Unit 2: The Cell - Vogel Biology



Unit 2: The CellThis unit will be broken up into two separate parts, each with its own test. However, both parts are from the same standard. Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.Part 1The first half of this unit will focus on the following standards:B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells). B-2.2Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm). B-2.3Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.B-2.5Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell. UNIT 2, PART 1 TEST: _______________________Part 2The second half of this unit will focus on the following standards: B-2.4Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). B-2.6Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.B-2.7Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division. UNIT 2, PART 2 TEST: _______________________An Introduction to Cells-76200220980Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.Indicator B – 2.1: Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells). Indicator B – 2.3: Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 00Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.Indicator B – 2.1: Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells). Indicator B – 2.3: Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Objectives:Recall the major tenets of the Cell pare unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms. Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. cell theorycytoplasmorganelleprokaryotic celleukaryotic cell *******************************************************************************************************************540004064643000You and all other organisms are made of cells. A cell’s structure is closely related to its function. Today, we know that cells are smallest unit of life that can carry out all processes required for life. However, before the 1600s, people had many other ideas about the basis of life. Life is ____________________.ATP stands for ______________________________. It is what organisms use for ____________.Cells take sugar (________) from food and turn it into ________.The History of Cell BiologyA person who studies cells is called a ____________________. The study of cells is ____________.The following scientists contributed to the Cell Theory. Anton van LeeuwenhoekRobertHookeMatthias SchleidenTheodorSchwannRudolfVirchowThe Cell TheoryA cell is the basic unit of _____________. The 3 parts to the Cell Theory are:1) _________________________________________________________________________2) _________________________________________________________________________3) _________________________________________________________________________Prokaryotes and EukaryotesBiologists divide cells into two main categories: _________________ and _________________Fill out the chart about prokaryotes and eukaryotes.Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Where is the DNA in a prokaryote found? Where is the DNA in a eukaryote found?Unicellular vs. Multicellular OrganismsSometimes just one cell is the entire _____________________.They do everything that you would expect a living thing to do.Includes both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.Prokaryote examples Eukaryote examples Multicellular organisms are comprised of __________________________.Cells are ____________ to perform particular functions. This is called ___________________.Levels of OrganizationIn a multicellular organism, there is a certain order to how cells are organized. _______________ ___________________ __________________ ____________________3200400152400Use the picture to the left.According to the levels of organization in a multicellular organism, what do you think each of the following would be.Cell: ____________________Tissue: ____________________Organ: ________________________Organ System: _________________00Use the picture to the left.According to the levels of organization in a multicellular organism, what do you think each of the following would be.Cell: ____________________Tissue: ____________________Organ: ________________________Organ System: _________________Can You Tell the Difference?Determine if each of the following describes a prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, or both. Mostly unicellular, like bacteriaContains organelles (specialized structures)DNA found within a membrane-bound nucleusHas ribosomes (for making proteins)DNA found suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell in a plasmidHas cytoplasmHas a cell membraneThe DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes45720093345009. 45720038100010. 0350520Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.Indicator B – 2.2: Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm). 00Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.Indicator B – 2.2: Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm). Cellular OrganellesObjectives:Describe the functions of the major cell organelles.Identify the structures of various cell organelles. Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. CytoskeletonNucleusEndoplasmic reticulumRibosomeGolgi apparatusVesicleMitochondriaVacuoleLysosome Centriole Cell wallChloroplast 3886200-762000Your body is highly organized. It contains organs that are specialized to perform particular tasks. For example, your skin receives sensory information and helps prevent infection. Your intestines digest your food while your kidneys filter wastes. Your bones support and protect your organs, while allowing you to walk upright and move. On a much smaller scale, your cells have a similar division of labor. They contain specialized structures that work together to respond to stimuli and efficiently carry out other necessary processes. CELL ORGANELLESAll cells have three things in common: 373380072517000Cells have an internal structure that gives it its shape and supports it. A ________________, which is a network of proteins that are constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell. This is composed of _______________ and _________________. -22860027940000-3238500267970______________ are hollow tubes of protein that maintains cell shape and serves as “tracks” for organelle movement. ______________ are long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of the cell. 00______________ are hollow tubes of protein