Chapter 1: A First Look at Anatomy - Biology 4 Human ...



Chapter 1: A First Look at Anatomy

A First Look at Anatomy

* Anatomy is the study of ______________________________

* The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means_____________________________________

* ___________________ examine the _____________________ among parts of the body along with the structure of individual _____________________.

Introduction to Anatomy

* Physiology

* The scientific discipline that studies the __________________ of body ____________________.

* _________________ and _________________________ cannot be completely separated.

* Form is related to _______________________.

Microscopic Anatomy

Uses ________________ to examine _________________________

Terms; - ________________________; cellular anatomy; study of single body __________

- __________________; study of tissues

Gross Anatomy

_____________________ anatomy (unaided)

Approaches;

- _______________________; changes in structure during an individual’s ___________________

- _______________________; developmental changes before ______________

- ___________________; all structures in a particular region as a single unit (e.g. all tissues of the _________________)

- ___________________; superficial markings and related __________________ tissues

- ________________________; gross anatomy of each system including all __________________

Diagnostic branches

- _____________________ (-ology); anatomical changes due to ________________

- ________________________; visualization of structures using ultrasound, _________

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The simplest level of ______________________ within the body is the ___________________ level, which is composed of ______________________________________.

* _________________ are the smallest units of ____________________.

Molecules

* Two or more ______________ combine to form a molecule, such as ________________________.

Macromolecules

* Larger and more __________________ molecules such as _______________________________.

* At the _______________ level, specialized structural and functional units called ______________________ permit all living cells to share some common _____________________.

* Large __________________ join in specific ways to form cells, the basic units of structure and function in ____________________________.

The ___________ is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of _____________ things (organisms), and it is the smallest living portion of the _______________ body.

Tissues

* Groups of similar cells with a common ____________________ form ___________________.

* Tissues are precise _________________________ of similar cells that perform _______________.

Organs

* Different ____________ types that work together to perform specific, complex functions form an __.

Organ Systems

* The _____________________ level consists of related organs that work together to _____________________ activities and achieve a common __________________.

* There are _____ organ systems in the ________________ body.

Organism

* All body systems function ______________________ in a single living human being, the _____.

Characteristics of all living things

* _______________________; complex structure and order

* ________________________; all chemical reactions in the cells of the organism ________________

* ________________ and _____________________; from a single cell (in us) and the changes during your ____________________

* _______________________; sense and respond to changes in _____________________

* _______________________; maintenance of a constant internal environment (____________________

* _______________________; production of cells used to create a new generation of ______________

The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are:

• _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________ tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines ______________________.

* Example: The inner lining of the ______________________________

Connective tissue ____________________, supports, and _____________________ body parts and organs.

* Can be solid (such as __________), liquid (such as _________), or intermediate (such as _______

Muscle tissue produces movement.

* Skeletal muscle_______________________________________

* Smooth muscle_________________________________________

* Cardiac muscle _________________________________________

Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal _______________________________.

* ______________________________________________________________

Body organ systems (usually in the order studied)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Integumentary

* Provides _______________________;___________________________________

* Regulates body ___________________;_________________________________

* Site of cutaneous ___________________;_________________________________

* Synthesizes vitamin ________;________________________________________

* Prevents _____________ loss;________________________________________

Skeletal

* Provides ___________________ and _______________________;_________________________

* Site of _____________________________ (blood cell production)

* Stores ____________________ and __________________________

* Allows for body __________________________

Muscular

* Produces body _______________________

* Generates ___________ when muscles _________________________

Nervous

* A ______________________ system that controls body ____________________

* Responds to _____________________________________

* Helps ___________________ all other systems of the ______________________

* Also responsible for _______________________________________________________

Endocrine

* Consists of _____________ and cell clusters that secrete ______________, some of which regulate

* body and cellular ____________________

* __________________ levels in the body

* _____________________ functions

Cardiovascular

* Consists of a _____________ (the heart) that moves blood through blood _______________ in order to distribute ________________________________________________, and pick up waste products

Lymphatic

* Transports and filters lymph (______________________ fluid)

* Initiates an ________________________ response when necessary

Respiratory

* Responsible for exchange of gases (_____________________) between blood and the air in the _____

Digestive

* _______________________ and ______________________ digests food materials

* Absorbs _________________________

* Expels _________________________ products

Urinary

* Filters the ___________________ and removes _________________ products from the blood

* _______________________ waste products in the form of urine, and expels ________ from the body

Male Reproductive System

* Produces male sex cells (_______________) and male hormones (e.g., _______________________)

* Transfers ______________________ to the female

Female Reproductive System

* Produces female sex cells (______________) and female hormones (___________________________

* Receives ___________________ from male

* Site of fertilization of ______________________

* Site of growth and ______________________________ of embryo and _______________

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomic position is a specific ____________ position in which an individual stands upright with the feet ______________ and _______________ on the floor.

The head is _______________, and the eyes look forward toward the _________________.

The ____________ are at either side of the body with the ___________ facing forward and the ________________ pointing away from the body.

A __________________ is an imaginary surface that _________________ the body into specific sections.

* The three major anatomic planes of reference are the _______________________________________.

Sections and Planes

A __________________ plane, also called a __________________ plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into ____________________ (front) and _____________________ (back) parts.

A _________________________ plane, also called a _________________ plane or horizontal plane, cuts ___________________ along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (________________) and inferior (________________) parts.

A ___________________ plane or ____________________ plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into ________________________________.

A sagittal plane in the body midline is a ______________________________ plane.

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a ___________________ (or sagittal) plane.

