Your Pre AP biology final exam: - Georgetown High School
Your Pre AP biology final exam review KEY:I. Biomolecules:Organic or inorganic? How do you tell?_organic compounds contain carbon__Categorize organic or inorganic: Inorganic InorganicOrganic OrganicWhat are the 4 classes of compounds? _carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein_How can you tell the difference between Carbohydrates and everything else? Carbs have C:H:O in a 1:2:1: ratioLipids and everything else? _Lipids have C:H:O but not in any predicable ratio_Proteins and everything else? Proteins have C, H, O and N but no PNucleic acids and everything else? Nucleic Acids have C, H, O, P, and NWhat kind of bond holds togetherCarbohydrates – glycosidic linkageLipids – Ester linkagesNucleic acids- phosphodiester bondsProteins – peptide bondsStarch - carbohydrateHair - proteinDNA – nucleic acidCellulose – carbohydratePlant cell walls – carbohydrateEnzymes - proteinsOrganic product of photosynthesis - carbohydrate-56515-147510500protein carbohydratesCarbohydrateComponent of cell membrane - lipid if it’s the phospholipid or cholesterolProtein if it’s a transport, channel or surface markerNucleic acidLipidNucleic acidHemoglobin proteinUnsaturated fatSaturated fatStructureDouble bonds, bends in the carbon chainNo double bonds, no bends in carbon chainSolid at room tempNoyesExamplesPlant oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, corn oilButter, lardHow many different amino acids are possible? __20What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ___DNA____II. Cells:ProkaryoteEukaryoteSizeSmallerLargerAgeOlderYoungerNucleusNoYesOrganellesNo membrane bound organelles, does have ribosomesMitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, ERExamplesBacteriaAll but bacteriaPartFunctionPart FunctionNucleusHolds the DNA, control center of the cellSmooth ERTransport in the cell, detoxifying and making lipids and cell membranesCytoplasmSpace inside a cell between cell membrane and nucleusGolgi BodyPackaging of proteins for exportRibosomesProtein factories of the cell. VacuolesStorageRough EREndoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached; responsible for making proteins to be exportedLysosomeDigestive sac for the cellPlasma membraneSemipermeable barrier MitochondriaTakes carbohydrates and oxygen and breaks them down converting the energy in the stored bonds to ATPChloroplastsTake sunlight and carbon dioxide and convert it to carbohydrates, giving off oxygen in the processCell wallTough outer covering on some cells (not animal). In plants it’s made of cellulose, fungi it’s made of chitin and in bacteria it’s made of peptidoglycanPlant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrastPlant onlyBothAnimal onlyCell wallEukaryoticLysosomeChloroplastNucleusMany small vacuolesLarge central vacuoleMitochondriaCell membraneRibosomesRough and smooth ERGolgi bodyIII. Transport914400125730Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic00Polar, phosphate, hydrophilicLabel the parts of a phospholipid: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)685800307975Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic00Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic228600422275002286007937500320040045085Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic00Polar, phosphate, hydrophilicLabel the parts of a bilayer: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)3200400227330Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic00Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic217170034163000217170011303000Use the drawing below to indicate the location of inside the cell, outside of the cell, polar and nonpolar25146001600200Outside cell, polar00Outside cell, polar3314700914400Inner portion of cell membrane, non polar00Inner portion of cell membrane, non polar3200400228600Inside cell, polar00Inside cell, polar18288001028700001828800137160000114300045720000Using the image of a cell membrane below: Color the proteins redColor the polar part greenColor the non polar part yellowAdd in a channel (transport) protein. Add in a carbohydrate marker on one of the proteins5257800174625green00green4457700288925005943600860425yellow00yellow445770086042500228600974725red00red1143000120332500When we say that a lipid bilayer is semipermeable, what do we mean? Allows some things, but not all things, to mover thru it\Passive transportActive TransportRequires energyNoYesMoves moleculesFrom high to low concentrationFrom low concentration to high concentrationMoves molecules With (down) the concentration gradientAgainst (up) the concentration gradientDefine osmosis: passive transport of water across the cell membraneLabel the following drawings as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic and draw an arrow to indicate the direction water will move. (The cell membrane is semipermeable but will not allow the particles to move thru…only water)Cell is hypertonic to the solution. Water will move into the cellCell and solution are isotonic. Water moves both in and outCell is hypotonic compared to the solution. Water will move out of the cellHere are some more examples: 3657600100774500217170089344500685800100774500Great website activity to review what happens to a human cell (blood cell), a plant cell (elodea) and protist (paramecium) in different solutions: which of the following is endocytosis