Hospitals & Asylums
World Court[1]
International Court of Justice. Peace Palace, 2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands
International Criminal Court.. P.O. Box 19519, 2500 CM. The Hague, Netherlands
___________________________________________________________________Hamid Karzai, Interim President of Afghanistan, ambassador@ Embassy of Afghanistan, PO Box 155, Deakin West ACT 2600, Australia & Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq, MissionOfIraq@nyc. Iraqi Foundation 1012 14 St. NW, Suite 1110, Washington, DC 20005 USA Vs. George Bush, President of the United States of America The White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20500, USA US Senate 228 Russell Senate Office Building. Washington DC 20510
Secretary of Defense, 1000 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1000
Supreme Court Clerk, Washington DC, 20543-0001 ______________________________________________________________________________
U.N. Security Council. Room S-3520, United Nations, New York, NY 10017 USA UNMOVIC. Room S-3120 New York, NY 10017 USA The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433 USA ______________________________________________________________________________ Hospitals & Asylums[2]. 2601 Melrose Ave. B-100, Cincinnati, Ohio 45206, USA sanderstony2000@ , $11 billion Legal Fines
Peace Treaty
I. United Nations
A. Quo Warranto....................................................................................................2
B. UNMOVIC…………………………………………………………..………..3
C. Laws of War ………..……………………………………………….………...5
D. Disarmament…………………………………………………….…………….6
II. United States
A. Historical Introduction.…………………………………………….………….13
B. Armed Forces Retirement Home….…………………………………………..13
C. Defense Contract……………………………………………….………..........16
III. Afghanistan
A. Historical Introduction…………………………………………………….....18
B. Constitutional Banking……………………………………………………….21
C. Real International Base………………………………………………………24
IV. Iraq
A. Historical Introduction………………………………………………………..25
B. Truce….………......……………………………………………………......… 29
C. Peace………………………………………………………………………….30
Opened Feb. 5, 2003, Deposited with World Bank, Referendum Vernal Equinox 2003
I. UNITED NATIONS
This judgment from the Koran is quoted in acceptance of the mercy AlLaw in Rangers,
[37.53] What! when we are dead and have become dust and bones, shall we then be certainly brought to judgment?
[37.54] He shall say: Will you look on?
[37.55] Then he looked down and saw him in the midst of hell.
[37.56] He shall say: By Allah! you had almost caused me to perish;
[37.57] And had it not been for the favor of my Lord, I would certainly have been among those brought up.
[37.58] Is it then that we are not going to die,
[37.59] Except our previous death? And we shall not be chastised?
[37.60] Most surely this is the mighty achievement.
[37.61] For the like of this then let the workers work. [37.62] Is this better as an entertainment or the tree of Zaqqum?
[37.63] Surely We have made it to be a trial to the unjust.
[37.64] Surely it is a tree that-grows in the bottom of the hell;
[37.65] Its produce is as it were the heads of the serpents.
[37.66] Then most surely they shall eat of it and fill (their) bellies with it.
A. Quo Warranto
The Quo Warranto [3] proceedings of Iraq, Afghanistan and the United States must be settled before the Security Council and International Court of Justice before international war spreads from Afghanistan to Iraq The court may under Article 36 of the Statute of the Court[4] interpret this treaty, settle questions of international law, establish breaches of international obligation and determine the nature and extent of reciprocal reparations required for peace. The Parties are called upon to ratify this peace treaty in accordance with Article 30 of the Rules of the Court[5]. The U.S. President and 2/3 of the Senate present in accordance with Article 1§2(2) of the U.S. Constitution[6], and upon the consent of the Revolutionary Command Council in accordance with Article 37 of the Iraqi Interim Constitution[7] and the introduction of the President and consent of the Loya Jirga in accordance with Article 141 of the 1990 Constitution of Afghanistan[8].
Interpretations of Peace Treaties[9] and United States v. Yugoslavia encourage the United Nations to respond swiftly to conflicts to prevent more military disasters[10]. The ratification of 20 nations may enter this peace treaty into force against the objection of the US, Afghanistan or Iraq as in the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.
The court is called upon to judge the Legality of the Use of Force[11] and Conditions of Admission for a State to Membership to the United Nations [12] enumerated in Article 4 (1) of the Charter as (1) a State; (2) peace-loving; (3) must accept the obligations of the Charter; (4) must be able to carry out these obligations; (5) must be willing to do so[13].
The United Nations admitted the United States on 24 Oct. 1945, Iraq on 21 Dec. 1945, and Afghanistan on Nov. 1946 all of these nations have an inalienable right to be respected as equals before the United Nations. In 2003 after the astounding success of 10 Eastern European nations to be admitted to the European Union the court has sought to improve the recognition of nations of people who have limited membership such as the Marsh Arabs, Palestinian and Kurdish people. We pray the peace treaties of the Korean, Kurdish, Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, Afghani and Palestinian people will be honored with injunctive relief secured from the United States Department of Defense by the United States Armed Forces Retirement Home Trust Fund, Secretary of Defense and the World Bank in accordance with Title 24 U.S. Code (10)§419 (a) (4), Title 10 U.S. Code§2772, and the judgment of the United Nations and United States.
B. UNMOVIC
The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of Security Council resolution 1284[14] of 17 December 1999. UNMOVIC is paid for be the nation of Iraq by the order of the Security Council. The mission is to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction (chemical weapons, biological weapons and missiles with a range of more than 150 km), and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq’s compliance with its obligations not to reaquire the same weapons prohibited to it by the Security Council and destroyed by UNSCOM and the nation of Iraq[15]. The director Hans Blix was the director of the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) from 1993-1997.
