is unsuitable for Malassezia spp. Establishment of new reference susceptibility tests for M. pachydermatis may ultimately depend on work by organisations such as International Society for Human and Medical Mycology (ISHAM) working groups, or the Veterinary Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (VetCAST), a subcommittee of EUCAST. In the absence of standard methods appropriate for M. pachydermatis, the CLSI M27-A2 and A3 protocols have been adapted by various modifications of the process. (Supplementary Table?4).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZWxlZ3Jha2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [334, 335, 338-341] Technical specifics were recently usefully reviewed in detail by Peano et al., including a discussion of the effects of medium and conditions of incubation, lipid supplementation, inoculum preparation, end-point determination, and quality control aspects.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QZWFubzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [342] Modified Etest protocols and conventional disc diffusion (CLSI M44-A) have also been used to determine the in vitro susceptibility of M. pachydermatis (Supplementary Tables 4 and 5); tests of this type are more suited to routine diagnostic use than broth dilution methods.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZWxlZ3Jha2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [334, 338, 343] The CLSI-recommended medium (Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with glucose and methylene blue) optimally supports the growth of M. pachydermatis provided the inoculum is incubated with a lipid source (Tween 40 or 80); agar diffusion using clotrimazole and miconazole discs on this agar yielded values that correlated with MIC determined by broth dilution.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYXNxdWV0dGk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [344] Etest, a commercially-available manual in vitro diagnostic method that utilizes a plastic strip with a predefined gradient of antimicrobial agent, was used to establish MIC values for ketoconazole and itraconazole that reportedly correlated well with those obtained using a broth dilution method. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cafarchia</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1194</RecNum><DisplayText>[335]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1194</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1194</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Iatta, R.</author><author>Colao, V.</author><author>Montagna, M. T.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>* Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Zootecnia.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro evaluation of Malassezia pachydermatis susceptibility to azole compounds using E-test and CLSI microdilution methods</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>795-801</pages><volume>50</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22471886</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[335] One limitation is that strips are not available for all antifungal agents used in dogs and cats. Breakpoints: clinical versus epidemiological A breakpoint is defined by EUCAST as “specific values of parameters such as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) or inhibition zone diameters on the basis of which microbes can be assigned to the clinical categories ‘susceptible (sensitive)’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘resistant’”. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Testing.</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2018</RecNum><DisplayText>[337]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518621634">2018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EUCAST Definitive Document E.DEF. 7.3.1. Method for the determination of broth diltuion minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for yeasts.</title><tertiary-title>;[337] There is scope for confusion around use of the term breakpoint. “Clinical breakpoints” indicate to the clinician the likelihood of therapeutic success when using a particular antimicrobial against an infectious agent. “Epidemiological cut-off values” (ECOFFs) (syn. epidemiological or microbiological breakpoints) represent the highest acceptable MIC value of the wild-type microbial populations with no acquired phenotypically detectable resistance mechanism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kahlmeter</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2025</RecNum><DisplayText>[345]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2025</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518622772">2025</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kahlmeter, G.</author><author>Brown, D. F.</author><author>Goldstein, F. W.</author><author>MacGowan, A. P.</author><author>Mouton, J. W.</author><author>Osterlund, A.</author><author>Rodloff, A.</author><author>Steinbakk, M.</author><author>Urbaskova, P.</author><author>Vatopoulos, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Klinisk mikrobiologi, Centrallasarettet, 351 85 Vaxjo, Sweden. gunnar.kahlmeter@ltkronoberg.se</auth-address><titles><title>European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria</title><secondary-title>J Antimicrob Chemother</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</full-title><abbr-1>J. Antimicrob. Chemother.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Antimicrob Chemother</abbr-2></periodical><pages>145-8</pages><volume>52</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Europe</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests/*standards/statistics & numerical data</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0305-7453 (Print)
0305-7453 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12837738</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[345]; it is important to note that this might not be clinically relevant if the MIC is still below that achievable with the drug at any given site of infection. Unfortunately, interpretive breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing of Malassezia species are not yet available; thus, any classification of isolates into susceptible, intermediate, and resistant categories remains speculative. This may be especially challenging in the context of topical therapy where high local concentrations are often achieved ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peano</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1190</RecNum><DisplayText>[346]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peano, A.</author><author>Beccati, M.</author><author>Chiavassa, E.</author><author>Pasquetti, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Italy. andrea.peano@unito.it</auth-address><titles><title>Evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to clotrimazole, miconazole and thiabendazole using a modified CLSI M27-A3 microdilution method</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>131-5, e29</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Clotrimazole/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Fungal</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Miconazole/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Thiabendazole/*pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22313492</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[346]. Review of existing literature on M. pachydermatis susceptibility testing suggest that, in some cases, previous use of the term ”resistant” would be best regarded as an ECOFF rather than a clinical breakpoint PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [335, 347] although further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. 11.4 Antifungal drug susceptibility testing in Malassezia species 11.4.1 Azole antifungal drugsImidazoles such as clotrimazole, climbazole and miconazole are used topically (otic products, creams, or shampoos) although ketoconazole and its triazole derivative, itraconazole are widely available for oral use in dogs and cats. Posaconazole, a recently developed triazole structurally similar to itraconazole, is used orally or intravenously for the treatment of invasive mycoses in immunocompromised humans ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Greer</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2057</RecNum><DisplayText>[348]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2057</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1520355615">2057</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Greer, N. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Services, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. NickiG@BaylorHealth.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Posaconazole (Noxafil): a new triazole antifungal agent</title><secondary-title>Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)</full-title></periodical><pages>188-96</pages><volume>20</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0899-8280 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [334, 335, 339, 349], with the exception of fluconazole(see below). 11.4.2. Terbinafine Terbinafine is a synthetic allylamine derivative that inhibits fungal ergosterol biosynthesis at the point of squalene epoxidation. Terbinafine was first shown to have activity in vitro against Malassezia spp. more than 30 years ago ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Petranyi</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1993</RecNum><DisplayText>[350]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1993</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518456424">1993</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Petranyi, G.</author><author>Meingassner, J. G.</author><author>Mieth, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Sandoz Forschungsinstitut, Vienna, Austria.</auth-address><titles><title>Antifungal activity of the allylamine derivative terbinafine in vitro</title><secondary-title>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</full-title><abbr-1>Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</abbr-2><abbr-3>Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>1365-8</pages><volume>31</volume><number>9</number><keywords><keyword>Agar</keyword><keyword>*Antifungal Agents</keyword><keyword>Arthrodermataceae/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Candida/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Clotrimazole/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Econazole/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Species Specificity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0066-4804 (Print)
0066-4804 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3674847</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[350], although in the same study, terbinafine activity was 20-800 times greater amongst a range of dermatophytes. Subsequent to conflicting reports of efficacy using topical versus oral dosing in human pityriasis versicolor, in vitro studies showed lower MICs in isolates of M. sympodialis that correlated with efficacy of oral dosing; higher MICs in M. globosa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae, and M. furfur sensu stricto ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nimura</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2012</RecNum><DisplayText>[351]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518547614">2012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nimura, K.</author><author>Niwano, Y.</author><author>Ishiduka, S.</author><author>Fukumoto, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Pharmaceutical Research Department, Sato Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8-5 Higashi-ohi, 6-Chome, Shinagawa-ku, 140-0011, Tokyo, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of in vitro antifungal activities of topical antimycotics launched in 1990s in Japan</title><secondary-title>Int J Antimicrob Agents</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents</full-title><abbr-1>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents</abbr-1><abbr-2>Int J Antimicrob Agents</abbr-2></periodical><pages>173-8</pages><volume>18</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Topical</keyword><keyword>Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Candida albicans/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods</keyword><keyword>Mitosporic Fungi/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Neutral Red</keyword><keyword>Trichophyton/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0924-8579 (Print)
0924-8579 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11516941</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[351] were associated with better responses to the higher concentrations achieved by topical therapy. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Leeming</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1994</RecNum><DisplayText>[352]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1994</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518456882">1994</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leeming, J. P.</author><author>Sansom, J. E.</author><author>Burton, J. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Public Health Laboratory, Bristol Royal Infirmary, U.K.</auth-address><titles><title>Susceptibility of Malassezia furfur subgroups to terbinafine</title><secondary-title>Br J Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Br. J. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br J Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>764-7</pages><volume>137</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Cutaneous</keyword><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/classification/*drug effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Mycological Typing Techniques</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Tinea Versicolor/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-0963 (Print)
0007-0963 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9415238</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[352] These species-related differential susceptibilities were confirmed in a subsequent study, with M. sympodialis and M. pachydermatis showing greatest susceptibility amongst examples of relative tolerance amongst other Malassezia species. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gupta</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>611</RecNum><DisplayText>[353]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>611</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">611</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gupta, A. K.</author><author>Kohli, Y.</author><author>Li, A.</author><author>Faergemann, J.</author><author>Summerbell, R. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center (Sunnybrook Site) and the University of Toronto, Canada. agupta@</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro susceptibility of the seven </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species to ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine</style></title><secondary-title>Br J Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Br. J. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Br J Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>758-65</pages><volume>142</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Allylamine/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>10792228</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[353] Further studies in collections of field isolates of M. pachydermatis have routinely indicated susceptibility at concentrations similar to those obtained with azole antifungal drugs. In a study of 24 M. pachydermatis isolates (urea broth dilution), mean MIC values of terbinafine were favorably comparable to those of itraconazole, although ranges or MIC90 values were not reported. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murai</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>460</RecNum><DisplayText>[354]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">460</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murai, T.</author><author>Nakamura, Y.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Watanabe, S.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Susceptibility testing of Malassezia pachydermatis using the urea broth microdilution method</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>84-7</pages><volume>45</volume><number>3-4</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Culture Media/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Drug Synergism</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Muramidase/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Urea/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Urease/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>12000506</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[354] Similar activity was found (supplemented RPMI 1640 medium) with a single M. pachydermatis strain. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZWxlZ3Jha2k8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [334] In a study of 62 canine-derived M. pachydermatis strains (Christensen’s urea broth, supplemented RPMI 1640), terbinafine was superior (based on MIC90) to fluconazoleby 6 two-fold dilutions but inferior to ketoconazole and itraconazole by 3 and 5 dilutions respectively. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cafarchia</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1192</RecNum><DisplayText>[339]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1192</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1192</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Iatta, R.</author><author>Montagna, M. T.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Bari, Str. prov.le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs with and without skin lesions</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary microbiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>395-8</pages><volume>155</volume><number>2-4</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 23</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21962411</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[339] These values were barely exceeded in a pharmacokinetic study of skin concentrations achieved after oral dosing at 30mg/kg sid. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gimmler</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2041</RecNum><DisplayText>[355]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519239346">2041</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gimmler, J. R.</author><author>White, A. G.</author><author>Kennis, R. A.</author><author>Cruz-Espindola, C.</author><author>Boothe, D. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Determining canine skin concentrations of terbinafine to guide the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>411-6, e95-6</pages><volume>26</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Half-Life</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Tissue Distribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [341] A similar relationship between terbinafine and ketoconazole susceptibility was noted in a study (supplemented Sabouraud’s broth) of 51 M. pachydermatis strains from canine ears. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYWthbm88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [356] 11.4.3 Nystatin The polyene cyclic macrolides, amphotericin B and nystatin, were amongst the earliest broad-spectrum antifungals introduced for clinical use. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Odds</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1098</RecNum><DisplayText>[357]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1098</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1098</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Odds, FC</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Kibbler, C. C.</author><author>Mackenzie, D. W. R.</author><author>Odds, FC</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Antifungal therapy</title><secondary-title>Principles and practice of clinical mycology</secondary-title></titles><pages>35-48</pages><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Chichester</pub-location><publisher>John Wiley and Sons</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[357] The potential toxicity of amphotericin B generally limits its use in veterinary medicine to serious progressive or disseminated systemic mycoses, whereas nystatin is active when applied topically. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rausch</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>1997</RecNum><DisplayText>[358]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1997</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518537000">1997</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rausch, F. D.</author><author>Skinner, G. W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Incidence and treatment of budding yeasts in canine otitis externa</title><secondary-title>Mod Vet Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Modern Veterinary Practice</full-title><abbr-1>Mod. Vet. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mod Vet Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>914-5</pages><volume>59</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Candida/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Candidiasis/drug therapy/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Combinations</keyword><keyword>Iodine/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Neomycin/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Nystatin/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Poloxalene/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Thiostrepton/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Tinea Versicolor/drug therapy/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Triamcinolone/therapeutic use</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1978</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0362-8140 (Print)
0362-8140 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>732804</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[358] Its mode of action is via altered cell membrane permeability mediated by preferential binding to ergosterol. These drugs were regarded as reference agents in early studies of M. pachydermatis susceptibility to azoles because of well-established activity against the genus ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorenzini</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>115</RecNum><DisplayText>[359]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>115</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">115</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lorenzini, R.</author><author>Mercantini, R.</author><author>Bernardis, F. de</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro sensitivity of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. to various antimycotics</style></title><secondary-title>Drugs under Experimental and Clinical Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research</full-title><abbr-1>Drugs Exp. Clin. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Drugs Exp Clin Res</abbr-2><abbr-3>Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research</abbr-3></periodical><pages>393-395</pages><volume>11</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>antifungal-agents</keyword><keyword>Amphotericin-B</keyword><keyword>antifungal-properties</keyword><keyword>Clotrimazole-</keyword><keyword>Econazole-</keyword><keyword>Griseofulvin-</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole-</keyword><keyword>Miconazole-</keyword><keyword>Nystatin-</keyword><keyword>THIABENDAZOLE-</keyword><keyword>Tolnaftate-</keyword><keyword>Tolciclate</keyword><keyword>Vv200</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>vv800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1985</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[359], although polyene-resistant strains have been induced in vitro by exposure to mutagen (N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine) or UV irradiation. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Uchida</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1995</RecNum><DisplayText>[360]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1995</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518534843">1995</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Uchida, Y.</author><author>Onodera, S.</author><author>Nakade, T.</author><author>Otomo, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Sterol composition in polyene antibiotic-sensitive and resistant strains of Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Vet Res Commun</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Research Communications</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Res. Commun.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Res Commun</abbr-2></periodical><pages>183-7</pages><volume>18</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Chromatography, Thin Layer/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*chemistry/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Natamycin/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Nystatin/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Sterols/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><isbn>0165-7380 (Print)
0165-7380 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7985380</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[360] Wild type M. pachydermatis strains appear routinely susceptible to nystatin, although higher MICs (MIC90 increased by a single two-fold dilution) have been reported amongst isolates obtained from dogs with skin disease when compared to isolates from healthy dogs (reportedly RPMI1640). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weiler</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1996</RecNum><DisplayText>[349]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1996</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518534995">1996</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weiler, C. B.</author><author>de Jesus, F. P.</author><author>Nardi, G. H.</author><author>Loreto, E. S.</author><author>Santurio, J. M.</author><author>Coutinho, S. D.</author><author>Alves, S. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.</auth-address><titles><title>Susceptibility variation of Malassezia pachydermatis to antifungal agents according to isolate source</title><secondary-title>Braz J Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Braz J Microbiol</full-title></periodical><pages>174-8</pages><volume>44</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>antifungal agents</keyword><keyword>susceptibility</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1517-8382 (Print)
1517-8382 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24159302</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[349] In a study of 51 strains from canine ears (supplemented Sabouraud’s broth), nystatin was inferior to ketoconazole and terbinafine by 7 and 4 two-fold dilutions respectively. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYWthbm88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [356] 11.4.4 ChlorhexidinePrevious studies of the activity of chlorhexidine against M. pachydermatis have primarily utilized dilutions of commercial products rather than conventional reference methods with the drug in its’ pure form. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaGlhdmFzc2E8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [361-364]. Although most of these studies have evaluated very small numbers of isolates, a common theme is that M. pachydermatis is typically susceptible to dilutions of chlorhexidine products, in accordance with reports of clinical efficacy. To the authors’ knowledge, reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine in vitro has not been reported.11.4.5. Gentamicin and other aminoglycosidesGentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity against many aerobic Gram-positive and negative bacteria, commonly formulated in polypharmacy otic products for dogs. Whilst gentamicin has been used as an inhibitor of bacterial growth in cultures of M. pachydermatis from ear swabs from laboratory dogs with high bacterial colonisation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>353</RecNum><DisplayText>[285]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, DH</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparison of media and conditions of incubation for the quantitative culture of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">from canine skin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Research in Veterinary Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">273-4</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">61</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[285], a subsequent report indicated that 20/20 isolates were susceptible to high concentrations in vitro. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aspiroz</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1998</RecNum><DisplayText>[365]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1998</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518539412">1998</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aspiroz, C.</author><author>Gilaberte, Y.</author><author>Rezusta, A.</author><author>Boekhout, T.</author><author>Rubio, M. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain. carmenaspiroz@</auth-address><titles><title>Gentamycin inhibits the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in culture</title><secondary-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rev Iberoam Micol</full-title></periodical><pages>20-1</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Culture Media/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</keyword><keyword>Gentamicins/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/microbiology/veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 31</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1130-1406 (Print)
1130-1406 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20149702</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[365] Further studies (Sabourauds agar, Christensen’s urea broth with Tween 40 & 80) have shown a wide variation in effect, with MICs’ of gentamicin ranging from 1.0 to >150 ug/mL. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaWx2YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [366, 367] Netilmicin, tobramycin and framycetin also have variable but often high activity against M. pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Silva</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1999</RecNum><DisplayText>[368]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1999</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518542068">1999</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Silva, F. A.</author><author>Conde-Felipe, M.</author><author>Rosario, I.</author><author>Ferrer, O.</author><author>Real, F.</author><author>Deniz, S.</author><author>Acosta, F.</author><author>Padilla, D.</author><author>Acosta-Hernandez, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
Departamento de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
Parque Cientifico Tecnologico Marino, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Ctra., Las Palmas, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to aminoglycosides</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>796-799</pages><volume>60</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>Etest(R)</keyword><keyword>aminoglycosides</keyword><keyword>framycetin</keyword><keyword>gentamicin</keyword><keyword>netilmicin</keyword><keyword>tobramycin</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-0507 (Electronic)
0933-7407 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28925032</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[368] These studies indicate that gentamicin should not be incorporated, for suppression of bacterial growth, into culture media intended for the primary isolation of M. pachydermatis. The extent of any clinical benefit of anti-Malassezia activity from gentamicin in otic formulations used in canine otitis externa requires further assessment. 11.4.6. Other drugsA small number of publications report activity in vitro of other agents against Malassezia spp. These include plant-derived substances such as Blad-containing oligomer (an antifungal agent approved for agricultural use)PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJyZWlyYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [356], a honey-based gel ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oliveira</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2273</RecNum><DisplayText>[371]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2273</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1538066094">2273</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oliveira, A. M. P.</author><author>Devesa, J. S. P.</author><author>Hill, P. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal.