and which is exocytosis. Below each one give an example of a type of substance moved in that mannerEndocytosis – how many single celled organisms eatExocytosis – a cell expelling large molecules (proteins or hormones)Indicate which side is hypertonic, hypotonic and the direction water will move. Draw a prediction of what it will look like after sitting for a few hours:beforePrediction5% NaClhypertonic2% NaClhypotonicWater will move from right to left.20% sucroseHypotonic50% sucrosehypertonicWater will move from left to right70% NaClhyptertonic40% NaClhypotonicWater will move from right to leftIV. Energy:Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? How can you tell? Exergonic because there’s more energy in the reactants than the productGive an example of endergonic and exergonic reactions: Endergonic – photosyntheisExergonic – cellular respirationWhat is activation energy?Energy that it takes to get a reaction startedWhat do the following letters represent in the diagram A: reactantB: activation energy without an enzymeC: activation energy with an enzymeE: productsWhich line (solid or dashed) represents a reaction with an enzyme? Dashed (lower activation energy)Give some characteristics of an enzyme:Protein, specific, reusableGive 3 examples of digestive enzymes and the reactions they catalyze:Sucrase – digests sucrose into glucose and fructoseLactase – digests lactose into glucose and galactoseAmylase – digests starch into glucoseWhat’s an easy way to tell if a chemical named is an enzyme? Ends in -aseName 4 things that can affect an enzyme functioningLowering or raising temperatureAmount of enzymeAmount of substrateLowering or raising pH26289007048500Label the structure of ATP using the following terms: phosphate, bonds with high stored energy, sugar, and adenine480060024130004000500241300032004002413000What does ATP become when it loses one phosphate? ADP two phosphates? AMPAll of our energy originates from the SunThe first living things to take incoming energy and transform it to chemical energy (glucose) are called _autotrophs_ or producers The energy flows from those organisms to _consumers or heterotrophs that must eat to obtain energyGive 3 kinds of organisms that are photosynthetic: plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteriaWhat is fermentation? Cellular respiration without oxygenWhen does it occur and what are the byproducts? When there isn’t oxygen, byproducts: lactic acid or alchoholBacteria can only conduct the first part of cellular respiration. What is that called? How many ATP does it produce?Glycolysis, 2Cellular respirationPhotosynthesisWhatTaking glucose and breaking it down to get energy to make ADP into ATPTaking carbon dioxide and building it up to glucose by adding energy captured from sunlightWhereMitochondria of all eukaryotesChloroplasts of plants and algaeWhoAll eukaryotes (prokaryotes only do the first part)All Autotrophs (plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria … bacteria use cell wall instead of chloroplastWhat goes in (reactant)OxygenGlucoseWaterATP and heatCarbon dioxideWhat comes out (product)WatersunlightCarbon dioxideOxygenGlucoseReaction (balanced)6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO26H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 V. Cell Reproduction:What is a gene? A section of DNA that codes for a proteinWhat is a chromosome? A length of DNA consisting of many genesWhat is chromatin? DNA + associated proteins (histones)Where can you find these things? Nucleus of all eukarytoesHow many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells? 46What is a somatic cell a body cell other than gametesHow many chromosomes do you have in your gametes? 23What is a gamete? Sperm or eggWhy do gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes? So that when they join they make a zygote with the correct numberCell cycle: Label the following diagrams with the following terms: G1, G2, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, interphase*Notice I am giving you more than one diagram so that you can get used various formats. Who knows what I will put on the final (and Rick Perry is the only one that knows what they’re putting on the STAAR)23691851684020001690370101663500106299020002500What happens in each of these phases?G1 - normal cellular activitiesG2 - growth and prep for mitosisS – DNA replicationMitosis – division of the cell’s nucleusCytokinesis – division of the cytoplasmWhat kind of cell never leaves G1 – nerve cellWhat happens when the cell cycle loses control and begins to rapidly repeat itself? – cancer (a tumor) resultsHow does cytokinesis differ between a plant cell and an animal cell? Plant cells make a cell plate. Animal cell pinch in twoLabel each of the steps in mitosis: A (before mitosis begins) interphaseB - prophaseC - metaphaseD - anaphaseE - telophaseF (after cytokinesis) - interphaseIs there a difference between the two cells labeled F? no. They are identicalIs there a difference between the cell labeled A and the two labeled F?No, they are identical What is structure #6? Spindle fibersWhat is structure #13? Nuclear membrane (reforming)What is structure #1 - centriolesWhat is structure #8? - centromereYou have 22 pairs of chromosomes called __autosomes_. The 23rd set are called __sex__ chromosomes and are either X and X if you are a girl or X and Y if you are a boy. X chromosome