After the adoption of the resolution 1441 (2002) on Friday 8 November 2002 the first group of UNMOVIC and IAEA inspectors arrived in Baghdad. The Iraqi side assures us that Iraq intends to provide full cooperation with the implementation of Resolution 1441 (2002), while expecting correct and professional conduct from the inspecting organizations. On January 6, 2003 Hans Blix stated to the Security Council that no prohibited weapons had been discovered and that Iraq had complied with a request to disclose the names of 394 people who manufactured prohibited weapons during the Iran/Iraq War for interviews in foreign countries. UNMOVIC is also considering conducting high altitude surveillance of Iraq as a United States spy plane was shot down by Iraqi anti-aircraft in contravention to the Open Skies[16] treaty, that is not yet enforced, permitting spy planes nearly unlimited access to airspace, this right furthermore appears to be forfeit under Part IV Article 52 of the 1977 Geneva Convention[17] due to bombing missions by the United States that have claimed nearly 300 civilian lives since 2000. Arms experts said Monday, January 13, 2002 they could take up to a year to finish inspections in Iraq and Washington signaled it may be ready for war as soon as February or may wait until March[18].
Pope John Paul II led a growing chorus of voices raised against war saying a conflict in the Gulf would be a ''defeat for humanity.''[19] The disarmament dilemma appears to be that Iraq and weapons inspectors from UNSCOM, the former inspection regime, have reported that from a quantitative standpoint all prohibited weapons and materials have already been disposed of or destroyed. Koffi Annan stated on January 14, 2003 that he was “optimistic and hopeful, if we handle this situation right and the pressure on the Iraqi leadership is maintained, the inspectors continue to work as aggressively as they are doing, we may be able to disarm Iraq peacefully without need to resort to war"[20]. As an embassy UNMOVIC should be expanded from a scientific inquiry into weapons of mass destruction to hire lawyers, international affairs, anthropologists, geographers and environmental engineers interested in investigating Babylonian ruins[21], amending the Iraqi Interim Constitution, revitalizing the southern Marshes and peacefully empowering opposition groups and candidates so that there will be a competent government when Hussein has completed his final term in office. Ultimately diplomatic efforts should grant Iraq a safety record hospitable for tourism rather than terrorism.
C. Laws of War
The Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts [22] of 8 June 1977 is the pre-eminent law regarding warfare. Part III of the Convention sets forth in Article 35 (2) that it is prohibited to employ weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering. (3) it is prohibited to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment. Whereas weapons of mass destruction are incapable of discriminating between civilians and non-civilians causing superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering to their victims there is therefore no Legal Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict[23] or any other weapon of mass destruction. Article 40 prohibits the order to kill all combatants as those hors de combat, unconscious or surrendering, must be given quarter.
Part IV Article 52 states that civilian objects shall not be the object of attacks. Annex I to the Geneva Convention orders that medical and civil relief personnel be issued standard identification cards printed in both English and the local language. To comply with Security Council resolutions the Iraqi government has terminated their biological, chemical and nuclear weapons corporations under Article 61 (1)(hi); (h) detection and marking of danger areas (i) decontamination and destroying prohibited materials; in co-operation with UNSCOM weapons inspectors. UNMOVIC is attempting to continue the mission but must expand their trusteeship to assume a more diplomatic role in the crisis.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[24] should greatly expedite the prosecution of war crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity and genocide with the appointment of judges for the court by the UN General Assembly this 2003 in the Hague. The aggression of the United States in the Middle East is best described in Article 7 as Crimes Against Humanity (ha) (h) Persecution against a group collectively identifiable on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural and religious grounds as Arabs that has escalated to (a) Murder[25].
Whereas the war in Afghanistan appears to be justified in its Security Council Resolution, not to be confused with the ideal resolution of a quo warranto to restore the Loya Jirga to the trust of the Afghani people. The threatened war against Iraq does not appear to be justified primarily due to the fact that Saddam Hussein publicly disarmed and the peaceful countries and people of the world have gathered in peaceful protest against the aggression of the United States.
The World Court is therefore called upon to exercise their jurisdiction over War Crimes under Article 25 (f) of the Rome Statute to hold the United States liable for their threatened attack of Iraq. The deployment of troops in the Persian Gulf defies reason due to a lack of diplomacy and respect for previous and current disarmament actions by the United Nations and is a serious threat to world peace. Article 25 (f) states,
Attempts to commit such a crime by taking action that commences its execution by means of a substantial step, but the crime does not occur because of circumstances independent of the person's intentions. However, a person who abandons the effort to commit the crime or otherwise prevents the completion of the crime shall not be liable for punishment under the Statute of the International Criminal Court for the attempt to commit that crime if that person completely and voluntarily gave up the criminal purpose.
To abandon the war effort and avoid criminal liability the United States must retract the Authorization of the Use of Force Against Iraq HJRes.114, retire their troops from the Persian Gulf and focus on US disarmament. Iraq should be considered rehabilitated enough to be respected as a safe asylum for tourism rather than terrorism[26] and be welcome live with the Peaceful Countries of the World under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[27]. To fully satisfy the United States Iraq is requested to remunerate the Kurdish people, revitalize the Southern Marshes for the Marsh Arabs, grant the Iraqi National Congress 30 seats in the house and renovate the Babylonian ruins to improve tourism to Iraq in collaborative projects between Iraq and the United Nations.
D. DISARMAMENT
The issue of disarmament has become the pre-eminent issue of current diplomatic efforts. The goal is to reduce military arsenals, bases and weapons without infringing upon the rights of the State to defend themselves from murder. The United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs was founded in 1982 by the General Assembly under Resolution 52/12 and operated until 1992 when it was disbanded, in 1998 it was re-established as an under-Secretariat. Jayantha Dhanapala, from Indonesia, is the current Under-Secretary General. The Department of Disarmament is structured into 5 branches. 1. The Under-Secretary and Conference Support Branch, 2. Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch, 3. Conventional Arms Branch, 4. Regional Disarmament Branch, 5. Monitoring, Database and Information Branch[28].
The President of the United States demands of disarmament on Iraq is hippo critic as the US Department of Defense has not joined with the Unilateral Arms Reductions of recent years that was spearheaded by the biological and chemical weapons forfeitures of President Saddam Hussein to UNSCOM. US reticence to disarm has led to an increasing percentage of weapons and military expenditure that has risen to 35% of the world’s and is 25% of the US budget. The US arms confederacy began during the Reagan administration as the result of refusal to comply with the SALT II treaty.