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5371, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro efficacy of a honey-based gel against canine clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>180-e65</pages><volume>29</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [373]; agents primarily used in the topical treatment of human dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis (selenium sulphide, zinc pyrithione, ciclopiroxolamine ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carrillo-Munoz</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>2006</RecNum><DisplayText>[374]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2006</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518546275">2006</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carrillo-Munoz, A. J.</author><author>Rojas, F.</author><author>Tur-Tur, C.</author><author>de Los Angeles Sosa, M.</author><author>Diez, G. O.</author><author>Espada, C. M.</author><author>Paya, M. J.</author><author>Giusiano, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dept. Microbiologia-Micologia, ACIAM, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro antifungal activity of topical and systemic antifungal drugs against Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>571-5</pages><volume>56</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods</keyword><keyword>Molecular Typing</keyword><keyword>Mycological Typing Techniques</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>susceptibility</keyword><keyword>systemic antifungals</keyword><keyword>topical antifungals</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-0507 (Electronic)
0933-7407 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23496653</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[374], rilopirox ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nenoff</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><DisplayText>[375]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518547791">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nenoff, P.</author><author>Haustein, U. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro susceptibility testing of Malassezia furfur against rilopirox</title><secondary-title>Skin Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Skin Pharmacology</full-title><abbr-1>Skin Pharmacol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Skin Pharmacol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>275-80</pages><volume>10</volume><number>5-6</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Clotrimazole/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Pyridones/*pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><isbn>1011-0283 (Print)
1011-0283 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9449166</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[375]); and povidone –iodine. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Duarte</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2008</RecNum><DisplayText>[376]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2008</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518547056">2008</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Duarte, E. R.</author><author>Hamdan, J. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.</auth-address><titles><title>Susceptibility of yeast isolates from cattle with otitis to aqueous solution of povidone iodine and to alcohol-ether solution</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>369-73</pages><volume>44</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Candida/drug effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cattle Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Ethanol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Ether/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/drug effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Mitosporic Fungi/classification/*drug effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Otitis/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Povidone-Iodine/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Rhodotorula/drug effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Solutions/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1369-3786 (Print)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16772232</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[376] The calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) have activity in vitro against human-associated Malassezia yeasts. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sugita</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2269</RecNum><DisplayText>[377]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2269</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1538042861">2269</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sugita, T.</author><author>Tajima, M.</author><author>Tsubuku, H.</author><author>Tsuboi, R.</author><author>Nishikawa, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new calcineurin inhibitor, pimecrolimus, inhibits the growth of Malassezia spp</title><secondary-title>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</full-title><abbr-1>Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</abbr-2><abbr-3>Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy</abbr-3></periodical><pages>2897-8</pages><volume>50</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Calcineurin Inhibitors</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>In Vitro Techniques</keyword><keyword>Lipid Metabolism/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Tacrolimus/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0066-4804 (Print)
0066-4804 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16870799</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[377] The clinical relevance of these observations for canine and feline infections requires further assessment. 11.4.7. Combinations of antifungal drugsCombining antifungal drugs might potentiate their efficacy, reduce the selection pressure for resistance, reduce side effects if lower doses can be used, and achieve clinical efficacy when monotherapy is ineffective. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schlemmer</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2267</RecNum><DisplayText>[378]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537891495">2267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schlemmer, K. B.</author><author>de Jesus, F. P. K.</author><author>Loreto, E. S.</author><author>Farias, J. B.</author><author>Alves, S. H.</author><author>Ferreiro, L.</author><author>Santurio, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Faculdade de Veterinaria (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro combination of antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29924372</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[378] In a study of 30 M. pachydermatis isolates from canine otitis externa, primarily indifferent and often divergent interactions were observed between azoles and nystatin, terbinafine and caspofungin, although 55% of strains showed a synergistic interaction between caspofungin and itraconazole or fluconazole. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schlemmer</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2267</RecNum><DisplayText>[378]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537891495">2267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schlemmer, K. B.</author><author>de Jesus, F. P. K.</author><author>Loreto, E. S.</author><author>Farias, J. B.</author><author>Alves, S. H.</author><author>Ferreiro, L.</author><author>Santurio, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Faculdade de Veterinaria (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro combination of antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29924372</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[378] By contrast, amphotericin B antagonised the activity of itraconazole, but not fluconazole or posaconazole, in approximately 55% of 30 otic strains of M. pachydermatis in a broth micro-dilution checkerboard system. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alvarez-Perez</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2268</RecNum><DisplayText>[379]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2268</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537892910">2268</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alvarez-Perez, S.</author><author>Garcia, M. E.</author><author>Blanco, J. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Hospital Clinico Veterinario, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro activity of amphotericin B-azole combinations against Malassezia pachydermatis strains</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 8</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29534201</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[379] An additive interaction between fluconazole and calcineurin inhibitors against M. globosa and M. restricta is mediated by the immunophilin gene FKBP12.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JYW5pcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [356] Similarly, nystatin MIC50 increased by a single two-fold dilution when sub-cultured in the same way, and ketoconazole MIC50 increased by 4 two-fold dilutions. From work in Malassezia and other pathogens, reduced susceptibility to azoles may be caused by reduced affinity due to alterations in the drug target enzyme ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kano</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2264</RecNum><DisplayText>[380]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2264</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537809269">2264</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Yokoi, S.</author><author>Kariya, N.</author><author>Oshimo, K.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresouce Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
Sennan Animal Hospital, 3-2297-1 Noda, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0451, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Multi-azole-resistant strain of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from a canine Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>May 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29800467</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[380], by increased expression of the target gene (ERG11) encoding this enzyme, or by increased efflux by overexpression of genes encoding membrane transport proteins of the ABC transporter (CDR1/CDR2) or the major facilitator (MDR1) superfamilies. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Odds</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1098</RecNum><DisplayText>[357]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1098</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1098</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Odds, FC</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Kibbler, C. C.</author><author>Mackenzie, D. W. R.</author><author>Odds, FC</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Antifungal therapy</title><secondary-title>Principles and practice of clinical mycology</secondary-title></titles><pages>35-48</pages><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Chichester</pub-location><publisher>John Wiley and Sons</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[357] Induction of high fluconazole MICs in 30 strains of M. pachydermatis by prolonged exposure was associated with elevated MICs to other azoles, suggesting that the molecular basis for these effects may in some cases confer cross-resistance to this drug class. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KZXN1czwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [381] Further studies are needed to define the molecular genetics of the reduced susceptibility to azoles, terbinafine and nystatin induced in M. pachydermatis by laboratory exposure at sub-inhibitory drug concentrations, and any implications for long-term drug use in clinical practice. Studies of field isolatesMalassezia spp are reportedly not susceptible to echinocandins and griseofulvin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Leong</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2030</RecNum><DisplayText>[382]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2030</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518625051">2030</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leong, C.</author><author>Buttafuoco, A.</author><author>Glatz, M.</author><author>Bosshard, P. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Dermatology, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland martin.glatz@usz.ch philipp.bosshard@usz.ch.</auth-address><titles><title>Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia spp. with an Optimized Colorimetric Broth Microdilution Method</title><secondary-title>J Clin Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1883-1893</pages><volume>55</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Colorimetry/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests/*methods</keyword><keyword>Oxazines/analysis</keyword><keyword>Xanthenes/analysis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>antifungal agents</keyword><keyword>antifungal susceptibility testing</keyword><keyword>fungi</keyword><keyword>yeasts</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-660X (Electronic)
0095-1137 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28381607</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[382] The inherently lower antifungal potency of the triazole, fluconazole, is largely compensated by its excellent pharmacokinetic properties for deep-seated infections of humans. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Odds</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1098</RecNum><DisplayText>[357]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1098</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1098</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Odds, FC</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Kibbler, C. C.</author><author>Mackenzie, D. W. R.</author><author>Odds, FC</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Antifungal therapy</title><secondary-title>Principles and practice of clinical mycology</secondary-title></titles><pages>35-48</pages><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Chichester</pub-location><publisher>John Wiley and Sons</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[357] Amongst collections of M. pachydermatis, fluconazole consistently returns significantly higher MICs when compared with other clinically relevant imidazoles and triazoles PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWZhcmNoaWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [340, 341, 374, 383], leading to questionable predicted clinical utility of this agent in dogs and cats, pending development of clinical breakpoints, and further clinical studies. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sickafoose</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2083</RecNum><DisplayText>[384]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315677">2083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sickafoose, L.</author><author>Hosgood, G.</author><author>Snook, T.</author><author>Westermeyer, R.</author><author>Merchant, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>A noninferiority clinical trial comparing fluconazole and ketoconazole in combination with cephalexin for the treatment of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>E1-13</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cephalexin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Therapy, Combination</keyword><keyword>Fluconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-3593 (Print)
1528-3593 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20957617</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[384] In 2010, Nijima et al. reported the first itraconazole and ketoconazole “resistant” isolate of M. pachydermatis, originating from canine seborrheic dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nijima</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1060</RecNum><DisplayText>[338]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nijima, M.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Nagata, M.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>An azole-resistant isolate of Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary microbiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>288-90</pages><volume>149</volume><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21074337</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[338] Subsequently, Cafarchia et al. reported that Italian clinical isolates of M. pachydermatis from canine skin lesions had low susceptibility to azoles compared with those from normal canine skin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cafarchia</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1192</RecNum><DisplayText>[339]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1192</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1192</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Iatta, R.</author><author>Montagna, M. T.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Bari, Str. prov.le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs with and without skin lesions</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary microbiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>395-8</pages><volume>155</volume><number>2-4</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 23</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21962411</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[339] Watanabe et al. expressed concern about the phenomenon in the worldwide context, given that secondary infections with M. pachydermatis in canine atopic dermatitis (AD) are frequently is treated using azole-containing shampoos. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Watanabe</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2020</RecNum><DisplayText>[343]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2020</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518622292">2020</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Watanabe, S.</author><author>Koike, A.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Nagata, M.</author><author>Chen, C.</author><author>Hwang, C. Y.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine skin with atopic dermatitis to ketoconazole and itraconazole in East Asia</title><secondary-title>J Vet Med Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Veterinary Medical Science</full-title><abbr-1>J. Vet. Med. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Vet Med Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>579-81</pages><volume>76</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Fungal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Far East</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1347-7439 (Electronic)
0916-7250 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24334863</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[343] These authors investigated azole (itraconazole and ketoconazole) susceptibility amongst M. pachydermatis isolates from canine AD cases in East Asia over a two year period (2010 and 2011) by E-test using Sabouraud’s dextrose agar supplemented with 0.5% Tween 40. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Watanabe</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2020</RecNum><DisplayText>[343]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2020</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1518622292">2020</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Watanabe, S.</author><author>Koike, A.</author><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Nagata, M.</author><author>Chen, C.</author><author>Hwang, C. Y.</author><author>Hasegawa, A.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine skin with atopic dermatitis to ketoconazole and itraconazole in East Asia</title><secondary-title>J Vet Med Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Veterinary Medical Science</full-title><abbr-1>J. Vet. Med. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Vet Med Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>579-81</pages><volume>76</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Fungal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Far East</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1347-7439 (Electronic)
0916-7250 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24334863</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[343] MICS amongst isolates from canine AD isolates were significantly higher than the isolates from healthy canines, in parallel to studies of isolates from healthy and seborrheic dogs from the same region.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ZdXJheWFydDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [385] Similar observation were made in studies of M. pachydermatis isolates from dogs with chronic otitis externa. Peano et al. reported that most M. pachydermatis isolates from canine otitis externa cases were inhibited by clotrimazole, miconazole, and thiabendazole, at concentrations of 2-8 (clotrimazole), 1-4 (miconazole), or 16-32 (thiabendazole) μg/mL. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peano</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1190</RecNum><DisplayText>[346]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peano, A.</author><author>Beccati, M.</author><author>Chiavassa, E.</author><author>Pasquetti, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Italy. andrea.peano@unito.it</auth-address><titles><title>Evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to clotrimazole, miconazole and thiabendazole using a modified CLSI M27-A3 microdilution method</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>131-5, e29</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Clotrimazole/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance, Fungal</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Miconazole/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Thiabendazole/*pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22313492</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[346] MICs were higher in M. pachydermatis isolates from chronic otitis dogs that had been previously treated with various topical ear products containing miconazole and clotrimazole.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaGlhdmFzc2E8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [361] Robson et al. also examined in vitro antifungal susceptibility of M. pachydermatis isolated from cases of canine otitis clinically nonresponsive to either topical miconazole or clotrimazole and recognized MICs above the limit of detection for miconazole and clotrimazole in some isolates. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Robson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2058</RecNum><DisplayText>[386]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2058</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1520452397">2058</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Robson, D.</author><author>Moss, S.</author><author>Trott, D.</author><author>Burton, G. C.</author><author>Bassett, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evidence for possible clinically relevant antifungal resistance in Malassezia pachydermatis: 10 cases. </title><secondary-title>Australian College of Veterinary Scientists Dermatology Chapter Science Week</secondary-title></titles><pages>93-99</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Gold Coast</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[386]. Recently, high MICs of itraconazole and ketoconazole in a strain of M. pachydermatis from canine dermatitis were associated with missense mutations in the ERG11 gene. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kano</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2264</RecNum><DisplayText>[380]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2264</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537809269">2264</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Yokoi, S.</author><author>Kariya, N.</author><author>Oshimo, K.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresouce Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
Sennan Animal Hospital, 3-2297-1 Noda, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0451, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Multi-azole-resistant strain of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from a canine Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>May 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29800467</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[380] An additive effect of itraconazole in combination with tacrolimus ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kano</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2264</RecNum><DisplayText>[380]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2264</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537809269">2264</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kano, R.</author><author>Yokoi, S.</author><author>Kariya, N.</author><author>Oshimo, K.</author><author>Kamata, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresouce Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
Sennan Animal Hospital, 3-2297-1 Noda, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0451, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Multi-azole-resistant strain of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from a canine Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>May 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29800467</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[380] likely reflected calcineurin-inhibitor binding to the immunophilin FKBP12, as shown previously for additive interactions with fluconazole in M. furfur and M. sympodialis.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JYW5pcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [133]It is important to note that products formulated for treatment of canine otitis routinely contain concentrations of the drug that are at least 650 × the MIC of the wild-type target pathogen. Therefore, antifungal concentrations in topical products typically exceed, by several orders of magnitude, the highest MIC values reported to date for azole-resistant strains. 11.5.3. BiofilmsBiofilms, wherein groups of adherent microbial cells become embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix, may protect the microbe from the host immune system and reduce susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Figueredo</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1886</RecNum><DisplayText>[162]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1886</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482952718">1886</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Desantis, S.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Zootecnia, Universita degli Studi di Bari, Str. prov.le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Biofilm formation of Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>126-31</pages><volume>160</volume><number>1-2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Biofilms</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Phospholipases/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 09</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22682201</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[162] Figueredo et al., evaluated the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of M. pachydermatis strains, in both their planktonic and sessile (biofilm production) forms to fluconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine; MIC values were increased by 3-6 two fold dilutions in the sessile form ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Figueredo</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1885</RecNum><DisplayText>[383]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1885</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482952717">1885</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Figueredo, L. A.</author><author>Cafarchia, C.</author><author>Otranto, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari , Valenzano , Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>863-7</pages><volume>51</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Biofilms/*drug effects/*growth & development</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>*Drug Resistance, Fungal</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/isolation & purification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23834283</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[383]. Bumroongthai et al reported an increase in itraconazole and ketoconazole MICs by 9 two-fold dilutions (<0.03 to >16 ug/mL) following biofilm formation in M. pachydermatis, either alone or when co-cultured with Candida parapsilosis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bumroongthai</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1859</RecNum><DisplayText>[387]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1859</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482775166">1859</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bumroongthai, K.</author><author>Chetanachan, P.</author><author>Niyomtham, W.</author><author>Yurayart, C.</author><author>Prapasarakul, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330.