is necessary and everyone has one they got from their mother. Y chromosome only codes for male sex characteristics and boys get that chromosome from their father_. Girls get their other X from their dads. What is meiosis? the process by which cells are made that are haploid in number. They are gametes and not identical to each otherCharacteristicMitosisMeiosisParent cellDiploidDiploidWhereSomatic cells – all cells in the body except gametesTesticles and ovaries# of daughter cells24Chromosome # in daughter cellsDipoid (46)Haploid (23)Are they clones?YesNoWhat is a karyotype? A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell lined up from longest to shortest and paired up Identify the following karyotypes as male or female and indicate if there are any chromosomal disordersMale, with Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)Female, no disordersVI. Genetics:Who was Gregor Mendel? – father of geneticsWhat is an allele? a form of a trait (brown is an eye color allele. so is blue)What is purebred? Having the same alleles for a trait (both of your eye color genes are blue, you’re purebred for eye color)What is homozygous? – same as purebredWhat is heterozygous? – different alleles for the same traitWhat is genotype? – the alleles you posses for a trait What is phenotype? The physical manifestation of the alleles you possesWork the following examples of genetic crosses using these traits:TraitDominantRecessivePlant heightTallShortSeed colorbrown WhiteFlower colorPurpleYellowLocation of flowersAxialTerminal A brown seeded plant is crossed with a white seeded plant and all the offspring have brown seeds. What was the genotype of the parents? BB X bbWhat is the genotype of the offspring? Bbwhite seeded plant is bb. In order to have all brown offspring the Brown parent must be BB. So offspring is Bb Two heterozygous axial plants are crossed. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?Parents: Aa X Aa genotype : AA, Aa, aa 1:2:1phenotype: axial : terminal 3:1A heterozygous tall and heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a short yellow flowered plant. What is the phenotypic ratios expected in the offspring? Parents: TtPp X ttppOffspring: tall purple : ?tall yellow: ? short, purple: ? short, yellow: ? or 1:1:1:1 An axial white seeded plant is crossed with an axial brown plant. The offspring are half axial white and half axial brown. What is the probably genotype of the axial white plant? What about the axial brown plant?Parents A_bb X A_B_ all offspring are Axial so at least one parent is AA, half of the offspring are brown and half are white so bb X Bb is the only possible combination of B’s. Axial white plant: AAbb or Aabb, Axial brown parent is AABb or AaBbIn the case of incomplete dominance, a black hen and a white rooster produce speckled offspring. What if two speckled chickens cross? What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring?BW X BW1: 2: 1 (BB:BW:WW and black: speckled: white) If a gene is sex linked recessive found on the X chromosome and a mother that is a carrier mates with a father that does not have the disorder, what is the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?Genotype: XaX: XX,XaY, XY Half of the girls are carriers, half of the boys are affected. A mother that is type O marries a man who is type AB. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?AO: BO 1:1Type A to Type B 1: 1If one of their type B children marries a person that is AB, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? BB: BO: AB: AO1: 1: 1: 1B: AB: A 2: 1: 1If one of their type A children marries someone that is type O, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?AO:OO 1: 1A to O 1:1VII. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesisWho won the Nobel prize for finding the structure of DNA? Watson and CrickWho was Chargaff? The scientist that discovered predictable ratios of G to C and A to TWho was R. Franklin? Took a picture of DNAIf a DNA molecule is 27% guanine, what percent makes up the other 3 bases? C=27, A=23 and T=23What is antiparallel mean? The sides are running in the opposite direction but parallel to each otherWhat two bases are purines? A and G What two bases are pyrimidines? C and TWhich ones are bigger? purinesDraw a DNA molecule with the code ATC. Label phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, nucleotide, base pair, and number the carbons 1 – 5.See me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it on here. Sorry.What is replication? Making an exact copy of the DNA When does it take place? During S phaseWhere does it take place? In the nucleusWhy does it take place? So that each new cell will have a full compliment of the DNAWhat does semiconservative mean? When it replicates half of the 2 new strands are old and half are newDraw a DNA strand replicating and label helicase, DNA polymerase and a replication fork.Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. SorryDraw an RNA nucleotide:Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. SorryCompare and contrast DNA and RNADNARNANumber of strands21Nitrogen basesATCGACUGWhere it’s foundIn the nucleus only In the cytoplasmSugarDeoxyriboseRiboseKindsOneMany (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) What is the central dogma of molecular biology?What is the purpose of transcription? Make a working copy of the DNAWhat is the purpose of translation? Match the mRNA up to an amino acidFill out the following chart:DNA (template)Complementary DNAmRNA (From template)tRNAAmino acidTripletCodonAnticodonATCTAGUAGAUCStopAAATTTUUUAAAPheGAACTTCUUGAALeuATGTACUACAUGTyrACCTGGUGGACCtryptophanWhat do we mean when we say that the genetic code is universal? Virtually all living organisms use this codeHow do we use the universality of the genetic code in gene technology – can copy a gene from one organism and paste it into another’s genetic code. Where does transcription take place? In the nucleusWhere does translation take place? In the cytoplasm on a ribosomeWhat is a mutation? A change in the genetic codeGiven a DNA code of TTA ATAMake a mutation that is silent:TTG ATAMake a mutation that is a point mutation? TTA ATTWhy is a frameshift mutation nearly always very bad…resulting in a non functional protein. Because it will cause all the amino acids downstream from the mutation to be read incorrectly. VIII. EvolutionWhat is the definition of evolution? A gradual change in the genetic makeup of a species over a long period of timeWho was Charles Darwin? Naturalist who first observed and documented evidence of evolutionWhat book did he publish? On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural SelecionWhat is artificial selection? When man selects traits he prefers in the offspring (ex: Horses, dogs, crops, livestock)What is natural selection? The process by which organisms best suited to survive in an environment achieve greater reproductive success and pass their advantageous genetic chracteristics on to future generations.What is natural selection also called? Survival of the fittestWhat are the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to take place? More offspring than could possibly survive, harsh environment, variation within the speciesProof of evolutionDefineExampleFossil record: transitional fossilsFossils that show a link between two divergent speciesTittaaalikarchaeopteryxVestigial structuresStructures or organs that have no use but did at one timePelvic bone in snakes and whalesWisdom teeth in humansHomologous structuresStructures that are similar between two or more divergent speciesThe forearm of many vertebrates: one large bone, two small bones and bunch of tiny bonesAmino acid sequencesSimilarities in DNA will be apparent by comparing amino acid sequencesCytochrome C in vertebratesEmbryologySimilarities in embryos of vertebratesAll vertebrate embryos (including humans) have gill slits and a tailWhat is significant about the tiktaalik? Transition from fish to amphibian (sea to land)What is significant about archaeopteryx Transition from land to air (reptile to bird)IX. ClassificationWhat is taxonomy? Study of classification of organismsWho was Linneaus Scientist who first named and classified organisms using the system we still use todayWhat is the purpose of giving everything a scientific name? eliminates confusion, all in the same language, The dog flea belongs to the species canis and the genus Ctencephalides. Write its scientific name:Ctencephalides canisWhat defines a species? A group of organisms with similar traits that can reproduce with each other within that groupWrite the levels of classification in order from smallest to largestSpecies, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domainDomainKingdomNumber of cellsType of cellNutritionMovementExampleBacteriaEubacteria1ProkaryoteAutotroph and heterotrophBothe-coliArcheaArcheabacteria1ProkaryoteChemotrophBothMethaogenEukaryprotistUsu 1, a few multiEukaryoteAuto and heterotrophBothAmoebaFungiUsually multi, a few single celledEukaryoteHeterotrophCan’t moveMushroomPlantMulti celledEukaryoteAutotrophCan’t moveTreeAnimailMulti celledEukaryoteheterotrophCan moveDogX. EcologyPlace the following in order from largest to smallest: individual, ecosystem, biome, population, communityIndividual, population, community, ecosystem, biomeWhat is the difference between population and community? Pop. is just one species, community is living organismsWhat is the difference between community and ecosystem? Community is living organisms, ecosystem includes abioticWhen does primary succession occur? When there is no soil…after a volcano (new rock) or after a glacier recedesWhat kind of plants are the first to appear in primary succession? Moss and lichenWhen does secondary succession occur? When there is soil but the plants have been removed…forest fire or clear cutting for farmlandWhich takes longer, primary or secondary? Why? primary because you have make new soilCreate a food chain using the following organisms: Bear, grass, mouse, bobcatGrass mouse bobcat bear1st2nd3rd4thProducerconsumerconsumerconsumerHerbivorecarnivorecarnivore (in this food chain)80 joules8 joules0.8 joules0.08 joulesLabel trophic levelsLabel producer and consumersLabel carnivore and herbivoreIf the grass as 80 joules of energy, how many joules are stored in the bear?Now create a food web using bear, grass, decomposer, minnow, algae, trout, butterfly, flower, salmon, berries, mouse, bobcat, snake, raccoon, spider, birdUh…no…I could probably do this but I don’t want to. If you are worried your food web is wrong come and see me and let me take a look at yours.What is the purpose of predators? Help prevent overpopulationWhat is competition? Two or more species that struggle for the same limited