International treaties are considered valid on the basis of their adherence to the principles of human rights, Peace and the acceptance of state parties. When treaties are entered into force by a ratification of a significant number of states there becomes a right for the United Nations and State Parties to take action to remedy the breaches in law by states that are not Parties of any given convention. It is given to Justice to Judge the People’s adherence to the Laws of the UN General Assembly and the treaties amongst Nations.
The 1925 Geneva Protocol[29] established a Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. It states,
“asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world;”
Nuclear Weapons, Land Mines, Bacteriologic, Chemical Weapons, and Missiles with a range of over 150 km (prohibited to Iraq) and the Illicit Traffic in Small Arms (Prohibited in the OAS) have also come to be specifically prohibited. In fact all weapons of mass destruction are prohibited in general. Weapons owners and operators must be licensed by the State and held responsible for any bodily injury or death they incur. A declaration of war or other Judgment does not relieve any individual or State from liability for the crime of Murder or Aggression that may be tried in a court of the State that issues such license or arms such a laborer, the state may be tried in an International Court or by an international tribunal in accordance with these and other international laws.
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 was entered into forced in 1961. To this day there are no declared military installations in Antarctica. Article 1 defends peaceful purposes before the International Court of Just-ice as,
Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. There shall be prohibited, inter alia, any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, as well as the testing of any types of weapons is prohibited.
The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies[30] was opened in 1979 and entered into force in 1984 State Parties must inform the Secretary General of the nature of all missions to the moon and outer-space to ensure that under Article 3 (1),
The moon shall be used by all States Parties exclusively for peaceful purposes
and Article 3 (4) that states,
The establishment of military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on the moon shall be forbidden. The use of military personnel for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful exploration and use of the moon shall also not be prohibited.
The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water Partial Test Ban was the first international treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons opened and entered into force in 1963[31]. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT[32] was opened in 1968 and entered into force in 1970, it is the pre-eminent international treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA[33]). The many continents have also joined together to enforce and confederate from the NPT in their region. The Bangkok Treaty[34] opened in 1995 entered into force in 1997, the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of Rarotonga was signed in 1985 and entered into force in 1986[35]. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean Treaty of Tlatelolco was signed in 1967 and enforced by the nations [36], African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Pelindaba Treaty, signed 1996 not yet entered into force[37]. The Treaty prohibits nuclear weapons within the Organization of African Unity. These treaties ensure that,
1. Each State Party undertakes not to allow, in its territory, any other State to:
(a) develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapons;
(b) station or transport nuclear weapons; or
(c) test or use nuclear weapons.
(d) dump at sea or discharge into the atmosphere any radioactive material or wastes
(e) dispose radioactive material or wastes on land in the territory of or under the jurisdiction of other States
(f) allow, within its territory, any other State to dump at sea or discharge into the atmosphere any radioactive material or wastes.
(g) Nothing shall prejudice the right of the States Parties to use nuclear energy, in particular for their economic development and social progress.
The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof or Sea-Bed Treaty was opened in 1971 and entered into force in 1972[38]. Article 1 states,
1. The States Parties to this Treaty undertake not to emplant or emplace on the seabed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil thereof beyond the outer limit of a sea-bed zone, as defined in article II, any nuclear weapons or any other types of weapons of mass destruction as well as structures, launching installations or any other facilities specifically designed for storing, testing or using such weapons.
The APM Convention (Mine-Ban Convention)[39] went into force in 1999.
Article 1 states,
1. Each State Party undertakes never under any circumstances:
a) To use anti-personnel mines;
b) To develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile, retain or transfer to anyone, directly or indirectly, anti-personnel mines;
c) To assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention.
2. Each State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of all anti-personnel mines in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
The BWC, Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction was opened in 1972 and entered into force in 1975[40]. To achieve effective progress toward general and complete disarmament, including the prohibition and elimination of all types of weapons of mass destruction, Under Article 1
Each State Party to this Convention undertakes never in any circumstance to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain:
Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes;
Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction CWC[41] was opened in Paris in 1993 and entered into force in 1997 to achieve effective progress towards general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, including the prohibition and elimination of all types of weapons of mass destruction. Article 1 sets forth the General Principles governing State Parties working on their own or in co-operation with the UN to prohibit Chemical weapons,
(a) To develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile or retain chemical weapons, or transfer, directly or indirectly, chemical weapons to anyone;
(b) To use chemical weapons;
(c) To engage in any military preparations to use chemical weapons;
(d) To assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention.
2. Each State Party undertakes to destroy chemical weapons it owns or possesses, or that are located in any place under its jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
The CCWC Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects was opened for signature in 1981 and has not yet been entered into force. The Convention entreats upon all states in their international relations to refrain from the threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of any State. The four protocols state,
Protocol 1 Prohibits the use of any weapon the primary effect of which is to injure by fragments which are Non-Detectable in Humans by X-rays.
Protocol II Prohibits the use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices on both land and at sea as of 1996.
Protocol III Prohibits the Use of Incendiary Weapons
Protocol IV Prohibits the Use of Blinding Laser Weapons Adopted by the 8th Plenary Meeting of the States Parties on 13 October 1995
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe CFE [42] opened in 1990 and entered into force in 1992 limits the amount Committed to the objective of ensuring that the numbers of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty within the area of application of this Treaty do not exceed 40,000 battle tanks, 60,000 armoured combat vehicles, 40,000 pieces of artillery, 13,600 combat aircraft and 4,000 attack helicopters.
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ENMOD was opened in 1977 and entered into force on 1978[43]. Article 1 states,
1. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.
Article 2 defines,
the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.
The Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacture of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials was opened in 1997 and entered into force in 1998[44]. Article II states the purpose of the Convention is,
to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, ammunition, explosives, and other related materials;
to promote and facilitate cooperation and exchange of information and experience among States Parties to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, ammunition, explosives, and other related materials.
Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions adopted in 1999 and not yet in force[45]. The Objective of this document deposited with the Secretary of the Organization of American States is clarified in Article II,
The objective of this Convention is to contribute more fully to regional openness and transparency in the acquisition of conventional weapons by exchanging information regarding such acquisitions, for the purpose of promoting confidence among States in the Americas.