that maintains cell shape and serves as “tracks” for organelle movement. ______________ are long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of the cell. 4505325-24955500Organelles in the Cytoplasm The ________________ contains the chromosomes, which are composed of ________, a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid. The __________ is responsible for the genetic information of the cell. There are two parts to the nucleus. The ____________ _____________, which is found around the nucleus and contains thousands of tiny holes called nuclear ____________. This is how RNA and other materials can get out of the nucleus. There is also a dense region within the nucleus called the ____________, where ribosomes are made. 0194310002957195161734500____________ are the actual organelles where proteins are made. They may be freely floating around the cell or attached to ________________ _______________ (ER). When they are attached to ER, it is called _________ _______________ ______________, but when there are no ribosomes attached to ER, it is called ____________ __________________ _________________. Once a protein is made, it must be sorted and packaged before it is delivered to its appropriate destination. The organelle responsible for this is the ________________ _____________. It is a stack of membranes that lie directly outside the endoplasmic reticulum. 012192000Once a protein is packaged and ready for delivery, it must have a method of getting to its destination. ___________ are the organelles responsible for this. 024765000_______________ are organelles which contain chemicals called enzymes. These enzymes are necessary for digesting certain materials of the cell. This organelle can also remove debris from the cell. 480060025971500When your cell needs energy in the form of ATP, the ____________________ is the organelle that releases the energy from the food taken in. It is very unique in that it contains its own DNA and can reproduce on its own. It is thought that at one time, this organelle was actually an organism that lived a unicellular life. The DNA found within this organelle is different from the DNA found within the nucleus of the cell. -22860023749000________________ are cylinder-shaped organelles made of microtubules that aid in cell division. They are not found in __________ cells. They lie right outside the nucleus. Plant Cells are Unique 480060013335000_______________ are organelles that use energy from sunlight to make ATP. Like mitochondria, they also contain their own DNA and can reproduce on their own. 15240019050000Around the cell membrane of a plant cell, lies an extra layer of protection called the __________ _________. Unlike the cell membrane, the _________ __________ is rigid. 3238500762000In a plant cell, there is a large central _______________ that stores water, salts, and other materialsthe cell may need. Animal cells may also contain these organelles, but they are much smaller. Cells Move Too!01060450096520083756500____________ are short hair-like structures that aid animal cells and protists in movement whereas a ______________ is a long whip-like structure found on some animal cells, bacteria, and protists.Cell LabelingLabel each cell below. Next to the cell, indicate whether it is a plant cell or an animal cell. Try to do this without using your notes or book. 464820020955B00B182880020955A00A914400249555005715000215265C00C114300032385M00M5867400112395D00D 99060078105L00L6858009525K00K5943600123825E00E579120020955F00F1219200101600J00J548640067310G00G1828800-1270I00I4495800-1270H00H1600200465455K00K4800600351155C00C4191000122555B00B1828800236855A00A1447800545465J00J5334000431165D00D55626001231265F00F9906001016000548640080010E00E83820049530I00I5257800552450G00G1676400140970H00H 2743200739140Cellular Transport0106680Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.5: Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transports serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell. Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.5: Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transports serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell. Objectives:Identify the main functions of the cell membrane.Describe what happens during diffusion.Explain the processes of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. cell membranephospholipidfluid mosaic modelselective permeabilitypassive transportdiffusionconcentration gradientosmosisisotonichypertonichypotonicfacilitated diffusionactive transportendocytosisphagocytosisexocytosis******************************************************************************************************************* Cell MembranesAll cells have a _______ _____________. The environment of individual cells and the cytoplasm make it possible for substances to move _____ and _____ of the cell. In order to maintain _____________, the cell membrane must regulate this process. Two other functions of the cell membrane are for _______________ and _____________. 304800049212500The structure of the cell membrane is described as a _________ _____________, which means it has two layers of __________________. Phospholipids are comprised of a “head” and two “tails”. The head is _________, which means “water-loving”. The tail is ____________, which means “water-fearing”. _____________ are embedded in the membrane. Cell membranes also have holes or __________ that allows them to be _____________ _____________ or ________ _______________, allowing some molecules to pass into the cell and keeps other molecules out.The arrangement of the cell membrane is often referred to as a ______________ _____________ _____________. Types of Cellular TransportSubstances are constantly moving in and out of the cell. there are two main types of cellular transport:In ______________ transport, the cell ______ _____ use energy (_______). There are three types of _______________ transport. They are: 1. 2. 3. In __________ transport, the cell ________ use energy (_________). Types of ___________ transport include:1. 