Department of Medical Science, National Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, 11000.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Nuvee.P@chula.ac.th.</auth-address><titles><title>Biofilm production and antifungal susceptibility of co-cultured Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida parapsilosis isolated from canine seborrheic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>544-9</pages><volume>54</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Candida parapsilosis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>antifungal susceptibility</keyword><keyword>biofilm production</keyword><keyword>dogs</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26868903</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[387] Jerzsele et al. also reported that effective concentrations (EC50) of ketoconazole and itraconazole MICs increased by 18-169 and 13-124 times respectively against M. pachydermatis in biofilms when compared to planktonic forms ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jerzsele</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1884</RecNum><DisplayText>[388]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1884</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1482952717">1884</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jerzsele, A.</author><author>Gyetvai, B.</author><author>Csere, I.</author><author>Galfi, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Szent Istvan University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Istvan u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary.
Alpha-Vet Veterinary Ltd. Szekesfehervar Hungary.
Tiflovet Ltd. Budapest Hungary.</auth-address><titles><title>Biofilm formation in Malassezia pachydermatis strains isolated from dogs decreases susceptibility to ketoconazole and itraconazole</title><secondary-title>Acta Vet Hung</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Acta Veterinaria Hungarica</full-title><abbr-1>Acta Vet. Hung.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Acta Vet Hung</abbr-2></periodical><pages>473-80</pages><volume>62</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Biofilm</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>itraconazole</keyword><keyword>ketoconazole</keyword><keyword>planktonic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0236-6290 (Print)
0236-6290 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25410389</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[388]. Recently Brilhante et al. reported reduced susceptibility of M. pachydermatis biofilms to azoles, terbinafine and amphotericin B.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CcmlsaGFudGU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [389] The significance of these important observations for clinical practice remains to be determined. Clinical context and implications for practiceTesting for resistance is hampered by the unsuitability of the current CLSI and EUCAST reference methods, lack of an agreed modified protocol optimized for M. pachydermatis, and absence of clinical breakpoints for either systemic or topical therapies. Despite these critical limitations, current data suggest that the vast majority of field isolates of M. pachydermatis are routinely susceptible to most relevant azoles (miconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and ketoconazole). However, the evidence that reduced susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to commonly used antifungal drugs may develop under both field and laboratory conditions highlights the need for surveillance and vigilance for the emergence of clinically-relevant resistance. This is especially important in cases of canine AD, seborrheoic dermatitis and chronic otitis externa where repeated treatments are commonly utilized. Improved and agreed reference methods designed to overcome the specific growth requirements of Malassezia spp. are therefore urgently required. Clinical presentations in dogs12.1 SignalmentMalassezia dermatitis can potentially occur in dogs of any age, sex or breed, but signalment related predispositions have been reported. Malassezia dermatitis is often first diagnosed in dogs between one and three years of age, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>303</RecNum><DisplayText>[390]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K V</author><author>Stewart, L J</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Ihrke, P J</author><author>Mason, I S</author><author>White, S D</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia and canine dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Advances in veterinary dermatology</secondary-title></titles><pages>399-402</pages><volume>2</volume><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Pergamon Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[390] as might be expected in a disease that is frequently secondary to atopic dermatitis or due to genetic predisposition. There are also well-known breed predispositions including West Highland White Terriers, Basset hounds, American Cocker Spaniels, Shih Tzus, English setters, Toy and Miniature poodles, Boxers, Cavalier King Charles spaniels, Australian and Silky terriers, German Shepherd dogs and Dachshunds.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QbGFudDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [67, 243, 244] There is no sex predisposition. 12.2 HistoryMalassezia dermatitis typically presents as a pruritic dermatosis or otitis and it is a major differential diagnosis in any dog with those presenting signs. The severity of pruritus can vary, ranging from mild to very severe. In one report, the onset of clinical signs coincided with the summer or humid months and then persisted into winter, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><DisplayText>[391]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524307276">2188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Griffin, C. E.</author><author>Kwochka, K. W.</author><author>MacDonald, J.M.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cutaneous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style></title><secondary-title>Current Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><pages>44-48</pages><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>St Louis</pub-location><publisher>Mosby Year Book</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[391] but this apparent seasonality has not been verified to be independent of an underlying seasonal allergy. The pruritus can manifest as face rubbing, head shaking, ear scratching, paw licking/chewing, anal scooting or generalized scratching, depending on the location of infection. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><DisplayText>[391]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524307276">2188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Griffin, C. E.</author><author>Kwochka, K. W.</author><author>MacDonald, J.M.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cutaneous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style></title><secondary-title>Current Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><pages>44-48</pages><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>St Louis</pub-location><publisher>Mosby Year Book</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[391] A pruritic facial hyperaesthesia is occasionally seen in association with Malassezia cheilitis.12.3 Skin lesions and distributionThe skin lesions in dogs with Malassezia dermatitis can be localised or generalised.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXNvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [70, 271, 391-393] Regional dermatitis commonly occurs on the muzzle, lips, ventral neck, axillae, ventral abdomen, medial hindlimbs, interdigital skin, perineum and in the external ear canal and intertriginous areas. Malassezia paronychia may occur in some cases. A localized area of Malassezia overgrowth can occur following persistent licking. On examination, skin lesions are characterised by diffuse erythema and variable amounts of kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”) that can be brown, yellow or grey in colour. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2188</RecNum><DisplayText>[331, 391]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524307276">2188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K. V.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Griffin, C. E.</author><author>Kwochka, K. W.</author><author>MacDonald, J.M.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cutaneous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style></title><secondary-title>Current Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><pages>44-48</pages><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>St Louis</pub-location><publisher>Mosby Year Book</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gross</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gross, T. L.</author><author>Ihrke, P. J.</author><author>Walder, E. J.</author><author>Affolter, V. K.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Second.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis.</style></title><secondary-title>Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Clinical and histopathological diagnosis.</secondary-title></titles><pages>142-146</pages><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[331, 391] The skin and hair coat may become greasy, and self-induced alopecia can occur due to the pruritus. When paronychia is involved, there is reddish-brown staining of the claws or hair, with inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue. Chronic cases can have marked lichenification. Hyperpigmentation can also occur with chronicity, but this appears to be breed specific. West Highland White terriers typically develop this change with chronic disease, whereas Basset hounds typically do not. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147] Dogs with generalised lesions often have an offensive, rancid or ‘yeasty’ odour. Although the occurrence of severe generalized alopecia, lichenification and hyperpigmentation in the West Highland White terrier breed has been reported previously as a form of genetic epidermal dysplasia, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><DisplayText>[246]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott, D. W.</author><author>Miller, W. H., Jr.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidermal dysplasia and Malassezia pachydermatis infection in West Highland White terriers</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>25-36</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>Mycoses-</keyword><keyword>Skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>Epidermis-</keyword><keyword>Hyperplasia-</keyword><keyword>Pruritus-</keyword><keyword>Seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>West-Highland-Terriers</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll860</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[246] many dermatologists believe this condition is a severe manifestation of allergic skin disease and concurrent Malassezia dermatitis. Similarly, historical reports of an idiopathic seborrhea non-responsive to etretinate in West Highland white terriers and Basset hounds may have reflected untreated Malassezia dermatitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Power</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>299</RecNum><DisplayText>[394]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Power, H T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Ihrke, P J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Stannard, A A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Backus, K Q</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Use of etretinate for treatment of primary keratinization disorders (idiopathic seborrhea) in cocker spaniels, West Highland White terriers, and basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">419-29</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">201</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[394] Malassezia overgrowth in the ears typically results in a pruritic, erythematous, ceruminous otitis externa which results in the accumulation of a brownish discharge. As on the skin surface, the medial aspect of the pinna can become lichenified in chronic cases.It is uncertain how the range of immunologic hyper-responsiveness to M. pachydermatis present in dogs with Malassezia dermatitis (none, immediate, delayed, contact; section 6) influences the spectrum of lesion type and severity in affected dogs. 12.4 Concurrent diseasesMany dogs with Malassezia dermatitis have concurrent dermatoses, especially hypersensitivity disorders, ectoparasitic infestation, bacterial pyoderma, endocrinopathies, or cornification defects (section 7). This can complicate the diagnosis, or lead to misdiagnoses, due to overlapping of clinical signs. These diagnostic challenges are compounded by lack of direct correlation between yeast population density and clinical signs (section 8.5). However, it is also important to remember that in some cases, especially in predisposed breeds, there is no identifiable underlying cause and the dog’s skin disease may respond completely to antifungal therapy. Clinical presentations in cats13.1 Malassezia dermatitis and paronychiaThe clinical presentation of feline Malassezia dermatitis varies markedly depending on the underlying disease (section 7). Malassezia yeasts (chiefly M. pachydermatis) have been associated with a greasy seborrhoeic dermatitis in cats with or without concurrent paronychia.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [265, 289], flea bite hypersensitivity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1907</RecNum><DisplayText>[289]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1907</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1483040229">1907</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Dermatology Service, 6 rue de la Mare Pavee, 35510 Cesson-Sevigne, France. emmanuel.bensignor@wanadoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Treatment of Malassezia overgrowth with itraconazole in 15 cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Rec</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1011-2</pages><volume>167</volume><number>26</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>France</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2042-7670 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [82, 289, 397] Feline immunodeficiency virus positive cats have been shown to carry more Malassezia compared with normal cats but this was not associated with any clinical signs.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SZWNoZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [398] Affected Devon Rex and Sphynx cats typically show mild to marked greasy seborrhoea with alopecia (in Devon Rex) and hyperpigmentation or reddish-brown surface discolouration and variable erythema affecting the axillae, groin, ventral neck and predominantly ventral interdigital regions. This is commonly accompanied by a greasy, tightly adherent brown exudate on the claws and/or in the claw folds of multiple digits. Pruritus is not typically a feature.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db2xvbWJvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [78, 114] Less common presentations reported in Devon Rex cats include generalized seborrhoea sicca, a greasy seborrhoea affecting the ventral neck and head and pruritus. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>?hman</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>890</RecNum><DisplayText>[114]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>890</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">890</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>?hman, S. E.</author><author>Bergstrom, K. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Djurakuten, Kungstensgatan 58, SE-113 29 Stockholm, Sweden. susanne.ahman@</auth-address><titles><title>Cutaneous carriage of Malassezia species in healthy and seborrhoeic Sphynx cats and a comparison to carriage in Devon Rex cats</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>970-6</pages><volume>11</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-612X (Print)
1098-612X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19559635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[114] In Sphynx cats in particular, there may be some elevated Malassezia carriage (compared with normal cats) which may result in greasiness without overt inflammation or seborrhoea.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Wb2xrPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [251, 265, 289]Although uncommon, Malassezia species overgrowth should be considered in every case of localised or generalised erythema associated with seborrhoea in cats. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1907</RecNum><DisplayText>[289]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1907</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1483040229">1907</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Dermatology Service, 6 rue de la Mare Pavee, 35510 Cesson-Sevigne, France. emmanuel.bensignor@wanadoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Treatment of Malassezia overgrowth with itraconazole in 15 cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Rec</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1011-2</pages><volume>167</volume><number>26</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>France</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2042-7670 (Electronic)
0042-4900 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21262732</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[289]13.2 Feline idiopathic facial dermatitisFeline idiopathic facial dermatitis is an uncommon skin disorder of presumed hereditary origin. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2000 </Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText>[247]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Mason, I.S.</author><author>Rest, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats.</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>35-41</pages><volume>11</volume><dates><year>2000 </year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[247] Persian, and anecdotally Himalayan, cats are predisposed.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMCAgIDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [247, 248, 399] Affected cats show progressive skin lesions on the face characterised by symmetrical erythema and exudate with black waxy material matting the distal hair particularly in facial folds, perioral, periocular and preauricular regions. Secondary excoriations may be present in severe cases. A concurrent bilateral erythematous otitis with black waxy exudate was reported in 7/13 cats. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2000 </Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText>[247]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Mason, I.S.</author><author>Rest, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats.</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>35-41</pages><volume>11</volume><dates><year>2000 </year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[247]Malassezia overgrowth has been found on cytology in approximately half of the reported cases, and more often with concurrent coccoid and/or rod bacterial overgrowth.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMCAgIDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [247, 248, 399] In one study 5/12 cats partly responded to antimicrobials. Of these cats, four received ketoconazole 10 mg/kg for 14-42 days either alone (2/4 cases) or with concurrent antibiotics (2/4 cases). A partial reduction in pruritus and exudate was noted in 3/4 cats. A 2% chlorhexidine 2% miconazole shampoo three times weekly in one case was used to a good initial response but was subsequently withdrawn due to irritation. It was concluded based on the partial responses seen in some cats that concurrent infection may be a complicating factor in this disease. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2000 </Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText>[247]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Mason, I.S.</author><author>Rest, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats.</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>35-41</pages><volume>11</volume><dates><year>2000 </year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[247]13.3 Feline paraneoplastic alopeciaFeline paraneoplastic alopecia is clinically distinct disease that has been reported secondary to carcinomas of the liver, bile duct, intestine and pancreas, as well as with a neuroendocrine pancreatic carcinoma and hepatosplenic plasma cell tumour.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGFycGU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [82, 83, 400-407] The typical clinical presentation is of ventral alopecia with inelastic, thin, smooth and shiny but not fragile skin; adjacent hairs can be easily epilated. Limbs, paws and ears may be variably affected and dry crusting and fissuring of the footpads is occasionally noted. It is a non-pruritic disease unless there is significant secondary Malassezia (or bacterial) infectionsusually manifest by crusts and brown exudate.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2RmcmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [402, 406, 407] Systemic azoles (itraconazole 5-10 mg/kg q24h ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1907</RecNum><DisplayText>[289]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1907</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1483040229">1907</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Dermatology Service, 6 rue de la Mare Pavee, 35510 Cesson-Sevigne, France. emmanuel.bensignor@wanadoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Treatment of Malassezia overgrowth with itraconazole in 15 cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Rec</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1011-2</pages><volume>167</volume><number>26</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>France</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2042-7670 (Electronic)
0042-4900 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21262732</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[289] and ketoconazole 5 mg/kg q12h ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Godfrey</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>532</RecNum><DisplayText>[403]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">532</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Godfrey, D. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Nine Lives Veterinary Practice for Cats, Hockley Heath, West Midlands.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case of feline paraneoplastic alopecia with secondary </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated dermatitis</style></title><secondary-title>J Small Anim Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>394-6</pages><volume>39</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Adenocarcinoma/complications/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Alopecia/etiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis/etiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/etiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity</keyword><keyword>Pancreatic Neoplasms/complications/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Pruritus</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>9741876</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[403]) have been used in a limited number of cases to successfully treat concurrent Malassezia infections, resulting in reduced pruritus, better quality of life and reduction of inflammatory changes on histopathology, albeit without improving the poor prognosis associated with frequently metastatic neoplasia.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2RmcmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [83, 403] 13.4 Thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitisSignificant colonisation of the skin with Malassezia organisms may be associated with some cases of thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis. This is a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting in a generalised marked inflammatory exfoliation with patchy hair loss and easily epilated hair, and variably thickened skin which may be fissured or ulcerated. While this disease has been reported a number of times, only two reports confirmed associated Malassezia overgrowth. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Gb3JzdGVyLVZhbiBIaWpmdGU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4x