The Treaty on Open Skies was opened for signatures in 1992 and is not yet in force[46]. The purpose of the Treaty is to permit spy planes unimpeded access national airspace to make photographs[47]. The Treaty has been undermined by bombing missions using the information gathered by spy planes. Article II sets forth the Quotas that form the foundation of this treaty, it states,
Each State Party shall have the right to conduct observation flights in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
2. Each State Party shall be obliged to accept observation flights over its territory in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
3. Each State Party shall have the right to conduct a number of observation flights over the territory of any other State Party equal to the number of observation flights which that other State Party has the right to conduct over it.
II. THE UNITED STATES
Full country name: The United States of America (USA), Population: 285,000,000
Area: 3,618,000 sq miles (9,370,000 sq km), Capital city: Washington, DC (pop: 570,000) People: Caucasian (71%), African American (12%), Latino (12%), Asian (4%), Native American (0.9%), Languages: English, plus many secondary languages, chiefly Spanish, Religion: Protestant (56%), Roman Catholic (28%), Jewish (2%), Muslim (1%), Government: Federal republic of 50 states, President: George W Bush, GDP: US$9.3 trillion, GDP per head: US$33,900, Annual growth: 4.1%, Inflation: 2.2%, Major industries: Oil, electronics, computers, automobile manufacturing, aerospace industries, agriculture, telecommunications, chemicals, mining, processing and packaging, Major trading partners: Canada, Japan, Mexico, the EU[48].
A. Historical Introduction
The attack upon the World Trade Center and Pentagon of September 11, 2002 killed 92 on Flight 11 that plowed into the north tower, Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon killing 63, Flight 175 plowing into the South Tower killing 56, Flight 93 crashed into a rural town in Pennsylvania killing 45, 125 service members died in the attack on the Pentagon, 2630 people were confirmed dead in the World Trade Center for a total of 2886 dead[49]. There was an outpouring of grief and the families of the victim’s were compensated. The official statement of the victims is that they are opposed to the war. The United States immediately became engaged in a hippo critic War on Terror as “acts of war” are the supreme act of Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331(4) in a section that punishes all crimes.
To ensure that the Nation never again wages another armed conflict without a reasonable Peace Treaty approved by the US President and Senate guaranteeing improved economic and social security to the defendant nation under Article 1§2 of the Constitution, the United States must demonstrate cognizance of their federal criminal conviction under ABC- Telemarketing Fraud 18USC(113A) §2325[50], Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331[51] and Torture 18USC(113C) §2340[52]- by forfeiting the nations of Iraq, Afghanistan and Korea.
The conviction began with the Afghanistan Freedom Act of 6 October, 2001 HR3049 and 11 October, 2001 HR 3088 that waged Operation Enduring Freedom in accordance with Article 1 §7 (11) of the U.S. Constitution[53] on September 13, 2001 SJ 23 passed in the House and Senate to become PL-107-40 Authorizing the United States Armed Forces for Use in Afghanistan, §2,
(1) to direct the drawdown of defense articles from the stocks of the Department of Defense, defense services of the Department of Defense, and military education and training for eligible Afghan resistance organizations.
(a) That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons[54].
On 23 September, 2002 E.O. 13224 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transaction with Persons who Commit, Threaten to Commit or Support Terrorism was signed by the president consolidating a comprehensive database of known terrorist supporters and lists sanctions authorized under previous acts[55]. On November 13, 2001 the President issued a Military Order titled, “Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism” that focused upon the prosecution of Al Queda that guarantees people prosecuted under terrorism statutes are guaranteed a fair trial by military tribunals and are not convicted but upon the approval of 2/3 of the Commission[56].
On Monday 7 October, 2002 President Bush gave a 20 minute speech in Cincinnati, Ohio at the Union Terminal and Museum of Natural History while an estimated 5,000 people gathered in a candle light vigil beginning at 8pm that was attended by the author. The protesters were well behaved and the organizers, who had pleaded for peace before the Federal Building in the month of September, distributed pamphlets on legal and peaceful protest etiquette, both Bush supporters and peace protestors demonstrated with signs. There was music, speeches by election candidates and cookies in the park until 9pm[57].
On October 10, 2002, after 2 year of illicit bombings of Iraq by American jets the House of Representatives decided in HJRes.114 §3 to Authorize the Use of Force Against Iraq with 296 in favor -133 against that was signed by the President on October 16, 2002[58],
(a) AUTHORIZATION- The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to--
(1) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq ; and
(2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq [59].
The rational was that the gathering threat of Iraq must be confronted fully and finally and the vote sends a clear message to the Iraqi regime: it must disarm and comply with all existing U.N. resolutions, or it will be forced to comply. Iraq has substantially complied to the UN Security Council whose judgment has not been fully funded. On 9 October, 2002 President Bush explained to Congress,
“military action was not imminent or inevitable…there is clear backing for the use of force only if diplomatic efforts fail”[60].
B. Armed Forces Retirement Home
Under Title 24 H.A.U.S. Code Chapter 10 § 412 (3A) all troops who have served in the war theater during the time of war declared under PL-107-40 Authorizing the United States Armed Forces for Use in Afghanistan waging Operation Enduring Freedom that has come to keep the peace in both Afghanistan and Korea and HJRes.114 §3 to Authorize the Use of Force Against Iraq are eligible to become residents of the Armed Forces Retirement Home at any time they reach 60 years of age, become disabled or are incapable of earning another livelihood so long as they remain free of criminal, drug, alcohol, or psychiatric problems. It is also possible to invest Department of Defense funding in urban and suburban homeless shelters to both house the poor and employ retired soldiers under the III Amendment to the US Constitution.
To provide the +/- 30,000 troops currently on active duty with a house upon their release from the service it is estimated that a retirement fund of $3 billion would be needed so as to grant every serviceman and woman $100,000 for a home and/or college.
It would be reasonable to take this opportunity to plea for both peace and prosperity on behalf of the peaceful countries of Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Kurdistan, and Korea.