2.3. Passive Transport: HIGH LOW In passive transport, the cell uses ____ __________. Molecules are constantly moving around within a cell. They will move ___________ and spread out from an area of ________ concentration to an area of _______ concentration. The difference in these concentrations is called a __________________ __________________ 1. Diffusion is the random ___________ of particles from an area of ________ concentration to an area of _______ concentration and continues until all __________ are evenly spread out or have reached _______________. Once equilibrium is reached, the molecules will continue to ________, but stay ______ out. 28162255715000 502920029210002. Facilitated Diffusion occurs when specific particles move through ________ _______ found in the cell ____________. The “facilitation” is provided by the ________ 54864004064000 ________ which are _____________ regarding the molecules that they move across the membrane. They can transport _________ molecules or ________ molecules. 3124200273050003. Osmosis is the diffusion of ___________ through a selectively permeable membrane. When water is higher, solutes are lower. Therefore they will move in ___________ directions. Active Transport: LOW HIGHIn active transport, the cell uses ___________ as it actively moves _____________ to where they are needed. The reason this transport is “active” and requires _________ is because the movement is from an area of ________ concentration to an area of _________concentration (against gradient). Think: Pushing a ball up a hill. 1. Protein Pumps require _____________ __________ to do work. They change ____________ to move molecules. Example: Sodium/Potassium pumps in nerve responses.25146002286000 2. Endocytosis takes bulky material ________ the cell. This process, referred to as “______ __________”, uses energy as the cell membrane __________ around a food particle, forms a food ____________ and __________ food. Example: white blood cells digesting bacteria449580063500 12566659080500 3. Exocytosis ___________ material out of cell in bulk. In this process, the membrane surrounding the material to be moved ___________ with the cell membrane and changes ___________. This requires energy. Example: Hormones or wastes removed from the cell.Effects of Water on CellsOsmosis is the diffusion of __________ through a __________ __________ membrane.Water is such a _________ molecule that the cell cannot control its __________ through the cell membrane. SOLUTION: Dissolved molecules such as glucose, salt, and starch are referred to as the ____________ in the solution. The dissolving medium, such as water is called the _____________.76136525209500The environment of cells can exist under one of three conditions, depending on the amount of water in and out of the cell:Hypertonic Environment (Hyper- means “above”)49530003048000When the amount of solute outside the cell is high and the amount of water is low, water will go out of the cell to equalize the concentrations. This describes a cell that is ________________ (low solute, high solvent on the inside) to its external environment. Water will diffuse ____________ of the cell, causing the cell to ___________. This is why it is dangerous to drink salt water. The salt will pull the water out of our cells. What type of cell is more susceptible to this situation, animal cells or plant cells? Why?464820017907000Isotonic Environment (Iso- means “same”)When the amount of water (solvent) and solute are equal on both sides of the cell membrane, the environment is __________________ (same) and water flows both in and out of the cell without changing the concentrations. The cell remains ___________. Why do organisms want their cells to be in this environment? 472440023304500Hypotonic Environment (Hypo- means “below”)When the amount of solute inside the cell is high and the amount of water is low, water will move into the cell to equalize the concentrations. This describes a cell that is _________________ (high solute, low solvent outside) to its external environment. Water will diffuse _________ the cell, causing the cell to __________ or possibly burst. When might this situation occur in a cell?Annotate the following solutions to show the movement of water. Answer the questions that follow. -3746519367500Analysis1. A cell with a concentration of 20% glucose is placed in a solution with 50% glucose. Which way will water move and why? Sketch this out. 2. A cell with a concentration of 50% glucose is placed in a solution with 20% glucose. Which way will water move and why? Sketch this out. 3. A cell with a concentration of 20% glucose is placed in a solution with 20% glucose. Which way will water move and why? Sketch this out. Cellular Differentiation0262890Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.4: Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchal organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). 0Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.4: Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchal organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). Objectives:Explain the process of cell differentiation.Recall that all of the cells of a particular organism contain all of the genetic code.Summarize the unique characteristics of embryonic and adult stem cells.Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. 1. tissue2. organ3. organ system4. cell differentiation5. stem cell4000500-22860000Each of us enters this world as a screaming infant. At first, the ability to eat solid foods of take a step draws forth great praise. These general skills rapidly lose their wonder, however, and by the time you reach the age of 18, everyone wants to know what you plan to do with yourself. Will you build houses or design clothing or treat patients? What will your specialty be? Cell, too, undergo specialization to carry out the complex functions required by the body. Cell Tissue Organ Organ System514350014097000All life starts with a single cell. This cell is a __________ _____, or _______________. Sperm, from the male enters the membrane of the egg from the female. This ___________ ______ then gives rise to many different types of cells in that organism. Each of these cells has a particular structure and function. This is referred to as ____________ _________________. The fertilized egg can give rise to many different cells through CELL DIVISION. However, the process of cell division itself only gives rise to many cells that are genetically identical, it doesn’t specialize any cells. As cell division continues, the cells not only increase in number but they also begin to ______________, meaning they become _____________ in structure and function. These specialized cells then arrange themselves into tissues, which are organized into organs, and ultimately, organ systems. Cells within a multicellular organism also come in many different shapes and sizes. 