Moore Public Schools



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• Why are graphs used in science?

• What types of graphs do scientists use? When do they use them?

• What do these graphs mean?

Table of Contents

1 Vocab #1

2- 8 Graph It Graph-iti (from Norman Public Schools curriculum)

9 List of Things All Graphs Need

9 Vocab #2

10 Wrap It Up: You’ve Got to Move It, Move It

11 If the Shoe Fits

12-16 Get the Picture

17 Mr. Davis’ Lawn (from Norman Public Schools curriculum)

17 Air Traffic at Will Rogers Airport (from Norman Public Schools curriculum)

18-20 Graphing Review

Vocab #1

|Term |Meaning |Example |

|inter- | | |

|pre- | | |

|dict- | | |

|extra- | | |

Graph It Graph-iti

Courtesy of Norman Public Schools and other unknown sources

PART A: What is data? What is a graph?

Data= Information

Graph- A “picture” of data

|21 |19 |22 |

|18 |21 |23 |

|20 |17 |20 |

|23 |20 |21 |

PART B: Constructing data tables

Examine the data in Table 1. What do you think these numbers indicate? Temperature? Points scored in football games? Years of age? Kilometers driven? As you can see, it doesn’t do much good to collect data if the data aren’t then organized for others to understand and use. Data tables are especially useful for organizing data.

Table 1

Read the following paragraph. Then complete Table 2 to show the same information. Remember to give the table a title.

Beginning at 6:00 a.m. on January 27, I recorded the temperature on the hour in Chicago, Illinois, for five straight hours. I used a Celsius thermometer. The first temperature reading was -5°. The second reading was also -5°. The third reading was higher: -1°. The fourth reading was even higher: 1°. The next-to-last temperature reading was 2°. The final temperature I recorded was 3°.

Table 2 ______________________________

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Which do you think a meteorologist would prefer to use, the paragraph or the table? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PART C: Choosing the correct type of graph

|Type of graph |Best use for this graph |

|Bar graph |A bar graph is best used for comparing data |

|Grade Distribution of Students Enrolled in Science Class |quickly and easily, such as the grade |

|[pic] |distribution of students enrolled in science|

| |class or the growth of plants in different |

| |pots. |

|Pie graph |A pie graph is best used for showing |

|Percentage of Students Picking Various Lunch Entrees |percentages, such as the percentage of the |

|[pic] |student body that picked certain entrees for|

| |lunch of the percentage of your allowance |

| |that will go toward purchasing various |

| |things. |

|Line graph |A line graph is best used for looking at |

|Number of Bathing Suits Sold Each Month |changes over time, such as the number of |

|[pic] |bathing suits sold each month during the |

| |year or the change in your sister’s height |

| |throughout the year. |

Using the information on the previous page, determine which type of graph would best display each set of data. Give a brief justification for each of your answers.

Graph type Justification

____________ 1. The temperature of all the science classrooms 1. _____________

in the building. ________________

____________ 2. The number of each type of animals compared 2. _____________

to the total number of animals in a ecosystem. ________________

____________ 3. The number of waves that reach the beach every 3. _____________

minute for 1 hour. ________________

____________ 4. The number of raisins in three different brands of 4. _____________

cereal. ________________

____________ 5. The amount of air pressure as you go up 5. _____________

a mountain. ________________

PART D: Labeling graphs

In science class you will use a line graph most of the time because you will be comparing the relationship between two variables. Variables are things in an experiment that change.

All parts of a data table must be included in a graph. The same title, variables, units, and data must be used. A graph is simply a picture of the information contained in a data table.

There are two axes on a line graph, the horizontal and vertical. The horizontal axis is known as the x-axis and runs along the bottom of a graph (“X likes to lie”). The vertical axis, also called the y-axis, runs up and down along the side of the graph (“Y to the sky”).

Each axis must be labeled with the proper variable. The variable that the researcher changes in an experiment is called the independent variable. It is always found on the x-axis. Label the independent and dependent variables on the axes above. The variable that changes as a result of changes in the independent variable, and thus is what the researcher measures, is called the dependent variable. The dependent variable goes on the y-axis.

Each axis must also be labeled with units. Units tell us how we are measuring the variable (meters, hours, seconds, degrees Celsius, etc.). Units are written in parentheses next to its variable.

Graphs must also always include a title. The title should describe both variables.

Label each part of the graph

1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

3. ___________________________

4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________

6. ___________________________

7. ___________________________

PART E: Numbering axes

The numbers on a graph are evenly spaced out in even intervals. Intervals are the even spacing of numbers along the axis of a graph.

The range on a graph is the difference between the largest and smallest numbers in the data.

Calculate the interval for the axes using the following rule:

Divide the range by the number of lines:

Range / Number of lines

When constructing a graph, make sure to space your intervals so that you take up as much of your graph as possible.

PART F: Plotting data points

The numbers in a data table are organized in pairs. These pairs are called ordered pairs. Look at the two types of data tables below (both show the same information but are laid out differently) and you will see that 2 min. and 23°C are side by side. This ordered pair is written (2 min, 23°C).

