University of Alabama at Birmingham



Biology 123 Dr. Raut’s ClassSession 1- 1/12/2015What are the seven properties of life?Order, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, reproduction, energy processing, and growth and development. Theme: New Properties emerge at Each Level of the Biological Hierarchy.List the levels of biological organization in order of most inclusive to least inclusiveBiosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelles, molecules, atom, element, matterDefine reductionist approach.An approach in which a biologist reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. (Understanding the small parts will help you understand the whole.)Define emergent properties.New properties arise at each step of the biological hierarchy. These new properties appear due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as the complexity increases. (Think about how an organ system functions at a much more complex level than the solitary organs that form them.)Define systems biology.An approach that attempts to model dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interaction among the system’s partsTheme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical environment.This includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Theme: Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation. What kind of energy is brought in by food? Chemical energy.During energy conversion, energy is always lost in the form of heat.Examples of energy transfer and transformation:Plants take in energy from the sun and convert high energy molecules. Animals eat those plants, metabolize those high energy molecules, and use it to fuel their daily activities.Theme: Structure and function are Correlated at All Levels of Biological Organization.Examples:Birds’ hollow bones enable them to fly. If they had heavy, dense bone they would never get off the ground. (They also do not have teeth for the same reason.) Cells are made in all different shapes and sizes fitting their specific function. Cells functioning in secretion have lots of microvilli which increase surface area and allow for more secretions to be secreted. Theme: The Cell is an organisms basic unit of structure and function.List the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic, prokaryotic have no membrane bound organelles (including no nucleus), while eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic cells have DNA suspended in the cytosol while eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in the nucleus, prokaryotic cells are more simple, while eukaryotic cells are more complex. Theme: the Continuity of Life is Based on the Heritable Information in the Form of DNA.Theme: Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems.Describe a negative feedback system.An end product inhibits or slows down the process.Describe a positive feedback system.An end product stimulates or speeds up the process.Why are feedback systems important?They are crucial to regulating the system. They help the cell know what to produce, how much to produce, and when to produce it. This is so crucial considering the huge number of processes going on at any point in a cell.Theme: Evolution Accounts for Both the Unity and Diversity for Life.What is taxonomy?A process that scientists use to classify organisms. What are the three domains? List some of their characteristics. Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, and Domain EukaryaWhat are the kingdoms in Domain Eukarya?Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, and Kingdom Animalia What are the parts of the scientific method?Observation, hypothesis, testing, data, and conclusionWhat are the qualifications for a sound hypothesis?A sound hypothesis must be both testable and falsifiable. Define quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data- data that can be obtained through numerical measurementsQualitative data- data consisting of descriptive observationsWhat is a control group, and what is its purpose?A control group is a group that has all of the same factors as the experimental group except for the factor being tested. The control group ensures that all results are due to the factor being tested rather than an outside factor. What is a theory in science?Theories are general, broad statements that are supported by large bodies of evidence. Define an atom, an element, and matter.Atom-smallest unit of matter that still contains the properties of an elementElement-a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller components by chemical reactionsMatter- anything that takes up space and has massWhat are the four most prevalent elements in biological systems? How do these differ from trace elements? Why are trace elements necessary? The four most prevalent elements in biological systems are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon (HONC). These differ from trace elements because trace elements are only present in very small amounts. Trace elements are necessary, because they are typically absolutely vital for a single process (think about iron and hemaglobbin).Be able to discern the atomic mass number, atomic number, # of protons, # of electrons, and # of neutrons of a species. For example: 136CIn this case, carbon has an atomic mass number is 13, atomic number of 6, 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 7 neutrons.The first shell is the lowest in energy. As electrons travel from higher levels to lower levels energy is resleased.What is DNA?A) the substance of heredityB) a double helix made of four types of nucleotidesC) a code for protein synthesisD) a component of chromosomes E) all of the above20. Each element has its own characteristic atom in which A) the atomic mass is constant. B) the atomic number is constant. C) the mass number is constant. D) Two of the above are correct. E) All of the above are correct. ................
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