It is calculated that the United States Secretary of Defense owes $10 billion in fines and the forfeiture of Afghanistan, Korea and Iraq that likewise owes $1 billion to the World Bank upon the decision of the International Criminal Court or as decided by the nations and organizations party to this treaty. The International Court of Justice is called upon to recognize the membership of Kurdistan and of Palestine. The administration of the fines shall be as follows and should be accounted for on the Internet,
Afghanistan $1 billion 50% social security, 25% loya jirga, 25% scholarships
The nation of Iraq likewise owes $1 billion in fines that would be matched the United States and the $2 billion total would be divided as follows
Kurdistan $500 million Kurdish legislature, social security and constitution
Southern Marsh $400 million environmental engineer and Marsh Arab settlement
Kuwait $100 million reparations
Babylonian Ruins $250 million Babylonian anthropology trust fund
Liberation $250 million 25% prisoner liberation, 75% scholarship
Iraqi National Congress $300 million embassy to Britain and 40 seats of Iraqi House
Iraqi Foundation $100 million embassy to the United States
UNMOVIC $100 million Middle Eastern Conventional Arms Treaty
The following foreign nations are entitled to relief administrated by the World Bank in return for an Internet accountability system.
Korea $1 billion 25% unification and 75% poor relief
Palestine $750 million scholarships, social security and constitution
Israel $250 million 50% aerospace program, 50% prisoner liberation
The United States must take responsibility for the following damages that should be administrated as civilian relief in return for an Internet accountability system.
Retiring US Troops $3 billion retirement home and college fund for US Soldiers.
NASA $750 million improved safety
Liberation $250 million 50% prisoner liberation, 50% law scholarships
The $2 billion remainder can be administrated by the World Bank as the Armed Forces Retirement Home Trust Fund for a legal fee of $1 million to the Armed Forces Retirement Home, $1 million to the International Criminal Court, $1 million to the International Court of Justice, $1 million Draft of a Permanent Constitution for a New Iraq, $1 million to the US Supreme Court and $1 million to Hospitals & Asylums.
C. Defense Contract
Total US Military spending rose from $288.8 billion in 2000 to $310 billion in 2001 to $343.2 billion in 2002 to an estimated $396.1 billion for 2003[61]. From 1985 to 1998 global military spending was reduced from $1.2 trillion to $809 billion, US defense spending accounts for an increasing portion, roughly 35% of the total global military expenditure[62]. US Congress justifies increases in three areas of foreign military assistance between 2001-2003. US spending on International Military Education and Training has risen from $57.748 million in 2001 to an estimated $70 million in 2002 to a requested $80 million for 2003. Foreign Military Financing likewise increased from $3.568373 billion in 2001 to and estimated $3.65 billion in 2002 with $4.1072 billion requested for 2003. The budget for US Peacekeeping Operations has declined since the inception of Operation Enduring Freedom from $126.721 million in 2001 to an estimated high of $135 million in 2002 with a budgetary request of only $108.25 million for 2003[63].
The US has decided to relax military sanctions on countries neighboring Afghanistan to expedite the funding of counter-terrorism efforts among nations close to the action in Afghanistan and the delay for presidential approval for military aid has been reduced to only 5 days. On 22 September, 2002 the president declared sanctions, “would not be in the security interest of the United States” and on 29 October, 2002 passed the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act as Public Law 107-57 lifted many military sanctions for the year of 2002. The Northern Alliance was given shipments of Soviet Arms stockpiled by the CIA for use in their fight against the Taliban[64]. PL 105-57 specifically forgives Pakistan for testing nuclear devices in 1998 in contravention to the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 22USC§2799(aa-2) (1994) that establishes sanctions as control for, “nations detonating a nuclear device”. The United States deemed circumstances extraordinary enough to lift sanctions against Uzbekistan under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 22USC§2430b (a)(4) (1994) for a “consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights” due to their record of torture, illegal detentions and persecution of independent Muslims. Tajikstan was likewise recognized for cooperating closely with the US as a member of the International Coalition Against Terrorism and was forgiven for their instability in the early 1990’s and removed from the list of Proscribed Nations of the International Traffic in Arms[65]. On 4 December, 2001 the United States agreed to expedite the review of India's military equipment priorities, including radars and light combat aircraft components despite ethnic conflicts with reports of torture and disappearance of many “untouchables” due to the fact that inspection is a peaceful security measure[66].
The United States Department of Defense[67] is largely unmonitored in their deployment of troops. Operation Enduring Freedom estimates an international co-alition force of 15,000 with about 3,000 from the US in Afghanistan and another estimated 25,000 US troops in North Korea. A no fly zone is patrolled in Northern Iraq where the Kurdish people live by the US in Operation Northern Watch and Southern Iraq where the Marsh Arabs lived before their habitat was destroyed by a damn is patrolled by United States, France, Great Britain and Saudi Arabia in Operation Southern Watch. US Central Command is located in Kuwait and defends Saudi Arabia. US Naval Forces Central Command and US 5th Fleet hold 15,000 soldiers ready for deployment in aircraft and amphibious vehicles[68]. The US Department of Defence should have no difficulty paying for civil relief.
III. AFGHANISTAN
[69]Area: 652,000 sq km (251,739 sq mi) Population: 26 million Capital city: Kabul (pop 1.5 million) People: Pashtun (38%), Tajik (25%), Hazara (19%), Uzbek (6%), other (12%)Language: Afghan Persian (Dari; 50%), Pashtu (35%), Turkic (Uzbek and Turkmen; 11%); other (4%) Literacy 32%Religion: Sunni Muslim (84%), Shi'a Muslim (15%), Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, Baha'i (1%)Government: Interim government (22 Dec 2001 - 22 June 2002) appointed by the United Nations Interim government chair: Hamid Karzai GDP: US$21 billion GDP per head: US$800 Annual growth: unavailable Inflation: unavailable Major industries: Textiles and rugs, fruits and nuts, opium, wool, cotton, fertilizer, soap, fossil fuels, gemstones Major trading partners: FSU (Former Soviet Union), Pakistan, Iran, EU, Japan, Singapore, India, South Korea[70].