Heating of Compound X

|Time(min) |

|Time (min) |Temp (°C) |

|0 |20 |

|1 |21 |

|2 |23 |

|3 |27 |

|4 |35 |

|5 |45 |

|6 |61 |

|7 |69 |

|8 |71 |

|9 |73 |

|10 |74 |

In order to plot these points on a graph, use the rule “over and up”. For instance, in order to plot the ordered pair (2 min, 23°C) you would go over 2 and up 23.

Plot the ordered pairs from the data table above into the graph on the next page. Don’t forget to label your axes with variables and units and include a title!

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|Age (yrs) |Human Survivors / 1000 |Age (yrs) |Dall Sheep Survivors / 1000 |

|20 |900 |2 |500 |

|40 | |4 | |

|60 |730 |6 |440 |

|80 | |8 | |

|100 | |10 | |

|120 |0 |12 |100 |

• An extrapolation is a prediction made beyond known data points.

1. Use the graph to fill in the blanks in the data table.

Age and Survival Rate

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2. Which type of predictions did you make to fill in the empty spaces in the table?

_______________________________________________________________

3. How is the curve showing human survival similar to the curve showing sheep survival? How are the curves different?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

World Record Speeds for 10,000 Meters

4. Using the information in the graph, during which year do you think the men’s and women’s world record speeds for 10,000 meters will be equal? Why?_______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

5. Which method did you use for making your determination?

______________________________________________________________

6. How reliable do you think your determination is? Explain.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Challenge Do you think it is always possible to extrapolate or interpolate to arrive at a reliable estimate? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The following chart shows the census figures for Longhorn, Wyoming. Graph the data in the table, then answer the questions below.

|Population of Longhorn |

|Year |1840 |1850 |

|0 | | |

|40 | | |

|80 | | |

|120 | | |

|160 | | |

|200 | | |

|240 | | |

|280 | | |

|320 | | |

|360 | | |

|400 | | |

1. Use the data in the table below to make a double line graph that presents the same information. Remember to include a key that indicates what different lines represent. Also, remember to add a number and a title to the graph.

Table 2. Average Monthly Temperatures (°C) in Beijing, China and Valdivia, Chile

|Location |Jan |

|Graph | |

|Data | |

|Data table | |

|Variable | |

|Bar graph | |

|Circle/pie graph | |

|Line graph | |

|x-axis | |

|y-axis | |

|Independent variable | |

|Dependent variable | |

|units | |

|interval | |

|range | |

|Ordered pair | |

|Best-fit line | |

|interpolation | |

|extrapolation | |

Summarize what you learned by doing the “You’ve Got to Move It, Move It” activity. Include what it means when a line on a graph goes up, goes down, and stays the same.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If the Shoe Fits

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1. What three measurements did your group hypothesize would best predict Mrs. Williams’ shoe size? _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Briefly explain how you carried out your experiment. _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how you used a graph to determine which of the 3 measurements best predicts Mrs. Williams’ shoe size. _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. The following graph shows the comparison of the average low temperatures in Baton Rouge and Mexico City.

a. During which month(s) are the average low temperatures of the two cities about eh same?

b. During which months is the average low temperature of Mexico City higher than the average low temperature of Baton Rouge?

c. During which months do the temperatures remain fairly constant in Mexico city?

d. During which months do the temperatures between the two cities the greatest?

4. Draw a graph that represents the following story.

A golden retriever puppy was chasing a ball and bringing it back to its owner. On one particular throw, the puppy chased the ball, brought it half way back, and then sat down and started at a frog before finally picking up the ball and bringing it slowly back to the master. The puppy always sits by the owner until the ball is thrown.

5. Draw a graph that represents the following story.

A car repairman charges a $25 service fee to look at an automobile. He charges an additional $20 for each hour (or fraction thereof) while he is working on the car. Draw a cost-time graph for three hours of work on a particular automobile.

6. Write a story about the following graph. It can be about distance-time, money, or anything else that you might think the graph may describe. [pic]

7.

8.

|The following graph shows the average precipitation for Oklahoma City and Baton Rouge over a twelve month |The following graph shows Baby Sitter Pay |

|period. | |

|[pic] | |

|What is Baton Rouge’s heaviest rainfall month? Oklahoma City’s? | |

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|Between which two successive months is the highest increase in rainfall in Baton Rouge? Oklahoma City? | |

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|When is the rainfall in Baton Rouge between 5 & 6 inches? | |

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|During which months of the year is the rainfall in Oklahoma City likely to be more than Baton Rouge? | |

| |On which day did the baby sitter make the most money? |

|Which month is likely to have the least amount of rain recorded in Baton Rouge? | |

| |What is the difference between the pay the baby sitter made on the best pay day and the worst pay day? |

|During which two successive months does the amount of rainfall remain unchanged in Oklahoma City? | |

| |Between what two days did the greatest increase in pay occur? |

|For which months is the rainfall in the two cities about the same? | |

| |Between what two days did the greatest decrease in pay occur? |

|What is the expected average rainfall in Baton Rouge for September? | |

|Answer the following questions about the graph below. [pic] |On which day did the baby sitter make approximately $15? |

|Which presidents where inaugurated at around the same age? | |

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|Which president lived the longest after inauguration? | |