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [258, 408] The remaining reports could not definitively confirm the presence of a thymoma, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mauldin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>464</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mauldin, E. A.</author><author>Morris, D. O.</author><author>Goldschmidt, M. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Studies, Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. emauldin@vet.upenn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Retrospective study: the presence of Malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>7-13</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Pennsylvania/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Records/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>11896965</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83] or failed to demonstrate yeast on histopathology, though skin cytology and/or culture was not noted to be performed in all cases. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaW5naDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [409-412] A single cat with thymoma and confirmed Malassezia overgrowth (confluent growth on contact plates) that was treated surgically and followed up showed no yeast growth on contact culture plates 6 months following surgical removal. The only additional treatment for the M. pachydermatis initially isolated in this time was two baths in a selenium sulphide shampoo, indicating a likely association between yeast overgrowth and the thymoma. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Forster-Van Hijfte</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><DisplayText>[258]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Forster-Van Hijfte, M. A.</author><author>Curtis, C. F.</author><author>White, R. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resolution of exfoliative dermatitis and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> overgrowth in a cat after surgical thymoma resection</style></title><secondary-title>J Small Anim Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>451-4</pages><volume>38</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Exfoliative/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Differential</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*growth & development</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Thymoma/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Thymus Neoplasms/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>9358405</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[258]13.5 Feline acneMalassezia organisms have been identified on cytology and/or histopathology in up to 22% of reported cases of feline acne.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaGl0ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [259, 413] Malassezia organisms in feline chin acne have been identified not only on the skin surface, but also occasionally within comedones. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gross</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2197</RecNum><DisplayText>[414]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524313256">2197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gross, T. L.</author><author>Ihrke, P. J.</author><author>Walder, E. J.</author><author>Affolter, V. K.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Gross, T. L.</author><author>Ihrke, P. J.</author><author>Walder, E. J.</author><author>Affolter, V. K.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Feline acne</title><secondary-title>Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Clinical and histopatholog diagnosis</secondary-title></titles><pages>437-440</pages><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Blackwell Science</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[414] There is some debate over the role of the pathogenicity of Malassezia spp. in chin acne ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>White</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>683</RecNum><DisplayText>[413]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>683</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">683</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>White, S. D., Buordeau, P. B., Blumstein, P., Ibisch, C., Guaguère, E., Dénerolle, P. et al. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Feline acne and results of treatment with mupirocin in an open clinical trial: 25 cases (1994-96). </title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>157-164</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[413] but two cases were reported in conference proceedings (KV Mason, AAVD 1994) which responded poorly to antibiotics, had yeast organisms on both histopathology and cytology, and showed a good clinical and mycological response to a 30 day course of oral ketoconazole. 13.6 Otitis externaM. pachydermatis, is the predominant Malassezia yeast isolated from cats’ ears; frequency of isolation is increased in cats with otitis externa. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crespo</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>765</RecNum><DisplayText>[415]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>765</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">765</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crespo, M. J.</author><author>Abarca, M. L.</author><author>Caba?es, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occurence of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. in the external ear canals of dogs and cats with and without otitis externa. </style></title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>115-121</pages><volume>40</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[415]. In addition, M. furfur has been isolated from the ear of a healthy cat, whereas M. sympodialis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [24, 115] have been recovered from both healthy cats and cats with otitis externa. Whilst many healthy cats have ear canals apparently devoid of Malassezia yeasts, and despite attempts to associate particular yeast counts with ear disease, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ginel</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>[417]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ginel, P. J.</author><author>Lucena, R.</author><author>Rodriguez, J. C.</author><author>Ortega, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain. pginel@uco.es</auth-address><titles><title>A semiquantitative cytological evaluation of normal and pathological samples from the external ear canal of dogs and cats</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-6</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Animal</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Cytological Techniques/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>12074704</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[417] there is a subset of cats which can carry large numbers of yeast in their ear canals without evidence of otitis externa.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXNvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [112, 397, 418] It has been suggested that the finding of excessive otic Malassezia organisms in the absence of clinical signs may potentially be indicative of occult systemic disease. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pressanti</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2121</RecNum><DisplayText>[112]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524148659">2121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pressanti, C.</author><author>Drouet, C.</author><author>Cadiergues, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France c.pressanti@envt.fr.
Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparative study of aural microflora in healthy cats, allergic cats and cats with systemic disease</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><pages>992-6</pages><volume>16</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Cats/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Colony Count, Microbial</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Ear, External/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Rhinitis, Allergic/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2750 (Electronic)
1098-612X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24509255</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[112] Some feline cases of otitis externa are associated with Malassezia yeasts as the sole pathogen, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crespo</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>438</RecNum><DisplayText>[416]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>438</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">438</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crespo, M. J.</author><author>Abarca, M. L.</author><author>Caba?es, F. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otitis externa associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia sympodialis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in two cats</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1263-1266</pages><volume>38</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[416] ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Perego</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2201</RecNum><DisplayText>[419]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524314292">2201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perego, R.</author><author>Proverbio, D.</author><author>Bagnagatti De Giorgi, G.</author><author>Della Pepa, A.</author><author>Spada, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy roberta.perego@unimi.it.
Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Prevalence of otitis externa in stray cats in northern Italy</title><secondary-title>J Feline Med Surg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Feline Med Surg</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of feline medicine and surgery</abbr-1></periodical><pages>483-90</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Italy/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Otitis Externa/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Seasons</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-2750 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [251, 289, 396] and feline idiopathic facial dermatitis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>2000 </Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText>[247]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">681</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Curtis, C.F.</author><author>Ferguson, E.A.</author><author>Mason, I.S.</author><author>Rest, J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats.</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>35-41</pages><volume>11</volume><dates><year>2000 </year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[247], although some cats have no identified predisposing diseases.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DcmVzcG88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [95, 147] there is no evidence for an increased prevalence of Malassezia otitis in seborrheic Devon Rex and Sphynx cats prone to Malassezia dermatitis. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [80, 114]Summary of the diagnostic approach14.1 Dog or cat presents with inflammatory skin disease potentially associated with Malassezia yeasts:0321945DOGErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe), often favouring intertriginous zones± hyperpigmention ± lichenification± odour± traumatic alopecia± otitis externaORParonychia with claw fold erythema and swelling, waxy or crusty brown exudate, red-brown claw stainingORFrenzied facial pruritus with varying, sometimes subtle, erythema of chin / perioral skin00DOGErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe), often favouring intertriginous zones± hyperpigmention ± lichenification± odour± traumatic alopecia± otitis externaORParonychia with claw fold erythema and swelling, waxy or crusty brown exudate, red-brown claw stainingORFrenzied facial pruritus with varying, sometimes subtle, erythema of chin / perioral skinleft276225CATErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe), ± otitis externa± breed predilection (Devon rex, Sphynx)ORPhenotype of idiopathic facial dermatitis (Persian / Himalayan)ORPhenotype of feline paraneoplastic alopecia*, especially when alopecia / shiny skin is accompanied by abundant brown exudateORPhenotype of thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis*ORPhenotype of feline acne* additional diagnostic evaluations indicated at first presentation00CATErythema, usually with kerato-sebaceous scale (“greasy exudation”), and pruritus (minimal, mild, moderate or severe), ± otitis externa± breed predilection (Devon rex, Sphynx)ORPhenotype of idiopathic facial dermatitis (Persian / Himalayan)ORPhenotype of feline paraneoplastic alopecia*, especially when alopecia / shiny skin is accompanied by abundant brown exudateORPhenotype of thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis*ORPhenotype of feline acne* additional diagnostic evaluations indicated at first presentation14.2 Establish whether Malassezia yeasts be identified cytologically (or by quantitative culture using contact plates or detergent scrub; not routine swab culture) in lesional areas. Counts may be high but not necessarily so. YES: Initiate trial therapy with appropriate topical and or systemic antifungal productNO:Sample more sites; use an alternative sampling method; reconsider diagnosisEvaluate the clinical and mycological response to appropriate topical (3-4 weeks) and or systemic (2-4 weeks) antifungal therapy:COMPLETE CLINICAL & MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: diagnose Malassezia dermatitis; consider an underlying causePARTIAL CLINICAL, COMPLETE MYCOLOGICAL: diagnose Malassezia dermatitis; investigate/treat ongoing underlying skin diseaseNO CLINICAL RESPONSE, COMPLETE MYCOLOGICAL: consider yeast presence incidental to other inflammatory diseasePARTIAL CLINICAL & MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: suspect Malassezia dermatitis; review compliance; extend or intensify antifungal therapyNEITHER CLINICAL NOR MYCOLOGICAL RESPONSE: review compliance; change antifungal treatment and re-assess15. Therapy15.1 General considerationsTreatment of Malassezia dermatitis typically involves the use of topical and/or systemic antifungal medications. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>452</RecNum><DisplayText>[392]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J. </author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: a review</style></title><secondary-title>Medical Mycology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>295-306</pages><volume>37</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[392] Topical treatments such as shampoos, gels and lotions are appropriate for Malassezia dermatitis since the yeast is located within the stratum corneum. Shampoos are particularly interesting because they have a mechanical action that may reduce scaling and greasy exudation, and some are formulated with keratoregulating agents such as phytosphingosine, ammonium lactate, zinc gluconate and salicylic acid). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mueller</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1523</RecNum><DisplayText>[420]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1472647019">1523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mueller, R. S.</author><author>Bergvall, K.</author><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Bond, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany. ralf.mueller@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de</auth-address><titles><title>A review of topical therapy for skin infections with bacteria and yeast</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>330-41, e62</pages><volume>23</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Topical</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Skin Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>*Yeasts</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22731400</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[420] Systemic therapies are often more expensive than topical therapies but may be necessary in cases where topical therapy is challenging for the owner / patient affiliation or otherwise ineffective. However, a combined topical / systemic approach may be optimal in some dogs with generalized and/or severe lesions: one study published in abstract form showed that a combination or oral ketoconazole and 2% miconazole /2% chlorhexidine shampoo was more effective and allowed a better speed of cure than either topical or systemic treatment used alone. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1228</RecNum><DisplayText>[421]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Hahn, H.</author><author>Guillot, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topical vs. systemic treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in dogs: a comparative, blinded, randomised trial.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>84</pages><volume>23 (Suppl. 1)</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[421] It is also important to diagnose and treat the underlying cause responsible for the proliferation of the yeasts (section 7). 15.2 Development of the consensus on therapyMany in vitro studies have been published showing the potential activity of various molecules against yeasts and notably Malassezia spp (reviewed in section 10). Unfortunately trials assessing the in vivo efficacy of antifungal treatment for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs are few in number and commonly involve only small group sizes with resultant low statistical power. This is quite surprising if we consider that Malassezia dermatitis is a very common condition in veterinary medicine. In cats data are even less numerous and only open studies have been reported. The panel has approached the development of consensus guidelines on therapy on two levels. Firstly, we have performed a systematic search and review of relevant published trial data with grading of the study quality to provide evidence-based conclusions on the strength of recommendation, updating the review published by Negre et al. in 2009. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Negre</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>847</RecNum><DisplayText>[422]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>847</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">847</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Negre, A.</author><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Veterinary Clinic, 7 rue de l'Hotel de Ville, le Chatelet-en-Brie, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary dermatology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1-12</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)</isbn><accession-num>19152584</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[422] Secondly, we have provided summary practice guidelines that are primarily evidence-based and drawn from part one, but also include a component of expert opinion where the evidence-based data is limited or absent. Thus, our concluding summary falls between the definitions of “Practice Guideline (Evidence-Based)” and “Practice Guideline (Consensus)” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebell</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2076</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1521722195">2076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebell, M. H.</author><author>Siwek, J.</author><author>Weiss, B. D.</author><author>Woolf, S. H.</author><author>Susman, J.</author><author>Ewigman, B.</author><author>Bowman, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. ebell@msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature</title><secondary-title>J Am Board Fam Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Board of Family Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Board Fam. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Board Fam Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>59-67</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Evidence-Based Medicine/*classification/standards</keyword><keyword>Family Practice</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Periodicals as Topic</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards</keyword><keyword>Review Literature as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0893-8652 (Print)
0893-8652 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15014055</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[2]. For the systematic review, we utilised the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT), a comprehensive taxonomy for evaluating the strength of recommendation based on a body of evidence and the quality of individual studies (Table 3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebell</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2076</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1521722195">2076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebell, M. H.</author><author>Siwek, J.</author><author>Weiss, B. D.</author><author>Woolf, S. H.</author><author>Susman, J.</author><author>Ewigman, B.</author><author>Bowman, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. ebell@msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature</title><secondary-title>J Am Board Fam Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Board of Family Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Board Fam. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Board Fam Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>59-67</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Evidence-Based Medicine/*classification/standards</keyword><keyword>Family Practice</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Periodicals as Topic</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards</keyword><keyword>Review Literature as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0893-8652 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [423]]. Studies for review were identified by electronic searches of the PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA) and CAB Direct (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Wallingford, U.K.) databases (keywords: Malassezia, treatment, dog, cat) and manual searches of Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, Volumes 1- 8 (no relevant studies identified). The studies were included if presented in full or abstract form in a peer-reviewed journal; studies presented only in conference proceedings were not evaluated due to likely infrequent availability to the wider veterinary dermatology community. Table 3. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT)(a) and descriptors for Levels of Evidence (LoE) for individual studies (b)Strength of RecommendationDefinitionA - StrongBased on consistent and good quality patient-oriented evidenceB - ModerateBased on inconsistent or limited quality patient-oriented evidenceC - WeakRecommendation based on consensus, usual practice, disease-oriented evidence or case seriesTable 3b.Level of EvidenceDefinition for treatment studies1 – Good quality patient-orientedHigh quality individual RCT, or meta-analysis of consistent RCTs2 - Limited quality patient-orientedLower quality clinical trial, cohort study, case-control study3 – Other evidenceRecommendation based on consensus, usual practice, disease-oriented evidence or case series Review of trial data in dogs: systemic treatmentsAzole derivatives15.3.1 KetoconazoleIn spite of the widespread practice use of ketoconazole to treat Malassezia dermatitis, only a few studies evaluated the efficacy of this azole in vivo. Studies were either randomized and controlled PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3NhbGVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [148, 384, 421, 424] or controlled without blinding ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2084</RecNum><DisplayText>[425]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315915">2084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparaison de deux posologies de kétoconazole pour le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien</title><secondary-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire</full-title></periodical><pages>311-316</pages><volume>145</volume><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[425](Table 4) involving relatively small group sizes (7-12 patients). Together, these studies indicate that the use of ketoconazole at an oral dosage of 5-10 mg/kg/day is most often either completely or partially effective, when given fasted, to improve both clinical signs and cytological or colony counts from dogs suffering from Malassezia dermatitis (SoR: B-moderate). The length of treatment varied between 3 and 4 weeks in most cases. Whilst one unblinded randomized study of 20 dogs suggested that there was no significant difference in efficacy between 5 and 10 mg/kg/day of ketoconazole administrated once daily for 3 weeks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2084</RecNum><DisplayText>[425]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315915">2084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparaison de deux posologies de kétoconazole pour le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien</title><secondary-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire</full-title></periodical><pages>311-316</pages><volume>145</volume><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[425], there is insufficient evidence to comment specifically on the efficacy of the various doses used (5 or 10 mg/kg, once or twice daily). Reports of improved efficacy with KTZ at doses of 10 mg/kg twice daily ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mason</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>303</RecNum><DisplayText>[390]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mason, K V</author><author>Stewart, L J</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Ihrke, P J</author><author>Mason, I S</author><author>White, S D</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia and canine dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Advances in veterinary dermatology</secondary-title></titles><pages>399-402</pages><volume>2</volume><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Pergamon Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[390](Mason and Stewart 1993) do not appear to have been subjected to critical comparative trials. Adverse reactions are regularly reported with the use of ketoconazole in dogs; a retrospective study of 632 dogs that received a median daily dose of 10 mg/kg reported adverse effects in 14.6%, including primarily vomiting (7.1%), anorexia (4.9%), lethargy (1.9%) and diarrhoea (1.1%). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mayer</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2085</RecNum><DisplayText>[426]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2085</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522316191">2085</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mayer, U. K.</author><author>Glos, K.</author><author>Schmid, M.</author><author>Power, H. T.</author><author>Bettenay, S. V.</author><author>Mueller, R. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. mayer@med.vetmed.uni-munchen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse effects of ketoconazole in dogs--a retrospective study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>199-208</pages><volume>19</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18547382</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[426] Adverse effects were significantly more frequent in dogs receiving concurrent ivermectin or ciclosporin. Table 4. Clinical trials of oral ketoconazole in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis in dogs.StudyDesignDose usedClinical outcomeAdverse effectsCommentLoEBensignor 2001 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2084</RecNum><DisplayText>[425]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315915">2084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparaison de deux posologies de kétoconazole pour le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien</title><secondary-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire</full-title></periodical><pages>311-316</pages><volume>145</volume><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[425]RCT-UB (10 dogs per group)5 OR 10 mg/kg once daily7/20 complete response, rest partialIn 10 mg/kg group: vomiting [n=2], anorexia [n=1], apathy [n=1]Small group sizes; two KTZ doses compared2Rosales et al. 2005 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3NhbGVzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [148]RCT-B (7 dogs received KTZ)5-10 mg/kg twice daily4/7 >50 % clinical improvementNilSmall group sizes and concurrent cefalexin therapy limits interpretation. Compared with terbinafine. 2Bensignor 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2082</RecNum><DisplayText>[424]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2082</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315582">2082</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oral itraconazole as a pulse therapy for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis: a randomized, blinded, comparative trial</title><secondary-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l’Animal de Compagnie</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l’Animal de Compagnie</full-title></periodical><pages>69-72</pages><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[424]RCT-B (10 dogs received KTZ)10 mg/kg once daily4/10 complete response, 6/10 partialNilSmall group sizes; compared to pulse ITZ2Bensignor et al. 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1228</RecNum><DisplayText>[421]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Hahn, H.</author><author>Guillot, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topical vs. systemic treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in dogs: a comparative, blinded, randomised trial.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>84</pages><volume>23 (Suppl. 1)</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[421]RCT-B (10 dogs)10 mg/kg once daily83% improvement at 6 wksNot specifiedAbstract publication only; compared to shampoo alone or combined with KTZ2Sickafoose et al. 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sickafoose</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2083</RecNum><DisplayText>[384]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315677">2083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sickafoose, L.</author><author>Hosgood, G.</author><author>Snook, T.</author><author>Westermeyer, R.</author><author>Merchant, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>A noninferiority clinical trial comparing fluconazole and ketoconazole in combination with cephalexin for the treatment of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>E1-13</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cephalexin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Therapy, Combination</keyword><keyword>Fluconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-3593 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [424, 427], Ashok 2002,(Table 5; SoR: B-moderate). Two were comparative versus ketoconazole. Therapeutic doses recommended are variable with 5?mg/kg once daily, or for 2 consecutive days a week, being most often used. In two relatively small studies, there were no significant differences in any results between itraconazole pulse therapy (2 days on, 5 days off) and the daily administration of either itraconazole or ketoconazole PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QaW5jaGJlY2s8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [424, 427]. The pulse therapy approach reflects predicted accumulation of this lipophilic drug in the stratum corneum ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pierard</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>623</RecNum><DisplayText>[428]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>623</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">623</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pierard, G. E.</author><author>Arrese, J. E.</author><author>Pierard-Franchimont, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center of Liege, Liege, Belgium. gerald.pierard@ulg.ac.be</auth-address><titles><title>Itraconazole corneofungimetry bioassay on Malassezia species</title><secondary-title>Mycoses</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mycoses</full-title><abbr-1>Mycoses</abbr-1><abbr-2>Mycoses</abbr-2></periodical><pages>418-21</pages><volume>47</volume><number>9-10</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Biological Assay</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Mycology/*methods</keyword><keyword>Plant Oils</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>15504126</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[428] and reduces costs and likely also side-effects of this relatively well-tolerated azole. Adverse effects seem to be less frequent with itraconazole compared to ketoconazole: transient vomiting and decreased appetite were relatively rare in the published studies (4/49 cases). 15.3.3 FluconazoleOnly one study evaluated the use of fluconazole for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sickafoose</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2083</RecNum><DisplayText>[384]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315677">2083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sickafoose, L.</author><author>Hosgood, G.</author><author>Snook, T.</author><author>Westermeyer, R.</author><author>Merchant, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>A noninferiority clinical trial comparing fluconazole and ketoconazole in combination with cephalexin for the treatment of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>E1-13</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cephalexin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Therapy, Combination</keyword><keyword>Fluconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-3593 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [286]. This low-powered study was not included in the SORT analysis because the outcome is disease-oriented (yeast count) rather than patient-oriented (no clinical scoring) (LoE=3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebell</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2076</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1521722195">2076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebell, M. H.</author><author>Siwek, J.</author><author>Weiss, B. D.</author><author>Woolf, S. H.</author><author>Susman, J.</author><author>Ewigman, B.</author><author>Bowman, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. ebell@msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature</title><secondary-title>J Am Board Fam Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Board of Family Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Board Fam. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Board Fam Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>59-67</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Evidence-Based Medicine/*classification/standards</keyword><keyword>Family Practice</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Periodicals as Topic</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards</keyword><keyword>Review Literature as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0893-8652 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [429, 430] A study designed to integrate pharmacokinetic data with previous MIC data in 10 healthy dogs treated with 30 mg/kg SID for 21d indicated that terbinafine does not achieve high stratum corneum and sebum concentrations compared with serum values; achieved concentrations barely exceeded previously reported in vitro MIC values. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gimmler</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2041</RecNum><DisplayText>[355]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519239346">2041</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gimmler, J. R.</author><author>White, A. G.</author><author>Kennis, R. A.</author><author>Cruz-Espindola, C.</author><author>Boothe, D. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Determining canine skin concentrations of terbinafine to guide the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>411-6, e95-6</pages><volume>26</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Half-Life</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Tissue Distribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26286855</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[355] These and other pharmacokinetic data might indicate preferential utility for systemic mycoses ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sakai</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>2080</RecNum><DisplayText>[431]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2080</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522169816">2080</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sakai, M. R.</author><author>May, E. R.</author><author>Imerman, P. M.</author><author>Felz, C.</author><author>Day, T. A.</author><author>Carlson, S. A.</author><author>Noxon, J. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. msakai@iastate.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Terbinafine pharmacokinetics after single dose oral administration in the dog</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>528-34</pages><volume>22</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*blood</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21599768</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[431], or the need for further dose optimisation for superficial mycoses. Table 5. Clinical trials of oral itraconazole in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitisStudyDesignDose usedclinical outcomeAdverse effectscommentLoEPinchbeck et al. 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pinchbeck</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>445</RecNum><DisplayText>[427]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Pinchbeck, L. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Hillier, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kowalski, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kwochka, K. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparison of pulse administration versus once daily administration of itraconazole for the treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">dermatitis and otitis in dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1807-1812</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">220</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[427]RCT-B (10 dogs per group)5mg /kg once daily or 2 consecutive days/week, for 21 dMedian lesion score reduced by 60% (pulse) and 31% (daily)NilSmall group sizes; two ITZ intervals compared2Kumar et al. 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kumar</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2238</RecNum><DisplayText>[432]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2238</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524501974">2238</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kumar, A.</author><author>Singh, K.</author><author>Sharma, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment of dermatitis in dogs associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis.</style></title><secondary-title>Indian Veterinary Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Indian Veterinary Journal</full-title><abbr-1>Indian Vet. J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Indian Vet J</abbr-2></periodical><pages>730-732</pages><volume>79</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[432]RCT-BNS (11 dogs received ITZ)5 mg/kg once dailyAll responded fully by d22NilCombined with twice weekly selenium sulphide shampoo. No staistical comparisons 3Bensignor 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2082</RecNum><DisplayText>[424]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2082</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315582">2082</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oral itraconazole as a pulse therapy for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis: a randomized, blinded, comparative trial</title><secondary-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l’Animal de Compagnie</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l’Animal de Compagnie</full-title></periodical><pages>69-72</pages><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[424]RCT-B (10 dogs received ITZ)5 mg/kg once daily for 2 consecutive days/week5/10 complete response, 5/10 partialTransient vomiting [n=2], inappetence [n=1]Small group sizes; compared with KTZ1 (or 2)RCT-B, randomised controlled trial – blinded?; RCT-BNS, randomised controlled trial – blinding not specified ?Table 6. Clinical trials of oral fluconazole and terbinafine in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitisStudyDrugDesignDose usedClinical outcomeAdverse effectsCommentLoESickafoose et al. 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sickafoose</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2083</RecNum><DisplayText>[384]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522315677">2083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sickafoose, L.</author><author>Hosgood, G.</author><author>Snook, T.</author><author>Westermeyer, R.</author><author>Merchant, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>A noninferiority clinical trial comparing fluconazole and ketoconazole in combination with cephalexin for the treatment of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>E1-13</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cephalexin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Therapy, Combination</keyword><keyword>Fluconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Ketoconazole/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-3593 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [148]TerbinafineRCT-B (8 dogs received terbinafine + cefalexin)30 mg/kg ponce daily3/8 >50 % clinical improvementNilSmall group sizes and concurrent cefalexin therapy limits interpretation. Compared with KTZ + cefalexin. 2Berger et al. 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Berger</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1904</RecNum><DisplayText>[429]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1904</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1483033285">1904</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Berger, D. J.</author><author>Lewis, T. P.</author><author>Schick, A. E.</author><author>Stone, R. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatology for Animals, Gilbert, AZ, USA. darrenbergeraercci@</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of once-daily versus twice-weekly terbinafine administration for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis - a pilot study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>418-e79</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Pilot Projects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22823935</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[429]TerbinafineRCT-B (10 dogs received terbinafine at either dose)30 mg/kg once daily OR30 mg/kg on 2 consecutive days/week, for 21 days8/10 >50% clinical improvement in both groupsMild signs in 3/10 dogs in both groups (overall 6/20); vomiting [n=2], diarrhoea [n=2], anorexia [n=1], panting [n=1]. Elevated ALT in 1 dog. Small group sizes; two dosing intervals compared. Complete clinical resolution in only 3/20 dogs at d21. Eight dogs developed pyoderma during study.215.4 Review of trial data in dogs: topical treatments15.4.1 Miconazole and chlorhexidineMiconazole is an azole derivative present in various shampoos, creams or lotions. A combination of 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine in a shampoo formulation is licensed for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis in a number of countries, primarily in Europe and Australia. Consistent high efficacy has been reported in randomised controlled trials (Table 7; SoR: A –strong). In one study, clinical efficacy was associated with marked reductions in skin population densities of both M. pachydermatis and total bacteria / staphylococci, assessed using a detergent scrub technique. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147] In the second RCT, yeast counts were assessed by tape-strips whereas bacterial populations were not assessed PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXluYXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [274] (Table 7; LoE=1; SoR=B-moderate) and was judged not inferior to 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine. Four dogs had transient and self-limiting side effects; the U.K. data sheet reports that self-limiting pruritus and erythematous reactions are ‘common’ and that conjunctival inflammation may occur. A 3% chlorhexidine and 0.5% climbazole shampoo was compared with a 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo in a blinded design in 16 basset hounds (7 healthy, 9 greasy) by a single application of each product to one side of the body. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bourdeau</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>2081</RecNum><DisplayText>[433]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2081</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522247714">2081</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bourdeau, P.</author><author>Bruet, V.</author><author>Roussel, A.</author><author>Merven, F.</author><author>Bensignor, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparative efficacy of two shampoos containing an azole derivative to decrease clinical signs and Malassezia pachydermatis counts in basset hounds : a comparative blinded, randomized trial</title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>467</pages><volume>22</volume><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[433] Both yeast counts (by contact plates) and clinical scores reduced during the 4 day trial period but clinical interpretation is limited by the varied clinical status of the subject dogs in this published abstract (LoE=3). 15.4.3 MiconazoleA small RCT of 1% and 2% miconazole conditioners of low statistical power showed reductions in clinical scores and yeast counts but no statistical difference when compared with vehicle control (LoE=2). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marsella</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2202</RecNum><DisplayText>[434]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524326352">2202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marsella, R.</author><author>Nicklin, C. E.</author><author>Nerbonne, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate two miconazole conditioners for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>141-9</pages><volume>1</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Double-Blind Method</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia</keyword><keyword>Miconazole/*administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-3593 (Print)
1528-3593 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19757576</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[434] 15.4.4 ClimbazoleA 2% climbazole shampoo had rapid mycological efficacy in a small disease-oriented (contact plate yeast count) rather than patient-oriented (no clinical scoring) RCT involving 6 treated and 5 control beagle dogs without skin lesions.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXZhbmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [287] (SoR not applicable). Similarly, a short, open study of wipes containing 0.5% climbazole, 0.3% chlorhexidine and Tris-EDTA assessed only yeast counts but not clinical parameters.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXZhbmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [288] 15.4.5. EnilconazoleAn 0.2% enilconazole lotion is licensed in some countries for the topical therapy of dermatophytosis in dogs, cattle and horses. Only one retrospective study of 12 cases of generalised Malassezia dermatitis reported treatment with a 0.2% enilconazole lotion (frequency of application not detailed) in association with oral ketoconazole. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carlotti</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>2086</RecNum><DisplayText>[435]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2086</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522318401">2086</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carlotti, D. N.</author><author>Laffort-Dassot, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien : étude bibliographique et rétrospective de 12 cas généralisés traités par des dérivés azolés.</title><secondary-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale des Animaux de Compagnie </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale des Animaux de Compagnie</full-title></periodical><pages>297-307</pages><volume>31</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[435] Although a complete mycological recovery was described, no specific report of clinical improvement was available (LoE=3; SoR: not applicable). 15.4.6. OthersIn a RCT involving 35 dogs, 20 received a commercially-available mixture of essential oils (Malacalm) twice daily for 1 month, 10 received oral ketoconazole at 10 mg/ kg once daily and 2% chlorhexidine twice weekly and 5 dogs served as untreated controls.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYXJkb25pPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [436] Whilst the authors reported a >50% improvement in clinical scores in 90% of dogs treated with essential oils, and in 100% of dogs treated with ketoconazole and chlorhexidine, interpretation is limited by unclear randomisation and blinding procedures, and failure to report pre- and post-treatment group clinical scores (mean or median, range) in the three treatment groups (LoE =2; SoR =C-weak). An unusual feature of this study was reported lack of relapse 150 days post-treatment in all of the essential oil-treated dogs. Further evaluation of this product is warranted. Selenium sulphide, piroctone olamine, benzalkonium chloride, triclosan formulated either in gels, shampoos, lotions, sprays or spot-on are also available but there is insufficient evidence to recommend their use at this time. In an open case series published in abstract form, a shampoo combination of piroctone olamine and ammonium lactate and a lotion (piroctone olamine and salicylic acid) reduced clinical scores and cytological yeast counts in 14 seborrhoeic dogs with high Malassezia counts (LoE=3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reme</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2087</RecNum><DisplayText>[437]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2087</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1522328038">2087</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reme, C. A.</author><author>Cadot, P.</author><author>Holzapfel, G.</author><author>Jasmin, P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficacy of combined topical therapy with keratoregulating shampoo and lotion in the management of keratoseborrhoeic disorders associated with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proliferation in dogs</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>264</pages><volume>14</volume><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[437]; these data should be confirmed in a RCT. Table 7. Clinical trials of a 2% miconazole / 2% chlorhexidine and 3% chlorhexidine shampoos in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis.StudyProductDesignFrequency Clinical outcomeAdverse effectsCommentLoEBond et al. 1995 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147]2% miconazole / 2% chlorhexidineRCT-B (16 basset hounds received MC-CH)Every third day15/16 ‘marked improvement’NilCompared to 0.25% selenium sulphide shampoo1Maynard et al. 2011PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXluYXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [274]2% miconazole / 2% chlorhexidineRCT-B (32 dogs received MC-CH)Twice weeklyGood (≥50%) response in 91% of dogsNilCompared to 3% Chlorhexidine shampoo1Bensignor et al. 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1228</RecNum><DisplayText>[421]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1228</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">1228</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Hahn, H.</author><author>Guillot, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topical vs. systemic treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis in dogs: a comparative, blinded, randomised trial.</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>84</pages><volume>23 (Suppl. 1)</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[421]2% miconazole / 2% chlorhexidineRCT-B (10 dogs)Twice weekly85% improvement at 6 wksNRAbstract publication only2Maynard et al. 20113% chlorhexidineRCT-B (22 dogs received CH)Thrice weekly for 2 weeks, then twice weekly for two weeks, then weekly if neededGood (≥50%) response in 86% of dogsTransient self-limiting pododermatitis [n=1], increased pruritus [n=2], exfoliation [n=2]Compared to 2% miconazole / 2% chlorhexidine115.5 Review of trial data in catsIn cats only open case series have been described, using oral itraconazole at varying doses and intervals (Table 8, LoE=3, SoR=C-weak).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj7DhWhtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [113, 251, 289] As for dogs, topical antifungal agents such as miconazole, chlorhexidine or climbazole are likely to be beneficial but there is no data to substantiate this, other than anecdotal reports. Table 8. Case series of Malassezia dermatitis in cats treated with oral itraconazole.StudyDesignDoseFrequency Clinical outcomeAdverse effectsCommentLoEOrdeix et al 2007OCS?; ITZ ± topical CH [n= 5], or with antibiotic [n=8]5 mg/kg Once daily ITZ+CH?: 1 complete, 1 partial?; ITZ+AB?: 3 complete, 5 partialNil3Ahman et al 2007OCS?; 6 seborrhoeic Devon Rex cats5 mg/kg Once daily for 7 d on, 7 d off, 7 d on.Skin lesions resolved at all sites except claw fold [n=4] and interdigitally [n=2]NilMarked antifungal efficacy based on quantitiative cultures3Bensignor 2010OCS?; 15 cats5-10 mg/kg Once daily for 4 weeks≥66% reduction in clinical scores; >75% reduction in pruritusNilMarked antifungal efficacy based on quantitiative cultures + cytology3CH, chlorhexidine?; OCS, open case series15.6 Antifungal drug formulation The relatively high cost of certain innovator-formulated drugs such as itraconazole has stimulated the compounding of bulk powder formulations by pharmacists in an attempt to reduce costs to clients. This is legal in some (but not all) countries under certain conditions. In a randomised cross-over study involving nine healthy Beagle dogs, neither generic nor compounded itraconazole was bioequivalent to the innovator-formulated product.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXdieTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [438] Pharmaco-kinetic analyses showed that the compounded formulation had very low absorption and bioavailability (5% of innovator product), yielding likely ineffective plasma concentrations, whereas the generic and reference products were broadly similar to each other. In a similar study of eight healthy cats, itraconazole compounded in both capsules and suspension was absorbed poorly and inconsistently. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mawby</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2244</RecNum><DisplayText>[439]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2244</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537550514">2244</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mawby, D. I.</author><author>Whittemore, J. C.</author><author>Fowler, L. E.</author><author>Papich, M. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of absorption characteristics of oral reference and compounded itraconazole formulations in healthy cats</title><secondary-title>J Am Vet Med Assoc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>195-200</pages><volume>252</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1943-569X (Electronic)