A Historical Introduction
Afghanistan was founded as constitutional monarchy in both the first constitution ratified on April 6, 1923[71] and the second constitution of 1963[72]. In 1973 the king, Zahir Shah, who had sided with the Soviet Union since 1946, was overthrown by his cousin Mohammed Daod and the Communist Party in a bloodless coup that both abolished the monarchy and presented a third constitution drafted by the first Loya Jirga in 1976 founding a democratic republican form of government in Article 20 elected by all people over the age of 18 in Article 29[73]. In 1978 Daod was killed in a Communist backed coup that led to many tortures and the foundation of the Mujahidin resistance movement. In 1979 anti-communist forces took power inspiring the Soviet Union to attack Afghanistan in an unwinnable campaign similar to the US experience in Vietnam. In the 1980’s Osama bin Ladin began funding the Mujahidin from Saudi Arabia by constructing military bases that became known as Al-Queda, “the base”.
The 1987 revision of the Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan led to recognition of Afghan independence in the 1988 the Geneva Accords ordering the withdrawal of Soviet troops that was not completed until 1989[74].
It was not until 1992 that the Mujahidin expelled the last of the Soviet appointed communist government. The National Assembly ceased to be operational in 1993. In 1994 the Taliban militia began to rise to supremacy by protecting the trade routes for President Rabanni. The Higher Courts ceased to function in 1995 although the inferior courts continue to practice “Shiria”, Islamic Law[75]. By 1996 the Taliban were successful in taking the capital city Kabul and establishing a fundamentalist Muslim state. Since 22 February 1998 a fatwa was issued in the name of the 'World Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders', signed by bin Laden and the heads of major Islamic movements in Egypt, Pakistan and Bangladesh who were found to be responsible for the 1998 bombing of the American Embassy in Nairobi. It stated as its objective:
'To kill the Americans and their allies - civilians and military - is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the Holy Mosque [in Mecca]... and to force their armies to withdraw from all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim.'
Although the Taliban held 90% of the country in 1998 the United Nations continued to recognize President Burhanuddin Rabbanni and began an air embargo in November of 1999 that led to an arms embargo in January of 2001[76]. In 2001 the Taliban began a series of repressive acts. On 12 March the Taliban blew up two Buddhist statues against the protest of the international government in contravention to Article 53 of the Geneva Convention that protects cultural objects and places of worship. 22 May non-Muslim minorities were ordered to wear tags identifying their status and Hindu women were required to wear a veil. 14 July the Taliban banned the use of the Internet. 19 July the import of 30 western luxury goods was prohibited. On 5 August the Taleban arrested foreign aid worker on charges of spreading Christianity, a charge punishable by death under their interpretation of, “Sharia”, Islamic law. The 11 September suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon were condemned by the Taleban that protested their innocence and stated the Afghani people were suffering enough already. On 14 September the Northern Alliance announced that their military commander, Massoud, had been killed in a suicide attack. The war with Afghanistan was begun because the US found that there was probable cause to believe that Osama bin Ladin[77] was responsible for both the September 11, 2001 suicide bombings of the World Trade Center and Pentagon and the August 7, 1998 bombing of the American Embassy in Nairobi[78].
The Northern Alliance, joined U.S. special forces in Operation Enduring Freedom that began on October 7, 2001[79] and maintains military dominance although the largely ethnic Tajik commanders from the north who took the capital after the Taliban fled last November conflict with the Pashtuns who tend to consider themselves the natural rulers of the country and complain that they have little influence in the current administration. Mr. Karzai is criticized for belonging to Pashtuns although factions are largely neutral[80].
The worst human rights tragedy to occur in Afghanistan occurred among prisoners who died while being transported to a prison in Shiberghan run by a local warlord, General Dostum. Estimates by a Boston based group that went to investigate discovered mass graves showing that 2,000-3,000 of 8,000 Taliban prisoners sent to Shiberghan had died in overcrowded railway shipping containers. There were reports that guards shot bullets into overcrowded shipping containers until blood ran out of the vents and that nearly dead and unconscious Taliban were hauled out of shipping containers laid out upon the desert and raked with bullets until their death was assured. Article 40 of the 1979 Geneva Convention hors de combat rule prohibits the execution of unconscious and surrendered soldiers who should be given quarter.
U.S. official spent weeks interrogating Taliban and AlQeda suspects eventually releasing 114 prisoners from the Guatanamo Bay Cuba detention center where an estimated 1,000 prisoners of war remain without charge, the facility is designed to hold up to 2,000 and equips all Afghan war prisoners with sleeping gear and a Koran[81]. Prisoners should probably be given some sort of parole or correctional supervision in a Cuban home if it is determined that they present too much political risk to be returned to Afghanistan.
Since the war on Afghanistan began in September 2001, 10,000 tonnes of bombs have fallen. At least 3,600 Afghani civilians were reported killed since the war began in October 2001. Opium production a traditional crop of Afghanistan once banned under the Taliban rule increased from 185 tons in 2001 to 2,700 tons in 2002. The nation is in great need of National Opium Agency Hospital (NOAH) to legitimately purchase, consolidate and sell opium to pharmaceutical companies in accordance with Article 24 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs[82].
The World Bank estimates that $16.2 billion will be needed to rebuild the Afghani economy in the next 10 years. Although donors have pledged $5 billion in humanitarian aid by 2004 only $45 million have been delivered[83]. U.S. Congressional budget estimates the military operation cost $10.1 billion this 2002. In March of 2002 schools opened for 1.5 million children after being closed for 6 years under Taliban rule, 30% of pupils are girls but 3 million children remain out of school. 96% of Afghani girls and 60% of Afghani boys are illiterate. UNICEF donated 7 million textbooks, 8 million notebooks and 18,000 to 3,000 schools across the country. To encourage foreign language fluency and guarantee that Afghanistan has a single common tongue Article 56 should be amended from,
Citizens of the Republic of Afghanistan have the right free education. The State shall adopt necessary measure for eradication of illiteracy, generalization of balanced education, in mother tongue, ensuring compulsory primary education, gradual expansion of general, technical, professional and vocational education and growth of the system of higher education for training national cadres. In the Republic of Afghanistan the formation of educational and higher education institution by private sector and foreign persons is allowed in accordance with the law.
To,
Citizens of the Republic of Afghanistan have the right free education. The State shall adopt necessary measure for eradication of illiteracy, generalization of balanced education, in mother tongue, Arabic and English that shall serve as common languages, ensuring compulsory primary education, gradual expansion of general, technical, professional and vocational education and growth of the system of higher education for training national cadres. In the Republic of Afghanistan the formation of educational and higher education institution by private sector and foreign persons is allowed in accordance with the law. Students should be compensated a small sum of money for their scholarship as should schools who must keep public record.