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|Which president lived the shortest amount of time after inaugurations? | |

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|Who was the youngest president to die? | |

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|Who was the youngest president to be inaugurated? | |

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| |Answer the following questions about the graph below. |

| |By reading the two graphs, does there seem to be a relationship between population and area? In other |

| |words, does the greater area have a greater population in most cases? Explain. |

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| |Which parish has the smallest area for its population? |

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| |Which parish has the largest area for its population? |

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| |Which two parishes have about the same area, but the largest difference in population? |

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| |[pic] |

|Graphing Practice: Mr. Davis’s Lawn |Graphing: Air Traffic at Will Rogers Airport |

|Mr. Davis was tired of mowing his grass. He wanted to know what was making his grass grow so much. He |Air traffic controllers at Will Rogers World Airport wanted to see which hour of the day had the highest |

|watered it on Monday evening, fertilized it on Wednesday morning, and mowed it once a week in the evening. |amount of planes taking off and landing. They recorded the total number of planes landing and taking off |

|Mr. Davis decided to measure the length of the grass every morning for two weeks to try and determine what |each hour of the day. Graph their data and answer the questions below. |

|was causing the growth. Graph the data in the chart, then answer the questions below. | |

| |[pic] |

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|Day of week | |

|Length of grass (cm) | |

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|Sunday | |

|2.0 | |

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|Monday | |

|3.5 | |

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|Tuesday | |

|6.1 | |

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|Wednesday | |

|7.0 | |

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|Thursday | |

|12.5 | |

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|Friday | |

|14.0 | |

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|Saturday | |

|1.7 | |

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|Sunday | |

|2.0 | |

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|Monday | |

|4.0 | |

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|Tuesday | |

|7.0 | |

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|Wednesday | |

|8.2 | |

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|Thursday | |

|12.0 | |

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|Friday | |

|16.5 | |

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|Saturday | |

|2.0 | |

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|What is the range of the independent variable? | |

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|What is the range of the dependent variable? | |

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|What made Mr. Davis’ grass grow the most? | |

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|What day of the week did Mr. Davis mow? | |

Graphing Review

1.

2. An experiment involves heating a test tube over a flame. Which of the safety symbols

shown above should be used?

3. According to the graph, when did the experiment end?

4. What is the range of leaf lengths? 4. Look at the graph above. Why do you think that the high-temperature side of the graph

drops off more quickly than the low-temperature side?

3. Which leaf length occurred most often?

Examine the graph of a plant called saltbush (Atriplex). The graph shows how the plant’s glucose (food) production is affected by temperature. Use the graph to answer the following 3 questions.

5. How much glucose is being produced at 20ºC?

6. Based on the graph, at what temperature is glucose production greatest?

7. What happens to the formation of glucose after the temperature reaches 30ºC?

8. The highest levels of calcium are found at

approximately what time?

9. What conclusion can be reached about the relationship between calcium and muscle contraction?

10. At what time is the force of the muscle contraction the strongest?

11. What is the trend for bone density as a person ages?

12. Which sex shows greater change in bone density as a person ages? Between which ages does the greatest change occur? (each part is worth 3

points)

13. The hormone in females that prevents bone density from decreasing begins to diminish at age 50. Does this correlate with the changes in bone density reported in the chart? Explain.

14. Examine the graph and explain how exercise affects the concentrations of insulin and glucagon in the blood.

15. What is the membrane potential of Neuron A when it is polarized?

16. What is the membrane potential of Neuron B when it is polarized?

17. What is the highest membrane potential reached by Neuron A while it is depolarized?

18. Which phase does not vary in length, regardless of the total time for a cycle?

19. During which week of pregnancy does cardiac output reach its highest level?

20. At its highest, heart rate increases by approximately what percentage?

21. What is the cardiac output of the mother at week 12?

22. During which 10-year period was the highest number of polio cases reported?

23. How many more cases of polio were reported in the year 1980 than in the year 2000?

24. In which interval was there more extinction for mammals than birds?

25. In which interval were there the most mammal extinctions?

26. Approximately how many bird species became extinct in the interval 1650- 1699?

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4

5

7

3

2

6

List the 11 ordered pairs in the data table(s) below:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

A line graph is not complete without a line! You may connect your dots now, starting with the dot on the far left and working your way to the right. If the dots almost form a straight line, you may use a ruler or other straight-edge to create a best fit line. Best-fit lines don’t touch every data point, but do come as close as possible to each point

Human ------

Sheep -------

20 40 60 80 100 120

2 4 6 8 10 12

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Teacher

Initials: _________

Teacher

Initials: _________

Teacher

Initials: _________

Teacher

Initials: _________

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