47244001644650024879301644650023177516891000 Even though these cells are all different sizes, shapes, and perform different functions, they all contain the same __________ in their nucleus. During the process of _______________, only specific parts of the ____________ are activated. The parts that are activated determine the -200025-15240000_______________ and specialized ______________ of the cell. Because all cells contain the same _____, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell. However, once a cell _____________ the process CANNOT BE ______________. There is a type of cell that is unspecialized and can continually reproduce themselves under the appropriate conditions. They are called ___________ ____________. They have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. There can be classified based on _______________ and __________________. PotentialOriginTotipotentPluripotentMultipotentEmbryonic Stem CellsAdult Stem CellsCellular Division00Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); and the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis. 0Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); and the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis. Objectives:Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth. Describe the structure of a chromosome in both a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Name and Describe the main events of the cell cycle. Compare cell division in a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. 1. cell cycle2. mitosis3. cytokinesis4. chromosome5. histone6. chromatin7. chromatid8. centromere9. telomere10. prophase11. metaphase12. anaphase13. telophaseLimits to Cell GrowthLiving things grow by producing more ___________. However, a cell cannot grow indefinitely. There are limits to cell growth:DNA _____________Too many demands on the DNA. Problems _____________ materialsSA:V plays a role in thisInstead of growing indefinitely, cells ____________ to produce “daughter” cells, which are just like them through a process called ___________ ___________. Cells first copy their ________. By taking one big cell and reducing it to two smaller cells, the Surface Area to Volume ratio is increased. 46996354572000ChromosomesIn a eukaryotic cell, the genetic information (DNA) is carried in a ___________. made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called _____________tightly packaged in the nucleususually only visible during _______ _________In a prokaryotic cell, there are NO chromosomes. - The DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm47828201314450007620016065500Before a cell can divide, the DNA must be copied. Once a chromosome replicates and condenses, they become __________ ________. They are genetically identical and attached to one another in the center, called the ______________. -2095500327660003505200116205000Each species has a characteristic number of _____________ found in each cell. For example, humans have ________ chromosomes in each of its cells (except for sperm/egg cells) but a common housefly has __________ chromosmoes in each of its cells (except for sperm/egg cells). Chromosomes are categorized as either ___________ ______________ or ________________ as can be seen in a __________________. Sex ChromosomesAutosomesDetermine the sex of an organism.X or Y: XX is male XY is femaleOnly 2 sex chromosomes per organism. Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome. Each organism has 2 copies of autosomes: 1 from mom 1 from dadAre considered homologous chromsomes. -13893807683500Only one set of sex chromosomes per organism. This picture just shows what those possibiliies could be. Another way to describe the chromosome arrangement in an organism is by how many pairs they have. Remember, each organism gets one chromosme from their mom and a “matching” homologous chromosme from their dad. Diploid Cells (2N) describe cells that have 2 of each chromosome. Each cell in the organism, except for __________ or _________ cells, arediploid because of this. These cells are called ________ (__________) cells. 4601210825500Haploid Cells (N) describe cells that only have 1 of each chromosome. Only sperm and egg cells are considered haploid. THINK: Sperm (haploid) + Egg (haploid) = Zygote (diploid). These cells are called ___________ or _______ cells. The Cell CycleThe cell cycle is a series of events that _____________ cells go through as they grow and divide:Mitosis is how ___________ cells divide. Meiosis is how __________ cell are made. These events can be divided in two main parts: 1. ____________(in between divisions phase grouping G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase), during which the cell is forming and carries on with its normal metabolic functions2. __________ ________ (M-Phase), during which the cell is actually dividing its chromosomes and cytoplasm. It’s comprised of mitosis and cytokinesis. 297180022860000InterphaseG1 (Growth 1)S (Synthesis)G2 (Growth 2)434340041275000Sometimes the cells ________ the cell cycle (usually from G1 phase) and enter the ______ phase. In the G0 phase, cells are ___________ and __________, but do not divide. In this phase cells do not copy their DNA and do not prepare for cell division. Many cells in the human body, including those in heart muscle, eyes, and brain are in the G0 phase. If these cells are damaged they cannot be replaced. Mitotic Phase (M-Phase)-15240011811000Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates its already duplicated chromosomes (copied during the S phase) into two sets of chromosomes so there will be two identical nuclei. It is generally followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane. This results in two _____________ ______________ cells (both have an identical set of chromosomes) with an equal distribution of organelles and other cellular components. Mitosis does _________ occur in prokaryotic cells that do NOT have a nucleus. Mitosis – Division of the nucleus and it’s contentsProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase-7620032512000-46355385572000-44450385572000123825374142000464820016129000Cytokinesis – Division of the cytoplasmImmediately after telophase, cytokinesis occurs. In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched inward, forming a __________ __________. In plant cells, a __________ __________ forms between the two cells which will become the cell wall. Binary Fission – Cell Division in Prokaryotes2286009906000Even though prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still have DNA that needs to be copied and separated in order to make new cells. This process is called ___________ ____________. It is a lot simpler than eukaryotic cell division. 