The Appendicular Skeleton



2401 Anatomy & Physiology IExercise 15The Appendicular SkeletonWhat you need to learn: Identify the following bones and bone markings on a complete or disarticulated skeleton. For paired bones, distinguish left from right. Structure in red are optional.Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper ExtremityPectoral (Shoulder) GirdleClavicleSternal end (medial) - attaches to the sternal manubrium. *Acromial end (lateral) – articulates with the scapulaConoid Tubercle – On the acromial end and anchors a ligament. Landmark to know if a clavicle is the right or left one. Inferior. *ScapulaAcromion – connect with the clavicleCoracoid process – tip of the shoulder. Anterior. *Suprascapular notch – at the base of the coracoid process. Passage for nervesSpine – divides the posterior surface into a supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus. Lateral. *ArmHumerusHead – medial*Anatomical neck – site for the epiphyseal line Surgical neck – common site of fractureGreater tubercle – large and most lateral than the lesser tubercleLesser tubercle – medialIntertubercular groove – between the tubercles (4 & 5). It is anterior. For the biceps tendon. *Trochlea – articulates with the ulna. Inferior and medial. Anterior. *Capitulum – articulates with the radius. Inferior and lateral. Anterior. *Coronoid fossa – anterior. Olecranon fossa – posterior Radial fossa – receives the head of the radius when the arm is flexed. The flat side is anterior.ForearmRadiusHead – articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Superior. *NeckStyloid processUlnaOlecranon process – posterior. *Coronoid process – anterior. *Trochlear notchRadial notchHead – distal end *Styloid process – stabilizes the wrist.Hand (Manus)Carpus – Wrist, has 8 carpal bonesProximal Row (lateral to medial)ScaphoidLunateTriquetrumPisiformDistal Row (lateral to medial)TrapeziumTrapezoidCapitateHamateMnemonic: “Say Loud To Pam, Time To Come Home.”Metacarpals (1 to 5) – PalmPhalanges – 14 bones of the fingersProximalMiddle – not present on the thumbDistalBones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower ExtremityPelvic (Hip) GirdleCoxal Bones (2) or Os CoxaeIliumIliac crestAnterior superior spine. *Posterior superior spine. *Anterior inferior spine. Posterior inferior spine. IschiumIschial spineIschial ramusPubisRamusPubic SymphysisAcetabulumSocket formed by the fusion of pubis, ischium and iliumObturator foramenFormed by the fusion of the three bones ThighThe FemurThe head – articulates with the hip boneFovea capitis – pit on the head where ligaments run to the acetabulumNeck – common site of fractureGreater Trochanter Lesser TrochanterLinea Aspera – on the shaft. *Lateral Condyle – articulates with the tibia. *Medial Condyle – articulates with the tibia. *PatellaLegTibia (shinbone)Lateral CondyleMedial CondyleMedial Malleolus – inner bulge of the ankleFibulaIt does not take part in the knee jointHead – articulates with lateral condyle of the tibiaLateral Malleolus – outer bulge of the ankleFootTarsal Bones (7)Posterior bonesCalcaneus – heel boneTalusAnterior bonesNavicular CuboidLateral cuneiformMedial cuneiformIntermediate cuneiformMnemonic: “Children That Never March In Line Cry”Metatarsal Bones (5)Phalanges – 14 bones of the toesProximalMedial – except great toeDistalArches of the FootLongitudinal ArchMedial – formed by calcaneus, talus and the three medial metatarsals * - Landmarks that help to put a bone in anatomical position ................
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