Human Anatomy Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton



Human Anatomy Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

* Includes the ________________ of the upper and ________________limbs.

* The ________________of bones that attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial ________________.

- ________________girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place

- ________________girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place

Pectoral Girdle

* Consists of the collar bone (________________) and the shoulder blade (________________)

* Supports the upper ________________

* Provides ________________for ________________of the upper torso and arms

* Is a highly ________________structure that allows a wide range of ____________________of the arm

Clavicle

* Connects the ________________________________of sternum to ________________of scapula

* Most commonly ________________bone; very ________________

Scapula

* ________________________________blade

* ________________________________articulates with ________________

* ________________________________cavity articulates with ________________

* ________________is a site for attachment of muscle of the back and ________________

Humerus

* Upper ________________bone

* Head articulates with ________________cavity of ________________

* ________________________________articulates with ________________of lower arm

* ________________________________articulates with ulna of lower ________________

Radius and Ulna

* Lower ________________bones

* ________________of radius allows wrist to pivot on _____________________of humerus

- ________________________________and ________________

* Ulna moves in a ________________-like fashion

* Distal ends of both bones articulate with the ________________ (wrist bones)

Bones of the wrist and hand

* ________________are the wrist bones (short bones)

* ________________________________are the bones of the ________________

* ________________________________are the finger (and _____________) bones

* The ________________________of most carpals with their ______________________are hinge-like

* The articulation of ____________________I (the thumb) is special; it allows for greater movement (________________________________)

* _____________________________________________

Pelvis

* The adult pelvis is composed of ________________bones:

- the sacrum, the ________________, and the right and left ossa ________________.

* Protects and supports the ________________in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity.

* Pelvic ________________refers to the left and right ossa ________________only.

Os Coxae

* Commonly referred to as the “_____________bone” or ____________________________bone.

* Each is formed from three separate bones:

- the ________________, the ________________, and the ________________

* Each ________________ (singular) articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the ________________________________joint.

Pelvic Brim

* A continuous oval ridge that helps subdivide the entire ________________into a ________________pelvis and a ________________pelvis.

* true pelvis lies ________________to the pelvic ________________

* encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep ________________that contains the pelvic organs

* false pelvis lies ________________________________to the pelvic brim

* enclosed by the ___________of the iliac bones

* forms the inferior region of the ____________________cavity and houses the inferior ________________organs

Gender differences between male and female pelves (pelvises)

* Most reliable way to ________________a skeleton

* Greatest ______________________between male and female bones

* Female pelvis is _____________________and wider than the ________________pelvis

* Female ischium projects more laterally

* Sacrum is ________________and ________________in females

Femur

* Lower ________________bones

* Head articulates with ___________________________ (vinegar bowl) of hips

* ________________________________the sites of muscle attachment

* ________________________________bone in body

* ________________articulate with ________________of lower leg

Patella

* Only forms after children begin to ________________ (absent at birth)

* Allows force of ________________________________muscle group to be ________________________________around knee joint (pulley)

* Referred to as a __________________________bone; forms inside of the tendon of _______________

Tibia and fibula

* Lower ________________bones

* Condyles of tibia articulate with ________________of femur (________________________situation)

* Intercondylar _____________________is site for ________________ligaments

* Tibial ________________is site for attachment of quadriceps ________________

* Distal surfaces of both bones articulate with ________________

* Little ____________________between tibia and ________________

* Lateral and medial ________________________________are ________________

Foot bones

* ________________are ankle and upper foot bones and part of foot arches

- _________________________is heel bone

- Talus articulates with the ________________and ________________

* ________________________________make up distal portion of arch of ________________

* ________________________________are toes

Arches of the Foot

* The sole of the foot does not rest ________________on the ________________.

* Arches help it support the ________________of the body.

* Ensures that the ________________vessels and nerves on the sole of the foot are not ________________when ________________.

* Stores ________________on the ________________bearing portion of stride, returns energy on the ________________-off portion

* Two ________________________________arches;

- ________________; from heel to great toe; highest of arches

- ________________; from heel to little toe; lower, contributes to ________________print

* ________________________________arch; perpendicular to ___________________________arches

Aging of the Appendicular Skeleton

* Skeletal mass and density ________________.

* Erosion and ________________increase.

* Bones become more brittle and susceptible to ________________.

* Articulating surfaces deteriorate, contributing to ________________.

* Changes begin in ____________________________and continue throughout life.

Review Questions;

1. Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton;

2. What is the term for the appendicular bones that are not part of the arms or legs; they attach them to the axial skeleton?