A minor plane, called the _________________ plane, passes through the specimen at an _________________.

Relative and Directional Terms of the Body

Relative to ______________ (belly side) or _______________ (back side) of the body :

* _________________________ = In front of; toward the front surface

* _________________________ = In back of; toward the back surface

* ___________________ =At the back side of the human body

* _______________________ = At the belly side of the human body

Relative to the head or ___________ of the body:

* _______________________ = Toward the head or above

* _________________________ = Toward feet not head

* ________________________ = At the rear or tail end

* __________________________ = At the head end

Relative to the midline or ____________________ of the body:

* ___________________ = Toward the midline of the body

* ___________________ = Away from the midline of the body

* _______________ = On the inside, underneath another structure

* ___________________________________ = On the outside

Relative to point of ______________________ of the appendage:

* _________________________ = Closest to point of attachment to trunk

* _____________ = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

Body Regions

The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the __________________________________.

the ___________ region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body

our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the _______________________________

Be able to label these figures for the exam:

[pic] [pic]

Body Cavities and Membranes

The posterior aspect of the body has two ______________________ cavities

* A ___________________ cavity is formed by the cranium and houses the brain.

* A vertebral canal is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the _______.

Body Cavities

Both the ________________ and ____________________________ cavities are lined with thin serous membranes, which are composed of _________ layers:

* A ____________________ layer lines the internal surface of the ______________ wall.

* A ____________________ layer covers the external surface of organs (___________) within the cavity.

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin ______________ cavity, containing a lubricating film of ________________ fluid.

Constant _______________________ of the organs causes ___________________.

The _____________ fluid reduces __________________ and helps the organs move smoothly against both one another and the _____________ wall.

The ______________________ space in the thoracic cavity is called the _________________________.

It contains the _____________________________________, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the ______________.

The Thoracic Cavity

The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-layered ___________ membrane called the _____________________.

* The outer layer is the ________________ pleura; it lines the internal surface of the _______________

* The inner layer is the ________________ pleura; it covers the external surface of the ___________

* The narrow, moist, __________________ space between them is called the ____________________

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The ________________________ cavity consists of an ___________________ cavity and a _____________.

The _______________________ is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the _________________________________ cavity.

Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into _____ smaller, imaginary _______________________.

Be able to identify each of the regions on the test:

[pic]

(Review Questions are on next page)

Anatomy Chapter 1 Review Questions

1. What is the study of structure of the human body?

2. The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means;

3. What is the scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures?

4. In the human body, structure and function can be completely separated: form is not related to function; True (A) or False (B)

5. Which area of anatomy deals with cellular anatomy; study of single body cells?

6. What is the study of tissues?

7. Which approach to gross anatomy studies

8. Which approach to gross anatomy studies changes in structure during an individual’s lifetime

9. Which approach to gross anatomy studies developmental changes before birth?

10. Which approach to gross anatomy studies all structures in a particular region as a single unit (e.g. all tissues of the knee)

11. Which approach to gross anatomy studies superficial markings and related deeper tissues

12. Which approach to gross anatomy studies gross anatomy of each system including all organs

13. The simplest level of organization within the body is the _____ level, which is composed of;.

14. Atoms are the smallest units of matter; True (A) or False (B)

15. Large and complex molecules such as DNA and proteins are known as;

16. The cell is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things (organisms); True (A) or False (B)

17. The cell is the largest living portion of the human body; True (A) or False (B)

18. What are groups of similar cells with a common function form tissue?

19. What are different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions form an organ?

20. What level of organization consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function?

21. What term denotes all chemical reactions in the cells of the organism (digestion, respiration, etc.)?

22. What are the Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body?

23. What tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities.

24. What tissue protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs.

25. Connective tissue can be either solid, liquid, or intermediate; True (A) or False (B)

26. What are the three types of muscle tissue?

27. What tissue conducts impulses for internal communication?

28. What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

29. What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

30. What are the main functions of the muscular system?

31. What are the main functions of the nervous system?

32. What are the main functions of the endocrine system

33. What system consists of a pump (the heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products?

34. What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

35. What system is responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

36. What are the main functions of the digestive system?

37. Describe anatomic position.

38. What is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections?

39. The three major anatomic planes of reference are;

40. What is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts?

41. What plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts?

42. Which plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves?

43. A sagittal plane in the body midline is the;

44. A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed

45. What minor plane passes through the specimen at an angle?

46. What term, relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body means in front of; toward the front surface

47. What term, relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body means in back of; toward the back surface

48. What term, relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body means at the back side of the human body

49. What term, relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body means at the belly side of the human body

50. What term, relative to head or tail means toward the head or above

51. What term, relative to head or tail means toward feet not head

52. What term, relative to head or tail means at the rear or tail end

53. What term, relative to head or tail means at the head end

54. What term, relative to midline or center means toward the midline of the body

55. What term means away from the midline of the body

56. What term means on the inside, underneath another structure

57. What term means on the outside

58. What term means closest to point of attachment to trunk

59. What term means furthest from point of attachment to trunk

60. The human body is partitioned into what two main regions?

61. Be able to label these figures for the exam:

[pic] [pic]

62. The posterior aspect of the body has what two enclosed cavities?

63. What cavity is formed by the cranium and houses the brain?

64. What canal is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord?

65. Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with thin serous membranes, which are composed of what two layers:

66. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin serous cavity, containing what?

67. The serous fluid does what to help the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall.

68. The median space in the thoracic cavity is called;

69. The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called;

70. The abdominopelvic cavity consists of what two cavities?

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