0003-1488 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29319446</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[439] In a field study of 95 dogs and 20 cats receiving either compounded, generic or innovator-formulated itraconazole for systemic mycoses, sub-therapeutic concentrations were detected in 95.2% of animals receiving the compounded formulation but in only 12.5% or less of the animals treated with generic or reference formulations. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Renschler</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2243</RecNum><DisplayText>[440]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2243</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537550514">2243</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Renschler, J.</author><author>Albers, A.</author><author>Sinclair-Mackling, H.</author><author>Wheat, L. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>From MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of Compounded, Generic, and Innovator-Formulated Itraconazole in Dogs and Cats</title><secondary-title>J Am Anim Hosp Assoc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Anim Hosp Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages>195-200</pages><volume>54</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/blood/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Biological Assay/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/blood/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/blood/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Compounding</keyword><keyword>Drugs, Generic</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Itraconazole/blood/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jul/Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0587-2871 (Print)
0587-2871 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29757665</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[440] The poor bioavailability of itraconazole in compounded formulations, and in some cases treatment failures, has been attributed to the absence of cyclodextrin, a carrier compound shown to improve gastro-intestinal absorption.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb2x0ZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [441, 442] A study of compounded fluconazole suspensions showed poor pharmaceutical accuracy (median 74% of target concentration). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Laporte</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2250</RecNum><DisplayText>[443]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1537551316">2250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Laporte, C. M.</author><author>Cruz-Espindola, C.</author><author>Thungrat, K.</author><author>Schick, A. E.</author><author>Lewis, T. P., 2nd</author><author>Boothe, D. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Quality assessment of fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions compounded by pharmacies located in the United States</title><secondary-title>Am J Vet Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</full-title><abbr-1>Am. J. Vet. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Am J Vet Res</abbr-2></periodical><pages>421-432</pages><volume>78</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Capsules/standards</keyword><keyword>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</keyword><keyword>Drug Compounding</keyword><keyword>Fluconazole/*standards</keyword><keyword>Pharmacies/*standards</keyword><keyword>Suspensions/standards</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1943-5681 (Electronic)
0002-9645 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28346002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[443] These data indicate that use of compounded azole formulations should be avoided; innovator-formulated or proven generic formulations are preferred. There appears to be no published data on the comparative efficacy of different topical formulations containing the same or similar ingredients. This may be especially relevant with over-the-counter formulations where regulatory assessment of product quality may be less exacting, and with molecules such as chlorhexidine whose stability may vary under different conditions. Both published RCT of a 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo with strong evidence of efficacy utilised the same innovator-formulated product (Malaseb?).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb25kPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [147, 274] 15.7 Summary and Consensus Guidelines for treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats.Amongst the various treatments utilised for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs, strong evidence (SoR=A) is available only for the use of a 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo, used twice weekly (two RCT with LoE=1). This may be considered to be the topical treatment of first choice, where available and locally approved, and when owners are able to apply the product effectively. Moderate evidence (SoR=B) is available for a 3% chlorhexidine shampoo (a single study of LoE=1). Other topical products require further evaluation; anecdotal reports indicate that some clinicians and owners favour chlorhexidine-containing mousse and wipes (sometimes combined with climbazole) for local treatment of infections, particularly in skin folds. For canine Malassezia dermatitis, there is moderate evidence (SoR=B) for the oral use of ketoconazole at 5-10 mg/kg once or twice daily (5 studies of LoE≥2); and oral itraconazole at 5mg/kg once daily or 2 consecutive days per week (2[3] studies of LoE≥2). Based on current limited evidence, the use of either of these two azoles is justified in canine cases, and the final choice may depend on regional [geographical] differences in availability, regulatory status, and cost. Rationale for itraconazole instead of ketoconazole includes the potential for intermittent dosing and a perceived tendency for itraconazole to be better-tolerated. However, definitive statistical evidence of superior safety and/or efficacy is lacking, and cost-benefit analysis makes ketoconazole a more practical choice in some countries. Compounded formulations must be avoided due to unreliable bioavailability. Evidence for oral fluconazole is limited to a single study (LoE=2), where it was used at 5-10 mg/kg once daily conjunction with cephalexin. Thus fluconazole requires further assessment, especially since in vitro MIC values are routinely the highest amongst antifungal azoles utilised in veterinary medicine (section 10); this may correlate with intermittent anecdotal reports of treatment failures. Oral terbinafine warrants further evaluation due to partial beneficial effects in two trials (SoR=C-weak) and questionable stratum corneum concentrations in a pharmacokinetic study when given at the current dose of 30 mg/kg once daily. In cats, there is weak evidence only (SoR=C) for the use of oral itraconazole at doses of 5-10 mg/kg once daily; or 5 mg/kg on a 7 day on / 7 day off protocol. In view of this limited data, good safety profile, and in line with clinical consensus guidelines for feline dermatophytosis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JpZWxsbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1], itraconazole should be considered as the systemic azole of first choice in this species for Malassezia dermatitis. Topical chlorhexidine and azole products have not been evaluated although their use is intuitive as adjunctive or sole treatments where application is practicable and clinically appropriate, such as in localised infections.Treatment of chronic relapsing cases of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats can be frustrating and may be limited due to financial considerations. Identification and treatment of underlying causes are essential. When predisposing factors cannot be controlled, regular topical treatment or pulse oral therapy are reportedly useful in minimising relapses. Because of lower risk for toxicity, topical treatments are preferred to systemic treatments for long-term therapy. 16. Prevention of Malassezia-associated skin diseases in dogs and cats16.1 Management of underlying diseasesAs Malassezia yeasts are part of the normal cutaneous microflora, complete elimination of the organism is unrealistic even with effective treatment. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>764</RecNum><DisplayText>[444]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>764</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">764</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis and otitis</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><pages>1303-1310</pages><volume>29</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[444] Relapsing infections are common where there is persistence of the underlying cause for the yeast overgrowth. The standard clinical approach is identification and treatment of underlying causes, whenever possible, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QZXRpdDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [392, 395, 444-446] though there is surprisingly limited reported evidence to document its efficacy (Table 9). Table 9: Evidence for management of underlying disease for the prevention of Malassezia overgrowthAuthor(s)Report ReferenceBlot et al 2003Thirty feline cases of otoacariasis treated only with selamectin. All 30 cases were initially positive on otic culture for M. pachydermatis but by day 28, only 8 cats were positive. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blot</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2034</RecNum><DisplayText>[447]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2034</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519235356">2034</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Blot, C.</author><author>Kodjo, A.</author><author>Reynaud, M. C.</author><author>Bourdoiseau, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Unite de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Maladies parasitaires, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Lyon, BP83, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Efficacy of selamectin administered topically in the treatment of feline otoacariosis</title><secondary-title>Vet Parasitol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Parasitology</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Parasitol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Parasitol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>241-7</pages><volume>112</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Topical</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Ear/parasitology</keyword><keyword>Ear Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Ivermectin/*administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mite Infestations/*drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Mites/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12591199</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[447]Crosaz et al 2013A single case of feline adverse food reaction with secondary Malassezia dermatitis was well-maintained on a novel protein diet and use of 2% chlorhexidine / 2% miconazole shampoo but relapsed with Malassezia dermatitis upon re-introduction of the original diet. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crosaz</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1973</RecNum><DisplayText>[265]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1973</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1514822862">1973</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crosaz, O.</author><author>Legras, A.</author><author>Vilaplana-Grosso, F.</author><author>Debeaupuits, J.</author><author>Chermette, R.</author><author>Hubert, B.</author><author>Guillot, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Department of Medicine, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Generalized dermatitis associated with Malassezia overgrowth in cats: A report of six cases in France</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol Case Rep</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Mycol Case Rep</full-title></periodical><pages>59-62</pages><volume>2</volume><keywords><keyword>Cat</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis</keyword><keyword>Malassezia yeasts</keyword><keyword>Predisposing factor</keyword><keyword>Treatment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 13</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2211-7539 (Print)
2211-7539 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24432218</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[265]Steffan et al 2003A study examining response to cyclosporin and methylprednisolone in dogs with atopic dermatitis showed that the prevalence of skin infections (both Malassezia dermatitis and bacterial pyoderma) decreased from 50 and 46%, respectively, prior to study inclusion to 29 and 33% during the trial. It was not possible, based on the published data, to assess if either drug had an impact the rate of recurrent otitis. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdGVmZmFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [448]Nagle et al 2001A study examining response to a Chinese herbal medicine showed that 57% of dogs on placebo withdrew because of worsening dermatitis (typically from Malassezia or bacterial infection) compared with 25% in the treatment group. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nagle</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2035</RecNum><DisplayText>[449]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2035</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519235541">2035</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagle, T. M.</author><author>Torres, S. M.</author><author>Horne, K. L.</author><author>Grover, R.</author><author>Stevens, M. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. nagle006@tc.umn.edu</auth-address><titles><title>A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal product (P07P) for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>265-74</pages><volume>12</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/pathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Double-Blind Method</keyword><keyword>Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Phytotherapy</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0959-4493 (Print)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11906651</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[449]Forster-Van Hijfte et al 1997A single cat with thymoma and exfoliative dermatitis showed marked Malassezia overgrowth on histopathology, cytology and culture which resolved completely six months post-thymectomy and two baths in selenium sulphide shampoo a month apart, a frequency of which would be very unlikely to otherwise resolve the infection. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[147]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bond, R.</author><author>Rose, J. F.</author><author>Ellis, J. W.</author><author>Lloyd, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in Basset Hounds</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>99-104</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>dog-diseases</keyword><keyword>skin-diseases</keyword><keyword>dermatomycoses-</keyword><keyword>miconazole-</keyword><keyword>chlorhexidine-</keyword><keyword>dermatitis-</keyword><keyword>shampoos-</keyword><keyword>seborrhoea-</keyword><keyword>drug-therapy</keyword><keyword>hosts-</keyword><keyword>infections-</keyword><keyword>skin-</keyword><keyword>complications-</keyword><keyword>therapy-</keyword><keyword>selenium-sulfide</keyword><keyword>seborrhoeic-dermatitis</keyword><keyword>miconazole-chlorhexidine</keyword><keyword>Ll820</keyword><keyword>ll070</keyword><keyword>ll900</keyword><keyword>hh400</keyword><keyword>ll800</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[147] ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Forster-Van Hijfte</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><DisplayText>[258]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Forster-Van Hijfte, M. A.</author><author>Curtis, C. F.</author><author>White, R. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire.</auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resolution of exfoliative dermatitis and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> overgrowth in a cat after surgical thymoma resection</style></title><secondary-title>J Small Anim Pract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Animal Practice</full-title><abbr-1>J. Small Anim. Pract.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Small Anim Pract</abbr-2></periodical><pages>451-4</pages><volume>38</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Cats</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Exfoliative/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/complications/microbiology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Differential</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*growth & development</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Thymoma/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Thymus Neoplasms/complications/surgery/*veterinary</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>9358405</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[258]Columbo et al, 2007A study examining efficacy of allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) for control of atopic dermatitis. Eight of 27 atopic dogs had Malassezia dermatitis at day 0 when ASIT was commenced and 4/21 dogs had persistence of the infection at day 270. However, 6 cases were withdrawn due to excessive pruritus and the other cases were subjected to more aggressive bathing regimes with a 2% chlorhexidine / 2% miconazole shampoo.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db2xvbWJvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [395, 444, 451] Multiple topical therapies have been shown to be effective for treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats (section 15). In addition, because of a lower risk for toxicity, topical treatments have also been recommended (if practical, and not causing irritation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PbGl2cnk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [445] Furthermore, there is evidence that bathing dogs in 2% chlorhexidine / 2% miconazole shampoo every three days can reduce oral carriage of Malassezia organisms. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bond</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>[96]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">446</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Bond, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Lloyd, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">The effect of topical therapy on </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis on oral carriage of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">in basset hounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Veterinary Record</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veterinary Record</full-title><abbr-1>Vet. Rec.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Vet Rec</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">725-726</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">142</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[96] However, recommendations for weekly antifungal shampoo bathing as a preventive strategy to reduce the frequency of recurrent Malassezia dermatitis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>764</RecNum><DisplayText>[444]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>764</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">764</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis and otitis</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><pages>1303-1310</pages><volume>29</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[444] appear anecdotal rather than evidence-based. Studies in vitro that demonstrate shampoo persistence on hairs may or may not be relevant to persistence on skin,PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QZXRpdDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [445] and in vivo studies on topical therapy persistence were conducted in normal dogs rather than in dogs with Malassezia dermatitis.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXZhbmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [287, 288] In a comparative study of a commercial mixture of essential oils (Malacalm?), applied twice daily for 1 month to 20 dogs with recurrent Malassezia dermatitis, and combined oral ketoconazole (10 mg/kg once daily) and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo (twice weekly) for 21 days in 10 dogs, both groups showed good clinical and cytological improvements at day 30 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYXJkb25pPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [436]. When reviewed at day 180, all conventionally treated dogs had reportedly relapsed whereas dogs treated with the essential oil formulation had not. Interpretation of this study is limited by incomplete randomisation, clinical and cytological data in the publication, and an absence of within and between-group statistical comparisons at day 180-time point; consequently this treatment cannot be recommended for prevention without further critical assessment.With respect to prevention of recurrent Malassezia otitis, while in vitro studies have demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy of ear cleaners,PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Td2lubmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [452, 453] there are only two studies examining topical therapy for prevention of Malassezia otitis. A single study examining dogs with recurrent allergic otitis showed a favourable outcome to a once weekly ear cleaner (Epiotic, Virbac) and concurrent twice weekly 3 drops per ear of topical hydrocortisone aceponate (Cortavance, Virbac) (95% chance of remaining free of relapse at day 180) compared with weekly ear cleaner alone (50% chance of remaining infection free at day 180). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bensignor</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>2038</RecNum><DisplayText>[454]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2038</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519238176">2038</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bensignor, E.</author><author>Pattyn, J</author><author>Renme, C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reduction of relapses of recurrent otitis externa in atopic dogs with twice-weekly topical application of hydrocortisone aceponate in the ear canal; a randomized, blinded, controlled study. </title><secondary-title>Veterinary Dermatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>92</pages><volume>23</volume><number>S1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[454] However, the lack of detail regarding the nature of the infection for both pre-treatment, and relapsing otitis, makes a recommendation specifically for the prevention of Malassezia otitis difficult. A second open study examining twice weekly 2% acetic acid 2% boric acid topically showed the protocol unsuccessful in preventing relapse of Malassezia otitis beyond previously documented relapse intervals in 6/8 cases. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bassett</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2040</RecNum><DisplayText>[455]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2040</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519238752">2040</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bassett, R. J.</author><author>Burton, G. G.</author><author>Robson, D. C.</author><author>Hepworth, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Efficacy of an acetic acid/boric, acid ear cleaning solution for treatment and prophylaxis of Malassezia sp. otitis externa.