3. What are the two bones of the pectoral girdle?

4. The scapulae and clavicles make up the;

5. What are the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle?

6. The pelvis and pelvic girdle are the same object; True (A) or False (B)

7. What is the scientific name for the shoulder blade?

8. What is the scientific name for the collar bone?

9. Which of the following is not one of the main functions of the pectoral girdle;

10. The muscles of what structures attach to the pectoral girdle?

11. What is the scientific name for the chest region?

12. The pectoral girdle is a highly reinforced structure that allows only limited movement of the joint; True (A) or False (B)

13. What bone connects the manubrium of the sternum to the acromion of the scapula?

14. Which bone in the body is most commonly broken?

15. What is the superior most section of the sternum called?

16. The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with what structure?

17. What is the main function of the body of the scapula?

18. How can you discern the difference(s) between the acromion and coracoid process of the scapula?

19. What is the name of the indentation of the scapula that articulates with the posterior portion of the ribs?

20. What is the scientific name for the upper arm bone?

21. What is the name of the structure on the humerus that articulates with the scapula?

22. What is the name of the structure on the humerus that articulates with the radius?

23. What is the name of the structure on the humerus that articulates with the ulna?

24. What would you call any region of bone that is supporting an articular surface?

25. What are the two lower arm bones?

26. Which of the lower arm bones rotates to allow pronation and supination of the lower arm?

27. What structure on the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

28. The ulna and radius move in similar ways; True (A) or False (B)

29. Which bone of the lower arm moves in a hinge-like fashion and makes up your elbow?

30. The bones of the wrist are known as the;

31. What type/category/shape are the carpal bones?

32. The bones of the palm of the hand are called;

33. What is the shape of the metacarpals?

34. All finger bones are called;

35. Finger and toe bones have the same name(s); True (A) or False (B)

36. How would you characterize the articulation of most of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints?

37. How is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb different than the rest of these joints?

38. What special movement is seen only in the joint of the thumb?

39. Opposition is a common movement in animals; True (A) or False (B)

40. How are the metacarpals and phalanges numbered?

41. If there are 3 bones in each finger, what would you call the bone that articulates with the metacarpals?

42. Which of the following is not one of the carpals?

43. The most proximal carpal and the one that articulates to the greatest degree with the radius is the;

44. Besides how the thumb moves, how are the phalanges of the thumb different from those of the other fingers?

45. The adult pelvis is composed of how many bones?

46. Which of the following is not one of the pelvic bones?

47. Two ossa coxae, together, make up the;

48. What are the functions of the pelvis?

49. Which of the pelvic bones is most superior? Inferior? Anterior?

50. Each coxa articulates with what bone on the posterior side?

51. What structure separates the left and right pubic bones?

52. What is the name of the joint formed between the sacrum and the coxae?

53. The superior most circle of the true pelvis is called the;

54. The exit (inferior most portion) of the true pelvis is called the;

55. The false pelvis is composed of the left and right;

56. What is the continuous oval ridge that helps subdivide the entire pelvis into true and false regions?

57. Which pelvis lies inferior to the pelvic brim?

58. Which pelvis lies superior to the pelvic brim?

59. What is the most reliable way to sex a skeleton?

60. In what region of the body would you find the greatest difference(s) between male and female skeletons?

61. Which pelvis is shallower and wider?

62. How is the projection of the female ischium different from that of the male?

63. How is the sacrum of a female pelvis different from that of a male?

64. What is the longest bone in the body?

65. What structure is translated to mean “vinegar bowl”?

66. What is the function of the trochanters of the femur?

67. What do the lower condyles of the femur articulate with?

68. What bone forms only after birth?

69. What is the main function of the patella?

70. What is the term for any bone that forms inside of a tendon?

71. Which of the following is not a lower leg bone?

72. Condyles usually articulate with other condyles; True (A) or False (B)

73. To what structure to the cruciate ligaments attach?

74. To what structure do the muscles of the quadriceps group attach to the tibia?

75. There is little flexibility between the tibia and fibula; True (A) or False (B)

76. What structures do we normally call the ankles?

77. What bones make up the upper foot bones and posterior portion of the arches of the feet?

78. What bone makes up your heel?

79. What foot bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

80. What causes the sole of the feet to be elevated off of the ground?

81. What are the functions of the arches of the feet?

82. Which of the following is not one of the arches of the feet?

Essay; describe how the appendicular skeleton changes with age. Are these changes similar in all people? What could a person do to minimize these changes?

Essay; describe the differences between a male and female pelvis. What are the biological reasons for these differences? In what ways are these differences accentuated throughout a woman’s life?

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