resourcesWhat is predator/prey relationships. One species eats the other (completely) to gain nutrition and energyWhat are three kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism, commensalism, parasitismDefine symbiosis – 2 or more species living together in a close, long-term relationshipDefine commensalism and give an example a relationship in which one member of the relationship gains something and the other is neither helped nor harmed; whale and barnacleDefine mutualism and give an example a relationship in which both members of the relationship benefit; flower and pollinatorDefine parasitism and give an example - a relationship in which one member of the relationship gains something and the other harmed; tick and dogXI. Bacteria and VirusesCompare and contrast bacteria and virusesCharacteristicBacteriaVirusesDNA or RNAYesyesContains proteinYesYesCan make it’s own proteins NoNoPreventionHandwashing , vaccinesHandwashing, vaccinesCellsYesnocureTreated with antibioticsnonePathogenicSometimesAlwaysWhat does HIV stand for? Human immunodeficiency virusWhat does AIDS stand for? Acquired immune deficiency virusHow do you contract HIV? Sexual contact, contaminated blood, contaminated needles, mother to childIs there a treatment? AZTIs there a cure? noXII. PlantsWhat do all plants have in common? Autotrophic, multicelled, eukaryotes with cell walls and chloroplastsWhat are the 4 major groups of plants? Bryophytes – mosses; pterdiophytes – ferns, gymnosperms – pine trees, angiosperms – flowering plants – This won’t be on the finalGive an example of each (above)What is the function of the roots? Anchor plant and absorb water and mineralsDraw a cross section of a dicot stem and label ground tissue, vascular tissue and dermal tissue262890017094200029718001823720Dermal tissue00Dermal tissue24003001137920002857500795020Vascular tissue00Vascular tissue1714500452120002743200223520Ground tissue00Ground tissue262890028194000Draw the cross section of a leaf and label the following: cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, stomata, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll41148001560830spongymesophyll00spongymesophyll4114800989330Palisademesophyll00PalisademesophyllWhat is the function of each of those parts? Upper and lower epidermis – tough clear layer of cells that protectCuticle – waxy coating that prevents water lossMesophyll – where most of the photosynthesis occurs: Spongy – has airspaces, palisade does notStomata (stoma) – holes that allow for air to move in and out of a cellDraw a flower and label the following parts: sepal, petals, carpel, stamen, filament, anther, ovule, style, stigmaWhich parts are female? Carpel (stigma, style and ovary…also called ovule)Which parts are male? Stamen (anther and filaments)Human BodySystem FunctionMajor Organs or partsCirculatory to distribute oxygen and nutrients to and pick up wastes from all parts of the body. heart, arteries, veinsRespiratory. to serve as the body’s exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gasesLungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, mouth, nose, alveoliNervousTo receive, interpret, and send messages regulating response to stimuli, coordination, balance, memory, and logicbrain, spinal cord, motor and sensory neuronsMuscularto move skeleton, food through the digestive system and blood through thecirculatory systemsmooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscleSkeletalto support and shape the body, protect vital organs and make blood cellsbones and bone marrowEndocrineto produce hormones that help the body regulate metabolism and homeostasisgland/organs: pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, hypothalamus, liver, pituitaryImmuneto guard against invasion of foreign particles. white blood cells, lymph nodesReproductiveTo produce gametes and allow for the production of offspringuterus, ovaries, testes, penisExcretory (Urinary)To collect, filter and rid the body of metabolic wasteskidneys, bladder, sweat glandsDigestiveto break down and absorb nutrients found in foodmouth, tongue, stomach, small and large intestine, gall bladder, pancreas, liverDescribe how insulin and glucagon work to control blood sugar Not on finalWhen blood sugar is high (you have eaten a piece of cake, for example), insulin is released by the pancreas and it will trigger muscle and liver cells to collect excess sugar from the blood stream and store it in the form of glycogenWhen blood sugar is low (you haven’t eaten in a few hours or you are in the middle of a strenuous workout, for instance) your liver releases glucagon which triggers cells to break down glycogen and make it available in the blood stream for muscles and the brainDescribe how calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work to control calcium in your bloodstream. Not on finalCalcium is needed for proper functioning of muscles.When calcium levels are high (you have consumed a couple of glasses of milk), the thyroid gland will produce calcitonin which targets bone cells, signaling to them to pick up excess calcium and store it in bonesWhen calcium levels are low (you haven’t had dairy products or anything else high in calcium in a few days), the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which targets bone cells, signaling them to release calcium. ................
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