B. Constitutional Banking
Afghanistan is attempting to recover from Operation Enduring Freedom that was welcomed as a chance to bring peace and reconstruction to a country run by warlords, ravaged by drought and 20 years of conflict with the Taliban and AlQeda. Many Afghanis report the unlawful search and seizure of cameras, satellite telephones, passports and credit cards by U.S. troops. A conference in Tokyo in January of 2002 unveiled a proposal to grant Afghanistan $4.5 billion a total of only $225 per person rather than the $1,000 per person granted to reconstruction projects in Bosnia, Lebanon, Gaza and the West Bank. Of the $1.8 billion due the first year the cost of international humanitarian aid and four year drought leave only $100 million for reconstruction. $15 billion in international aid is expected to be needed by Afghanistan in the next 10 years. To maximize the return on the investment International Assistance disbursed by the World Bank should be divided between humanitarian aid to the poor, education and the realization of the Loya Jirga. The best administration would be a comprehensive national Social Security number and vital statistic database of Afghani citizens for the administration of relief and voter registration to individuals and institutions in need of funds from the Loya Jirga and the World Bank [84].
The World Food Programme says that half of Afghani families need supplies but remain with only 57% of the food asked for from donors. Britain has about 400 troops in the 5,000 strong international security assistance forces in Kabul. Three British soldiers were killed in combat since the bombing started and 16 Americans have been killed in combat as well as 23 deaths in military aircraft crashes and other duties. 8 foreign journalists were also killed. Almost a quarter of a million Afghanis fled to Pakistan and Iran and another 200,000 fled their homes but remain in Afghanistan[85]. There are 3.5 million refugees from Afghanistan, the highest number of refugees in the world, 2 million are living in camps on the Pakistani border, 1.5 million are living in Iran, 15,400 live in Tajikstan, 8,800 live in Uzbekistan, 1,500 live in Turkmenistan, more than 49,000 have returned since the International Security Forces routed the Taleban[86].
Hamid Karzai, the current president of the Afghanistan Interim Administration, was elected by the grand council of the Loya Jirga, in June of 2000 primarily due to the foreign support of the United States and the United Nations. The U.S. led coalition of the U.S., Britain, U.N, and former king of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah are bound by the rules of the tribal council called the Loya Jirga[87]. The Loya Jirga is composed primarily of Hamid Karzai, the president, Zahir Shah who was king until 1973 when he was overthrown, Burnhanuddin Rabanni, was president from 1992 to 1996 when he was ousted by the Taliban. Mohammid Fadin a Tajik and former Northern Alliance general is the defense minister. Yunis Qanuni is the interior minister who plans to step down, Abdullah Abdullah the interior minister is considered the weakest of the Loya Jirga, Ismael Kahn a mujehadin warlord and governor of Heart and General Abdul Rashid Dostum who is currently facing charges for the massacre at Shiberghan also sit on the council of the Loya Jirga. Otherwise the Loya Jirga is totally dysfunctional and requires funding for the administration to restore Parliamentary democracy.
The Loya Jirga is organized in accordance with Article 66 of the 1990 Constitution[88]. 1) The President and vice-president;
2) Members of the National Assembly;
3) Prime Minister; Deputy Prime Ministers and Members of the Council of Ministers; 4) Chief and Deputy Chief Justices
5) Attorney General;
6) Chairman of the Constitutional Council ;
7) Chairman of the Council of the Provinces; 8) From each Province, Equivalent to the number of their deputies to the Wolesi Jirga (House of Representatives), Elected by the People through Universal Equal, Free, Secret and Direct Ballot. 9) A Maximum of Fifty Persons from among prominent political, scientific, social and religious figures to be appointed by the President.[89].
So that the house of representatives is never again dissolved Article 69 should be amended, it states,
During the time when the house of representatives remains dissolved, its members shall retain their membership of the Loya Jirga till a new house is elected.
Article 69 should read,
Elected members of the Loya Jirga shall be paid _______ per year they serve in office. Retired members of the Loya Jirga and Afghani citizens shall in times of good behavior be rewarded by the Loya Jirga.
The World Bank reconstruction plan should begin administrating relief funds by facilitating a general election to elect two representatives from each province for 5 year terms, two persons from amongst each provincial council for 3 year terms and 50 prominent political, scientific, social and religious figures. The provincial councils will also require assistance to get on the ballot. Voter registration is an important step first step to restoring democracy to Afghanistan that can also be used to get all of the citizenry, irregardless of age, data based in a Social Security account with vital statistic data such as date of birth, medical records, legal records, education records, relief payments, tax payments and changes of address that should be accompanied with the issuance of identification cards and personal, corporate and institutional bank accounts.
The Loya Jirga presents an economic dilemma regarding the balance of the investment funds between government rehabilitation, corporate investment and humanitarian aid. The National Assembly offers to provide the greatest security for an international investment operation as the Loya Jirga has the power under Article 81 to (4) approve of socio-economic plans and (5) approve of the state budget and evaluate its execution. The $100 million reconstruction fund should be adequate to employ the first Loya Jirga and provincial councils upon the basis of their legal literacy. When the institutions are staffed they would provide the infrastructure for safely investing the first year’s $1.8 billion in the people and communities of Afghanistan with the social security of a World Bank account. The focus of the investment should be upon bringing literacy up from 32% by replacing personal weapons with personal computers as the investment of choice. Requested assistance from the United States to Afghanistan is listed at $1 billion, 50% for social security and humanitarian relief, 25% loya jirga and elections, 25% scholarships and schools.
To promote the investment of foreign civilians Article 28 should be amended from,
In the Republic of Afghanistan, no foreign citizen shall enjoy the right to own immovable property. Subject to the approval of the government, immovable property may be sold to diplomatic missions and foreign governments on a reciprocal basis and also to international organization in which the republic of Afghanistan is a member.