</title><secondary-title>Australian Veterinary Practitioner</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Australian Veterinary Practitioner</full-title></periodical><pages>79-82</pages><volume>34</volume><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[455] 16.3 Pulsed oral antifungal therapyOral antifungal drugs might be given by an intermittent / pulsed dosing schedule to try to prevent recurrent Malassezia dermatitis (and otitis) in dogs and cats, particularly where topical therapy is either ineffective or impractical. Overall, published evidence that substantiates the efficacy of this approach is lacking. Whilst the clinical risk appears low, it should be noted that intermittent use of oral antifungal drugs could potentially predispose to development of antifungal resistance (section 11).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYWthbm88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [356]A dosing regimen of two consecutive days per week (“weekend therapy”) has been investigated or proposed for three oral antifungal drugs. Terbinafine (30 mg/kg q24h, 2 days on / 5 days off) reduced yeast counts in tape-strips from dogs with Malassezia dermatitis but 17/20 dogs still needed therapy to clear infections at the end of 21 days. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Berger</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1904</RecNum><DisplayText>[429]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1904</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1483033285">1904</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Berger, D. J.</author><author>Lewis, T. P.</author><author>Schick, A. E.</author><author>Stone, R. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatology for Animals, Gilbert, AZ, USA. darrenbergeraercci@</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of once-daily versus twice-weekly terbinafine administration for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis - a pilot study</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>418-e79</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/drug therapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Pilot Projects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22823935</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[429] Whether pulse therapy with terbinafine might prevent relapse of previously resolved infections remains to be determined, but doubts over skin concentrations achieved with current doses ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gimmler</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2041</RecNum><DisplayText>[355]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519239346">2041</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gimmler, J. R.</author><author>White, A. G.</author><author>Kennis, R. A.</author><author>Cruz-Espindola, C.</author><author>Boothe, D. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Determining canine skin concentrations of terbinafine to guide the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>411-6, e95-6</pages><volume>26</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Half-Life</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</keyword><keyword>Naphthalenes/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Skin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Tissue Distribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26286855</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[355] makes use of this drug questionable. Pulsed therapy with itraconazole (5 mg/kg once daily, 2 days on / 5 days off for three weeks) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pinchbeck</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>445</RecNum><DisplayText>[427]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Pinchbeck, L. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Hillier, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kowalski, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Kwochka, K. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Comparison of pulse administration versus once daily administration of itraconazole for the treatment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">dermatitis and otitis in dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</full-title><abbr-1>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Am Vet Med Assoc</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1807-1812</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">220</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[427] and thus should be effective as a preventative. By contrast, this regimen was not fully effective at reducing otic counts of Malassezia and therefore pulsed doing cannot currently be recommended for prevention of otitis externa. There are only anecdotal reports of preventative efficacy of itraconazole for dermatitis at a once-weekly interval. Ketoconazole (5-10 mg/kg SID, two consecutive days per week) has also been recommended anecdotally without any published studies at this dose ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>764</RecNum><DisplayText>[444]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>764</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">764</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dermatitis and otitis</style></title><secondary-title>Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice</secondary-title></titles><pages>1303-1310</pages><volume>29</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[444], although itraconazole is generally regarded as being a safer drug (section 15). 16.4 Malassezia Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Hyposensitization to Malassezia by immunotherapy was initially proposed in 1998 as an alternative to extended or repeated administration of antifungals in dogs with recurrent Malassezia dermatitis with demonstrated IgE to Malassezia antigens. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>398</RecNum><DisplayText>[250]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">398</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Morris, D O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Olivier, N B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Rosser, E J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions to </style><style face="italic" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">extracts in atopic dogs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">American Journal of Veterinary Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Journal of Veterinary Research</full-title><abbr-1>Am. J. Vet. Res.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Am J Vet Res</abbr-2></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">836-41</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">59</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" charset="133" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[250] In a non peer-reviewed report on Malassezia immunotherapy (aqueous extract, 1000PNU weekly, Greer) added to conventional immunotherapy for other allergens in four dogs with atopic dermatitis still prone to recurrent Malassezia dermatitis, results were reported as good to excellent in all cases. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2043</RecNum><DisplayText>[456]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2043</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519748847">2043</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Bonagura, J.D. </author><author>Twedt, D.C.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Malassezia infections</title><secondary-title>Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XV</secondary-title></titles><pages>453-457</pages><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>St Louis</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Saunders</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[456] A recent retrospective study reported a good response to subcutaneous alum-precipitated immunotherapy (Artuvetrin, 100 g/mL, ArtuVet Animal Health BV) using 1 mL per month (dose-adjusted if required based on clinical response) for a minimum of 10 months. Nine of 16 Malassezia mono-sensitised dogs had an observed reduction in use of both anti-inflammatory and antifungal medication, as well as a >50% reduction in pruritus scores. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aberg</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1935</RecNum><DisplayText>[457]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1935</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1511192387">1935</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aberg, L.</author><author>Varjonen, K.</author><author>Ahman, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Djurakuten i Stor-Stockholm AB, Kungstensgatan 58, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden.
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Small Animal Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Results of allergen-specific immunotherapy in atopic dogs with Malassezia hypersensitivity: a retrospective study of 16 cases</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>633-e157</pages><volume>28</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28748560</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[457] However, despite the improvement noted in both studies, the quality of evidence remains low, and the significance of >50% improvement of pruritus is disputable as a meaningful measure of success. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rybnicek</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2042</RecNum><DisplayText>[458]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2042</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1519325186">2042</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rybnicek, J.</author><author>Lau-Gillard, P. J.</author><author>Harvey, R.</author><author>Hill, P. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Further validation of a pruritus severity scale for use in dogs</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>115-22</pages><volume>20</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Pain Measurement/*standards/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Pruritus/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Reproducibility of Results</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
0959-4493 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19171021</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[458] Further studies are required to better assess the potential benefits of Malassezia allergen-specific immunotherapy as a preventative approach. 16.5 Summary Ideally underlying diseases favouring the yeast should be identified and corrected, whenever possible. If this is not possible, topical prevention of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs might be achieved using 2% chlorhexidine / 2% miconazole or 3% chlorhexidine shampoo twice weekly, as has been previously recommended for treatment. Lesser frequencies may be useful in preventing relapse in some cases but there is currently no evidence to support this. Twice weekly topical hydrocortisone aceponate shows promise in the prevention of Malassezia otitis externa associated with allergic skin diseases. Pulsed therapy with itraconazole (5 mg/kg once daily, 2 days on / 5 days off for three weeks) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis (but not otitis externa) in dogs and thus should be effective as a preventative. There are only anecdotal reports of preventative efficacy of itraconazole for dermatitis at a once-weekly interval. 17 Malassezia yeasts as zoonotic agents17.1 BackgroundCharacterizing the zoonotic potential of pathogenic agents is always a difficult task. The concomitant presence of the same species or the same genotypes in humans and animals is a first indication but of course it is not absolute proof unless transmission from one host to another has been clearly demonstrated. The case of Malassezia yeasts is rather complex because many of the 17 currently described species have been found on the skin of animals as well as of humans (Table 1). Skin colonisation in humansSeveral species of Malassezia yeast are known to colonize healthy people as part of the commensal microbiome of human skin.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5kbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [33, 120, 459, 460] Spatial distributions of the species most commonly identified (M. globosa, M. sympodialis and M. restricta) may vary according to the age, body site, and geographic location of the subjects studied.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5kbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [462, 463] In a retrospective study of 32 Malassezia spp. isolates from human clinical specimens collected in 1984 at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta (USA), 15 were identified as M. pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guého</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>791</RecNum><DisplayText>[464]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>791</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">791</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guého, E.</author><author>Simmons, R.B.</author><author>Pruitt, W.R.</author><author>Meyer, S.A.</author><author>Ahearn, D.G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> with systemic infections of humans</style></title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</full-title><abbr-1>J. Clin. Microbiol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>J Clin Microbiol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1789-1790</pages><volume>25</volume><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[464] These last isolates were mainly from skin, tissue fluids (e.g., eye, ear, vagina) and 4 were isolated from blood. Skin colonization by Malassezia species in full-term healthy newborns has been also investigated. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bernier</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2206</RecNum><DisplayText>[465]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524329697">2206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bernier, V.</author><author>Weill, F. X.</author><author>Hirigoyen, V.</author><author>Elleau, C.</author><author>Feyler, A.</author><author>Labreze, C.</author><author>Sarlangue, J.</author><author>Chene, G.</author><author>Couprie, B.</author><author>Taieb, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Dermatologie, Hopital Saint Andre, 1 rue Jean Burguet, 33075 Bordeaux, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Skin colonization by Malassezia species in neonates: a prospective study and relationship with neonatal cephalic pustulosis</title><secondary-title>Arch Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Arch. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Arch Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>215-8</pages><volume>138</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Acne Vulgaris/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Carrier State/diagnosis</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/diagnosis/transmission</keyword><keyword>Facial Dermatoses/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infant, Newborn</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Skin/*microbiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-987X (Print)
0003-987X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11843642</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[465] M. pachydermatis was not isolated from the skin of human neonates, but M. sympodialis and M. globosa colonisation begins at birth and increases in the first weeks of life. 17.3 GenotypingIn epidemiological studies, genotyping of Malassezia yeasts may be required in order to identify the source of infection and to discover possible connection of genotypes with particular diseases. Different studies targeted various RNA or DNA regions in order to distinguish the molecular pattern of M. pachydermatis and to assess whether genotype classification was in accordance with host preferences. In one of these studies, the partial sequencing or large subunit rRNA in one hundred isolates resulted in the differentiation of 7 different haplotypes, namely Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guillot</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>409</RecNum><DisplayText>[305]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guillot, J.</author><author>Guého, E.</author><author>Chevrier, G</author><author>Chermette, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemiological analysis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malassezia pachydermatis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> isolates by partial sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA</style></title><secondary-title>Research in Veterinary Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research in Veterinary Science</full-title><abbr-1>Res. Vet. Sci.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Res Vet Sci</abbr-2></periodical><pages>22-25</pages><volume>62</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[305] Haplotypes Ic, Id and I g seemed to be specific to one animal species (rhinoceros, dogs and ferrets, respectively). Isolates from humans were all belonging to haplotype Ia which was also detected in animals (especially dogs and cats). More recently, the spectrum of fungal species (“mycobiome”) in the human skin was investigated using next generation sequence techniques.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaW5kbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [120] In this study, 14 skin sites representing a range of physiological characteristics were sampled from 10 healthy adult volunteers. Malassezia yeasts predominated on most of the sampled body sites and 11 Malassezia species (including M. pachydermatis) were directly identified by rRNA gene sequencing from the different clinical samples. 17.4 Isolation of M. pachydermatis from humansPathogenic roles for various Malassezia species have been described in association with several human skin diseases including atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, psoriasis, and pityriasis versicolor.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Qcm9oaWM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [85, 460] Among these diseases, M. pachydermatis has been most commonly isolated from human patients with seborrheic dermatitis.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYWthYmF5YXNoaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDA8L1ll
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [461, 466, 467] However, it is difficult to assign a truly pathogenic role to M. pachydermatis in the context of these studies, and its identification from surface samples of human skin is typically ascribed to contact with dogs (even though epidemiologic data on pet contact is not always available). One exception has been the report of a facial granuloma in a dog owner, where M. pachydermatis was identified by electron microscopy in affected tissues, the yeast was grown and identified by standard microbiological methods, and the patient responded to anti-fungal therapy. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fan</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2209</RecNum><DisplayText>[468]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524330262">2209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fan, Y. M.</author><author>Huang, W. M.</author><author>Li, S. F.</author><author>Wu, G. F.</author><author>Lai, K.</author><author>Chen, R. Y.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524 001, China. ymfan1963@</auth-address><titles><title>Granulomatous skin infection caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a dog owner</title><secondary-title>Arch Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Dermatology</full-title><abbr-1>Arch. Dermatol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Arch Dermatol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>1181-4</pages><volume>142</volume><number>9</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic</keyword><keyword>Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Combined Modality Therapy</keyword><keyword>Cryotherapy</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Differential</keyword><keyword>Face/pathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Granuloma/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-987X (Print)
0003-987X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16983005</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[468]M. pachydermatis has also been isolated with significantly higher prevalence from the sputum of asthmatic human patients (21.7%) than from healthy controls (0%). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>van Woerden</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>2210</RecNum><DisplayText>[469]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524330375">2210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>van Woerden, H. C.</author><author>Gregory, C.</author><author>Brown, R.</author><author>Marchesi, J. R.</author><author>Hoogendoorn, B.</author><author>Matthews, I. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK. vanwoerdenh1@cf.ac.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Differences in fungi present in induced sputum samples from asthma patients and non-atopic controls: a community based case control study</title><secondary-title>BMC Infect Dis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC Infect Dis</full-title></periodical><pages>69</pages><volume>13</volume><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>DNA, Fungal</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fungi/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword><keyword>Sputum/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 5</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1471-2334 (Electronic)
1471-2334 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23384395</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[469] The clinicopathologic significance of this finding, if any, is unknown and data on pet ownership was not collected from the subjects studied.17.5 Zoonotic aspectsFrom a zoonotic perspective, the pathogenic role best documented for M. pachydermatis is a syndrome of life-threatening fungemia that occurs in pre-term neonates while receiving lipid-rich nutritional infusions via catheter.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaGFuZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [470-476] M. furfur is the primary skin-colonizing species of human infants ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Prohic</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>2203</RecNum><DisplayText>[477]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2203</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524328794">2203</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Prohic, A.</author><author>Simic, D.</author><author>Sadikovic, T. J.</author><author>Krupalija-Fazlic, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatovenerology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</auth-address><titles><title>Distribution of Malassezia species on healthy human skin in Bosnia and Herzegovina: correlation with body part, age and gender</title><secondary-title>Iran J Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Iran J Microbiol</full-title></periodical><pages>253-62</pages><volume>6</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Malassezia</keyword><keyword>healthy skin</keyword><keyword>identification</keyword><keyword>species</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2008-3289 (Print)
2008-3289 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25802709</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[477] and is therefore the species most commonly implicated in this syndrome ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dankner</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>2213</RecNum><DisplayText>[478]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524330965">2213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dankner, W. M.</author><author>Spector, S. A.</author><author>Fierer, J.</author><author>Davis, C. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego 92103.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia fungemia in neonates and adults: complication of hyperalimentation</title><secondary-title>Rev Infect Dis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Rev. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Rev Infect Dis</abbr-2></periodical><pages>743-53</pages><volume>9</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Agar</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infant, Newborn</keyword><keyword>Infant, Premature/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>*Malassezia/growth & development/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Mycology/*methods</keyword><keyword>Mycoses/blood/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Parenteral Nutrition, Total/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Plant Oils</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>Jul-Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0162-0886 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [470] In a recent study, 47 out of 86 M. pachydermatis isolates collected from 25 neonatal patients at a French University Hospital were genotyped using intergenic-spacer 1 nucleotide sequence polymorphisms analysis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ilahi</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2211</RecNum><DisplayText>[472]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2211</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1524330600">2211</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ilahi, A.</author><author>Hadrich, I.</author><author>Goudjil, S.</author><author>Kongolo, G.</author><author>Chazal, C.</author><author>Leke, A.</author><author>Ayadi, A.</author><author>Chouaki, T.</author><author>Ranque, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratoire de biologie moleculaire parasitaire et fongique, Faculte de Medecine de Sfax. Rue Magida Boulila, 3029 Sfax - Tunisie.
