Biology Unit 2 Test Study Guide - Mrs. Agarwal's Classroom



Final Exam Study Guide

CP2 Biology

• The midterm exam consists of 25 true/false, 100 multiple choice and 2 open response questions.

• This exam counts for 20% of your Quarter 4 grade.

• You will have 90 minutes to take the exam.

• Bring your biology textbook to return.

• Bring several pencils!

To study for the final, DO NOT CRAM. Spread out your studying over several days. Remember that you have already learned everything that will be on the exam. Read through this study guide and look up the underlined terms that you don’t remember. Review old quizzes and tests and focus on fixing the questions you got wrong. Quiz yourself on vocabulary, explanations and problems.

Relax! Get enough sleep and eat a good breakfast. This test is designed for you to demonstrate how much you know. And if you think you don’t know an answer, always take your best guess.

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GENETICS

dominant (only needs 1 copy of allele to express)

recessive (needs 2 copies of allele to express)

homozygous (identical alleles)

heterozygous (different alleles)

Punnett square (predicts geno- and phenotypes)

codominance (both alleles are dominant)

incomplete dominance (neither allele dominant)

sex-linked traits (located on X chromosome)

sex chromosomes (female = XX, male = XY)

fertilization (egg + sperm = zygote)

nondisjunction (chromosomes don’t separate correctly during meiosis)

1. What does a pedigree show? What do the symbols mean?

2. What are examples of codominance and incomplete dominance?

3. What is Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)?

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DNA & RNA (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

Watson & Crick (discovered DNA structure)

DNA (genetic material in all organisms)

RNA (usually mRNA – copy of DNA code)

nucleotide/nitrogen base (A, C, G, T or U)

codon (3 bases)

replication (copying DNA)

transcription (DNA ( mRNA)

translation (mRNA ( amino acids/proteins)

mutation (any change in DNA)

frameshift mutation (insertion or deletion)

substitution mutation (one base is switched)

virus (pathogen made of protein and nucleic acid)

4. How does a sequence of DNA code for a particular protein?

5. Why are mutations important in evolution?

6. Why are some mutations “silent,” meaning they have no effect on an organism’s phenotype?

7. Be able to transcribe DNA ( complementary mRNA, and translate mRNA ( amino acids.

8. Why are viruses not considered “living”? What are some diseases caused by viruses?

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EVOLUTION & NATURAL SELECTION

evolution (change over time)

Charles Darwin (evolution by natural selection)

adaptation (trait that increases fitness)

fitness (ability to survive in environment)

common ancestor (indicates relationships)

survival of the fittest (survive/reproduce more)

fossil record (shows change in fossils over time)

homologous structure (similar organ in different organisms)

vestigial structure (unused organ)

embryo (early stage of fetus)

species (can interbreed & produce fertile offspring)

geographic isolation (separated physically)

speciation (formation of new species)

gene pool (all genes in a population)

directional selection (favors one extreme)

disruptive selection (favors both extremes)

stabilizing selection (favors the average)

9. Who was Charles Darwin and what did he study?

10. Give examples of how a) the fossil record, b) homologous/vestigial structures, c) embryological similarities, and d) genetics all support the theory of evolution by natural selection.

11. How does geographic isolation lead to speciation? Give an example from the Galapagos.

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CLASSIFICATION

taxonomy (grouping organisms)

binomial nomenclature (two-part naming system)

Carolus Linnaeus (early taxonomist)

cladogram (diagram that shows relationships)

domain (largest taxon)

species (smallest taxon)

autotroph (produces own food)

heterotroph (consumes food)

12. What are Linnaeus’ taxonomic groups in order from largest to smallest?

13. Why is DNA/genetic evidence the strongest evidence that organisms are related?

14. What are the similarities and differences between the 6 kingdoms of life: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia? (Auto/heterotroph? Uni/multicellular? Examples?)

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ECOLOGY

trophic level (each step in a food/energy chain)

food web (interconnected food chains)

producer (autotroph/produces own food)

consumer (heterotroph/consumes food)

decomposer (heterotroph/absorbs food)

population (all members of one species)

biotic/abiotic (living/nonliving)

predation (hunting and eating an animal)

competition (trying to use the same resource)

mutualism (both species benefit)

commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected)

parasitism (one benefits, other is harmed)

birth rate (births in a certain population)

death rate (deaths in a certain population)

immigration (moving into a population)

emigration (exiting a population)

carrying capacity (maximum population #)

nitrogen fixation (bacteria change N2 gas into compounds useful to producers)

15. What happens to the amount of food energy as it is transferred up the food chain? Why does this happen?

16. What can cause a population size to increase and/or decrease?

17. What are the processes in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle? Be able to explain how each of those substances is passed through the environment, atmosphere, and living organisms.

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

General

homeostasis (maintaining stable conditions)

cell (smallest living unit)

tissue (group of similar cells)

organ (tissues working together for a function)

organ system (organs working together)

Nervous System: controls voluntary and involuntary bodily functions, responds to internal/external stimuli

cerebrum (intelligence/learning)

brain stem (breathing/heartbeat)

neuron (basic cell of nervous system)

neurotransmitter (transmits signals across synapses)

synapse (gap between neurons)

central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)

peripheral nervous system (nerves & sense organs)

stimulant (gives you a high)

depressant (slows you down)

Skeletal/Muscular System: provides shape and protection, stores minerals, allows movement

bone (strong, rigid tissue)

skeletal/smooth/cardiac muscle (movement of body parts, internal organs, heart)

tendon (joins bone to muscle)

ligament (joins bone to bone)

cartilage (tough, flexible tissue)

joint (where bones meet)

marrow (produces blood cells)

Circulatory System: transports O2, nutrients, hormones, CO2, and waste throughout body

heart (pump)

artery (carries blood away from heart)

vein (carries blood to heart)

capillaries (tiny vessels for diffusion)

red blood cell (carries oxygen)

white blood cell (fights bacteria)

Respiratory System: exchanges O2 and CO2 between body and atmosphere

nose (air enters)

pharynx (delivers air and food)

epiglottis (flap that covers esophagus)

trachea (delivers air to lungs)

lungs (take in and release gases)

alveoli (tiny air sacs that diffuse gases)

diaphragm (muscle that forces air in and out)

gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

Digestive System: extracts nutrients and energy from food for use by the body’s cells

mouth (chews and moistens food)

esophagus (delivers food to stomach)

stomach (churns food, produces acid)

small intestine (mostly chemical digestion)

villi (tiny projections that absorb nutrients)

large intestine (absorbs liquids)

rectum (stores waste)

liver (breaks down toxins, produces bile)

pancreas (secretes digestive enzymes)

Excretory System: removes wastes from blood, maintains fluid balance in blood

kidneys (filter wastes out of blood)

bladder (stores urine)

Endocrine System: sends messages throughout body by secreting hormones into bloodstream

gland (organ that secretes a substance)

hormones (chemical messages)

Reproductive System: produces gametes for sexual reproduction

ovaries (produce eggs)

testes (produce sperm)

18. What are the main functions of each of the body’s systems?

19. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

20. How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to bring oxygen into the body and into each cell?

21. What is the difference between the “messages” delivered by the nervous system and the endocrine system?

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