2 daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical to the parent cell. ***************************************************************************************************************Label the following cell cycle. Write one sentence that describes what goes on in that phase. Try to do this WITHOUT using your notes 11430006096000Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase/cytokinesis1.7. 13.2.8. 14.3.9. 15.4.10. 16.5.11. 17.6.12. 18.Plant Cells 15240026924000Cell Regulation099060Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.7: Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division. Standard B-2:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. Indicator B-2.7: Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division. Objectives:Identify internal and external factors that regulate cell division. Explain cancer in terms of the cell cycle. Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided. 1. growth factor2. apoptosis3. cancer4. benign5. malignant6. metastasize7. carcinogens You have already learned that cells in different parts of the body divide at different rates. For example, cells in the lining of the stomach divide at a much faster rate than most of the other cells in your body. Some cells, like neurons, will not divide at all. Signals from within the cell and from the cell’s environment control a cell’s division. Internal and External Factors Regulate Cell DivisionExternal factors come from the _____________ of the cell. They may be messages from nearby ____________ or from distant ________ of the body. Internal factors come from the _____________ of the cell. They include several types of molecules found in the ___________ of the cell. External FactorsIncludes both ___________ and ____________ signals.A physical signal would be _____ to ______ contact.37674555080Most mammal cells grown in the lab form a single layer on the bottom of a culture or Petri dish as seen in the picture to the left. Once a cell _________ another cell, it stops __________. The exact reason for this phenomenon is ___________. 020000Most mammal cells grown in the lab form a single layer on the bottom of a culture or Petri dish as seen in the picture to the left. Once a cell _________ another cell, it stops __________. The exact reason for this phenomenon is ___________. Many cells release chemical signals that tell other cells to ___________. 4302125160083500This would include _________ _________, a group of proteins that stimulate cell division. In general, cells grow and divide in response to a combination of different ____________ __________, not just one. Various hormones may also stimulate the __________ of certain cell types. In particular, __________ ___________ results in bone growth and also affects your ________ and ________ metabolism. Internal FactorsWhen external factors bind to their receptors, they can trigger ___________ factors. There are two main types in eukaryotic cells: ___________ and _____________ApoptosisJust as some cells need to ___________ and _________, other cells need to _____.__________ is programmed cell death. It occurs when __________ or __________ signals activate genes that help produce _________________ enzymes. 3581400259080The picture to the left shows a classic example of APOPTOSIS. In the early stages of development, __________ embryos have ___________ between their fingers and toes. Before the baby is born, those cells typically go through ___________. Most babies are born with little _________ fingers and toes. 400000The picture to the left shows a classic example of APOPTOSIS. In the early stages of development, __________ embryos have ___________ between their fingers and toes. Before the baby is born, those cells typically go through ___________. Most babies are born with little _________ fingers and toes. 76200259080webbed fingers00webbed fingersCell Division is Uncontrolled in Cancer___________ is the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Unlike healthy cells, ___________ cells grown in a culture (Petri) dish continue to divide even when surrounded by neighboring cells. Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called ___________. Tumors can be either ____________ or ____________. If they are benign, they tend to stay in one place and are relatively ____________. They can usually be cured by ___________ them. If they are malignant, some of the cancer cells can _________ _________ or metastasize. This means they can leave their original place of origin and travel elsewhere in the body. They can be carried via the ________ stream of the __________ system. 5132705152400002680970128397000-4318012312650024790409842500-2832109842500-1419225275145500Cancer Cell-1419225150495000-1943102665730Cancer Cell00Blood Stream-25120602589530Blood Stream00Normal Cell-400050162750500-2124075162750500 -20955015557500Cancer cells do not perform the __________ functions needed by the __________. For example, if there is cancer in the lungs, they will not exchange __________ and __________ __________. Cancer cells come from ___________ cells that have suffered ____________ to the genes that help make proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. There can be many reasons why a cell turns cancerous. Substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer are called ____________. These include ___________ smoke and certain ________ pollutants, which are both associated with lung cancer. Sometimes they can be carried by a ________, such as the one known to cause cervical cancer. Standard cancer treatment involves both ____________ and ___________. *******************************************************************************************************************365760045402500 Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy-15240019113500 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download