Soins Intensifs de Neonatologie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens - France.
Laboratoire de Mycologie Medicale, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens - France.
Aix Marseille Univ, IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
APHM, CHU Timone, Parasitology and Mycology, 13005 Marseille, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular epidemiology of a Malassezia pachydermatis neonatal unit outbreak</title><secondary-title>Med Mycol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Mycology</full-title><abbr-1>Med. Mycol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Med Mycol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>69-77</pages><volume>56</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Igs1</keyword><keyword>Malassezia pachydermatis</keyword><keyword>neonates</keyword><keyword>outbreak</keyword><keyword>typing</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-2709 (Electronic)
1369-3786 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28371911</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[472] All 47 isolates clustered within sequence type 3 (most of them clustered within the 3D subtype, the remaining clustered within three newly described subtypes: 3E, 3F and 3G). No particular subtype was associated with a collection site or a particular time-period but multiple genotypes could colonize the same neonatal patient. The outbreak resolved upon implementation of infection control measures, including withdrawal of lipid-rich hand moisturisers from staff. In addition to this neonatal syndrome, M. pachydermatis has been implicated in severe systemic infections of immunocompromised adult patients.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYXV0ZW5iYWNoPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [479, 480] In a study designed to estimate the prevalence of M. pachydermatis hand carriage by dog owners, two groups of people were sampled by culture and PCR techniques: owners of 50 healthy dogs, and owners of 75 atopic dogs with cytological evidence of Malassezia dermatitis and/or otitis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>694</RecNum><DisplayText>[463]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>694</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">694</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis carriage in dog owners</title><secondary-title>Emerg Infect Dis</secondary-title><alt-title>Emerging infectious diseases</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>83-8</pages><volume>11</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Carrier State/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology/transmission/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Hand/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Zoonoses/microbiology/*transmission</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1080-6040 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>15705327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[463] When comparing detection rates by hand culture, owners of affected dogs were 11 times more likely to be positive for yeast isolation than owners of healthy dogs. However, there was no difference between groups when the highly sensitive PCR technique was utilized, as greater than 90% of owners in each group had detectable hand carriage. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>694</RecNum><DisplayText>[463]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>694</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">694</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis carriage in dog owners</title><secondary-title>Emerg Infect Dis</secondary-title><alt-title>Emerging infectious diseases</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>83-8</pages><volume>11</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Carrier State/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology/transmission/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Hand/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Zoonoses/microbiology/*transmission</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1080-6040 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>15705327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[463] This study served to underscore the importance of good hand hygiene by health care professionals, in whom mechanical carriage of many ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens is possible. Very little is known about hand washing agents and techniques (contact time, etc.) that will effectively eliminate carriage of Malassezia yeasts from human hands. However, it is known that both chlorhexidine and polyhexanide have excellent in vitro activity against M. pachydermatis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Banovic</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1938</RecNum><DisplayText>[481]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="1511462619">1938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Banovic, F.</author><author>Bozic, F.</author><author>Lemo, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. f.banovic@</auth-address><titles><title>In vitro comparison of the effectiveness of polihexanide and chlorhexidine against canine isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Malassezia pachydermatis</title><secondary-title>Vet Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>409-13, e88-9</pages><volume>24</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Biguanides/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Chlorhexidine/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Disinfectants/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Staphylococcus/*drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-3164 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [470] 17.6 Consensus statement and summaryGiven the high prevalence of M. pachydermatis hand carriage by dog owners (as assessed by PCR) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>694</RecNum><DisplayText>[463]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>694</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xrawxxdeje5e2dete96vast5ppr0dfa0dpt2" timestamp="0">694</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, D. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Malassezia pachydermatis carriage in dog owners</title><secondary-title>Emerg Infect Dis</secondary-title><alt-title>Emerging infectious diseases</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</abbr-1><abbr-2>Emerg Infect Dis</abbr-2></alt-periodical><pages>83-8</pages><volume>11</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Domestic/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Carrier State/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatomycoses/*microbiology/transmission/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Dog Diseases/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Dogs/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Hand/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Malassezia/*isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Skin/microbiology</keyword><keyword>Zoonoses/microbiology/*transmission</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1080-6040 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>15705327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[463] and the relative rarity of serious human infections by this organism, it may be surmised that the overall risk for zoonosis is quite low, especially among people who are not severely immunocompromised. Good hand hygiene by individuals in contact with pet dogs and cats should be emphasised. Supplementary Table 1. Phenotypic characterization of the 18 Malassezia species currently described Malassezia speciesCell morphologyGrowth on SDAGrowth on mDA at 32°CGrowth on mDA at 37°CGrowth on mDA at 40°CTw20Tw40Tw60Tw80Crem. ELCatalase?- gluco-sidaseM. furfur Globose, ellipsoidal, cylindrical-+++++++++ (-)- (w)M. pachydermatisEllipsoidal++++++++++ (w)+ (-)M. sympodialisEllipsoidal-+++-, w++- (w)+++M. globosa Globose-+- (w)---, pct-, pct--+-M. obtusa Ellipsoidal, cylindrical-+- (w)------++M. restricta Globose,? ellipsoidal?-+v---, pct-, pct----M. slooffiaeEllipsoidal, cylindrical-++++, w++- (w)-+-M. dermatis Ellipsoidal, globose-+++++++w (+)+ndM. nana Ellipsoidal-++--+++-++M. japonica Globose, ellipsoidal-++--w+-nd+ndM. yamatoensis Ellipsoidal-++-+++++ (w)+-M. capraeGlobose, ellipsoidal-+--- (+)+++ (-)-++, (-)M. equinaEllipsoidal-+w-w+++-+-M. cuniculiGlobose-- (w)++-----++M. arunalokei Ovoidal, globose-++--, pct-, pct-, pct--, pct--M. brasiliensis Ovoidal,? ellipsoidal-+++++++++-M. psittaci Globose,? ovoidal-+--++++++-M. verspertilionisEllipsoidal, ovoidal (globose)-nr*++-w+w---+, positive; -, negative; v, variable; w, weak; pct, precipitate or opaque zone without any growth of yeast; nr*, not reported but grows at 7, 24 and 30°C; Tw, Tween; () indicate rare deviations from main pattern (data fromPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdWVoby1LZWxsZXJtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEw
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [18, 27, 28, 39])Supplementary Table 2. The association between Malassezia spp. and systemic disease in the cat.Clinico-pathological patternUnderlying diseaseMalassezia presenceHistological feature.Paraneoplastic alopeciaPancreatic, bile duct, hepatic or colonic carcinoma.Obvious or variable numbers of yeasts with admixed cocci amongst squames. Hair follicles atrophied and miniaturised. Orphaned normal adnexal glands. Mild to moderate epidermal hyperplasia. Absent stratum corneum or floating parakeratosis and laminated orthokeratosis. Sparse dermal inflammatory infiltrates.Interface: paraneoplastic exfoliative dermatitis Thymoma associated dermatopathy; rare reports of idiopathic cases without thymoma.Yeast clumps in the mild to severe orthokeratosis,that may separate and be lost in processing.Interface dermatitis with mild hyperplastic epidermis and a thickened laminated corneal orthokeratosis to patchy parakeratotic and random satellitosis and apoptosis within all epidermal layers. Multifocal basilar spongiosis of the epidermis and follicular outer root sheath. Mild pleocellular interface infiltrates include follicular infundibulae. Possible loss of sebaceous glands.Interface: erythema multiformeRarely defined butdrugs, neoplasia or infection should be considered. VariableAs above but with more marked trans-epidermal apoptosis and sebaceous glands less likely affected. Superficial necrolytic dermatitisHepatopathy, pancreatic carcinoma of endocrine origin, thymic amyloidosisVariable, sometimes very large numbers. Parakeratosis and neutrophilic crusting overlying a layer of pallor of keratinocytes reflecting inter and intracellular oedema, and hyperplastic basal layer. Mixed superficial perivascular or interstitial dermal infiltrate. Supplementary Table 3. The histopathological features of skin diseases where Malassezia sp. are likely to be observed in the stratum corneum.Disease Type of keratosis Significance and treatmentMalassezia dermatitis associated with various allergies ( dog and cat)Variable focal to diffuse parakeratosis with orthokeratosis and scale over spongiotic, hyperplastic epidermis and follicular infundubulae. Some sections may only have marked compact orthokeratosis. Partial to significant quick response to KTZ or ITZ and topical antimicrobial shampoo. May still leave obvious signs of allergy.Canine seborrhoeic dermatitis (as a descriptive term).As above although follicular keratosis tends to be a minor feature and dermal infiltrate is dominated by mast cells, with lesser numbers of histiocytes and lymphocytes. Up to complete response to systemic or topical antifungal and antistaphylococcal antimicrobial therapy in certain breeds (such as Basset hounds).Lethal acrodermatitis of Bull terriers, zinc responsive and generic dog food dermatosis; superficial necrolytic dermatitis. Thickened diffuse parakeratosis over a variable pale swollen keratinocyte layer in a hyperplastic epidermis and prominent basal cell layer. Treating yeast / bacterial infection extends life of lethal acrodermatitis. In all syndromes the inflammation is reduced, but prominent parakeratosis and hyperplasia remains. Inflamed Linear epidermal nevis.Parakeratosis and mixed inflammation on a epidermal papillomatous hyperkeratosis Treatment reduce inflammation and irritation and hyper keratotic epidermal nevis becomes less inflamed.Acanthosis nigricans of Dachshunds Mild to moderate orthokeratosis, focal parakeratosis. Heavy pigmentation in basal cell layer. Irregular epidermal hyperplasia and mixed perivascular or interstitial dermal inflammation.Differentiate primary geno-dermatosis from allergic disease with frictional intertrigo. Assess response to antimicrobial treatment.Hyperplasic dermatitis of West Highland white terriersParakeratotic scales / crusts in mounds, often with yeasts, severe spongiosis and irregular hyperplastic budding, mixed superficial perivascular or interstitial dermal inflammationBreed-specific hyperplastic reaction to yeast. Complete response to antimicrobial treatment in some cases but recurs if predisposing cause not eliminated. Difficult to differentiate from allergic aetiology. Facial dermatitis in Persian and Himalayan catsAcanthosis and spongiosis of epidermis and infundibulae. Parakeratosis and marked scale / crust. Sparse apoptosis and vacuolation of basal cells. Prominent sebaceous glands. Some cases temporarily benefit from antimicrobial therapy. KTZ; ketoconazole; ITZ, itraconazole.Supplementary Table 4. Summary of reports on susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis using the broth microdilution (BM) method-228605334000Incubation parametersMIC range /Resistant (mg/L)53968655715003148965571500ReferenceMediumTemp (°C)Duration (hours)ITZKTZ571515240001RPMI1640 plus supplementsa3248 and 720.06/ NRb0.06/ NRb2SDBd plus 1% Tween 803248<0.008-0.016/1-4<0.008-0.125/1-55modified Dixon mediumc3248<0.03/2<0.03/16 SDBd plus 1% Tween 803248<0.008-0.016/4<0.008-0.06/57CUBe plus 0.1% Tween 80 and3248 and 720.03->16/0.03-0.060.016->16/<0.250.5% Tween 407SDBd plus 1% Tween 803248 and 72<0.008-0.016/2<0.008-0.125/27modified Dixon mediumc3248 and 72<0.008-1/<0.5<0.008-2/<0.58SDBd plus 1% Tween 8032720.0031-1/ NRb0.125-4/ NRb-38101524000aSupplements: 2% glucose, 0.4% ox bile, 0.1% glycerol, 0.04% Tween 20, and 0.05% glycerol monosterate.bNR: resistance not determinedcModified Dixon medium (3.6% malt extract, 0.6% peptone, 2.0% desiccated ox bile, 1.0% Tween 40, 0.2% glycerol, 0.2% oleic acid, pH 6.0)dSDB: Sabouraud’s dextrose broth (1% peptone and 2% dextrose)e CUB: Christensen’s urea brothSupplementary Table 5. Summary of reports on susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis using the Etest.-228605334000Incubation parametersMIC range /Resistant (mg/L)53968655715003148965571500ReferenceMediumTemp (°C)Duration (hours)ITZKTZ571515240001RPMI1640 plus supplementsa3248 and 720.12/ NRb0.12/ NRb5modified Dixon agarc3272<0.03/8<0.03/29SDAd plus 0.5% Tween 4032720.012–21/ NRb0.016–21/ NRb-38101524000aSupplements: 1.5% agar, 2% glucose, 0.4% ox bile, 0.1% glycerol, 0.04% Tween 20, and 0.05% glycerol monosterate.bNR: resistance not determined cModified Dixon medium (3.6% malt extract, 0.6% peptone, 2.0% desiccated ox bile, 1.0% Tween 40, 0.2% glycerol, 0.2% oleic acid, 1.2% agar, pH 6.0).dSDA: Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (1% peptone, 2% dextrose, and 2% agar)References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Moriello, K.A., et al., Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. 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