To,
In the Republic of Afghanistan, foreign citizens legally residing in Afghanistan shall have equal right to own immovable property so long as they respect the cultural interests of Afghani citizens and obey Afghani and international law. Subject to the approval of the government, immovable property may be sold to diplomatic missions and foreign governments on a reciprocal basis and also to international organization in which the republic of Afghanistan is a member.
C. Real International Base
As military assistance to the nation of Afghanistan has become increasingly benevolent and there is an international presence of troops from all over the world the Interim President of Afghanistan is compelled to capitalize upon the opportunity to sell the right to establish a military base in exchange for the $1.8 billion in relief promised for the first year and promise of $15 billion more in the next 10 years. To lawfully admit such an international base into the country of Afghanistan the President must introduce upon the Loya Jirga this request to amend Article 3 of the 1990 Constitution that states,
The Republic of Afghanistan is a nonaligned country which does not join any military bloc and does not allow establishment of foreign military bases on its territory.
The proposed amendment, that is valued at $1.8 billion in financial assistance from the United Nations the first year and $15 billion in the next 10 years, particularly those nations staffing the proposed international military base should read,
Article 3:
To promote peace, military training, arms control and security of the region by removing land mines and purchasing weapons for disposal and destruction - an international military base owned and partially staffed by the Afghani military has been founded at _______ under the supervision of the Secretary General of the United Nations and the International Court of Just-ice. The base may be closed by the decision of the Loya Jirga, United Nations, nations party to the international base may leave at any time.
The military base cannot be considered a contingency against the $15 billion in humanitarian assistance although it may be considered collateral in recognition for the financial security that the base offer investors. The base must take responsibility to remove land mines for and purchase arms from Afghani citizens and resident aliens for disposal and destruction. The base itself will cost an estimated $100 million every year for its maintenance and staffing plus the price of any airplanes, vehicles and equipment donated by the militaries of the participating nations who may choose to leave the equipment for the Afghani military, sell it to licensed buyers, or take it with them.
IV. IRAQ
[90]National name: Jumhouriyat Al Iraq President: Saddam Hussein (1979) Area: 168,753 sq mi (437,072 sq km) Population (2002 est.): 24,001,816 (growth rate: 2.8%); birth rate: 34.2/1000; infant mortality rate: 57.6/1000; density per sq mi: 142 Capital and largest city (2000 est.): Baghdad, 4,850,000 (metro. area)Largest cities (est. 1987): Mosul, 664,221; Irbil, 485,968; Karkuk (Kirkuk), 418,624; Basra, 406,296 Monetary unit: Iraqi dinar Languages: Arabic (official) and Kurdish Ethnicity/race: Arab 75%–80%, Kurdish 15%–20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5% Religions: Muslim 97% (Shi'ite 60%–65%, Sunni 32%–37%), Christian or other 3% Literacy rate: 60% (1990) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2000 est.): $57 billion; per capita $2,500. Real growth rate: 15%. Inflation: 100%. Unemployment: n.a. Arable land: 12%. Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep. Labor force: 4.4 million (1989); agriculture n.a., industry n.a., services n.a. Industries: petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing. Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur. Exports: $21.8 billion (2000 est.): crude oil. Imports: $13.8 billion (2000 est.): food, medicine, manufactures. Major trading partners: Russia, France, Switzerland, China, Egypt, Vietnam[91]
A. Historical Introduction
The Iraqi Republic was founded after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, in 1920, by the San Remo Peace Conference that established the nation of Iraq as a protectorate of the British giving France 25% of the oil. The British were tired of colonialism and in 1921 the British gave Iraq to King Feisal as a constitutional monarchy. In 1925 a Constitution of the Kingdom of Iraq was drafted[92]. In 1932 Iraq was granted formal independence while British forces crushed the Kurdish opposition. Following the death of King Feisal in 1932 Iraq has suffered an endless cycle of bloody coups and repressive regimes who rise up in ethnic strife with the Kurds from time to time.
General Bakr Sidqi launched a bloody coup against Kind Feisal’s son in 1932 that led to four political shifts in power by 1941 when Britain felt compelled to invade to restore a pro-British government. In 1958 another bloody coup set Quasim in power who followed a pattern of isolationism, rejecting the Arab Union, recognizing the Kurds and breaking with the growing power of the Communists. In 1959 a failed Ba’thist coup is attempted that Quasim survives, 78 conspirators were tried but Saddam Hussein escapes to Syria. In 1961 Kuwait declares independence from Britain. In 1961 the friendship with the Kurds failed and Quasim leads an offensive against the Kurds.
The Ba’ath party led a successful coup in 1963 that led to the execution of Quasim. 1963 a counter coup founded a pro-Nasserist government. In 1968 repeated coups lead to a return to Ba’ath power that established Saddam Hussein as deputy chair of the 15 member Revolutionary Command Council. In 1970 Kurdish autonomy was proclaimed, recognizing the national rights of the Kurds. In 1972 the Ba’thist leadership nationalized the Iraqi Petroleum Company and in 1973 joins with Community Party to found the National Progressive Front that lasted until 1979. Between 1972 and 1974 tensions grew with the Kurds again as the result of a biased land transfer that did not grant the Kurds the oil reserves in Kirkuk, in fact 60% of Iraqi oil comes from traditionally Kurdish land.
In 1979 Saddam Hussein assumed the Presidency from Ahmad Bakr who he later put on house arrest in a dispute over relations with Syria and in 1982 Bakr died in a suspected poisoning. In 1980 the Iran-Iraq War broke out and Iraq was plunged into a long border dispute. In 1982 Saddam attempted to pay redress although his diplomatic bid was refused by the Iranians. The Reagan administration got involved in the dispute by giving arms to Iran between 1985 and 1987 that led to the arrest of 10 White House officials in 1987. In 1987 the USS Stark was attacked with Iraqi missiles but Iran is blamed for the attack. In 1988 Iraq bombs Tehran for the first time. In 1988 1,276 Kurdish villages were massacred with chemical weapons killing 50,000-120,000 Kurds, the source of chemical weapons is probably Iraq. In 1988 after the US attacked several Iranian targets the United Nations had the leverage to broker a peace deal between Iran and Iraq that confirmed Iraqi use of mustard gas. The death toll for the war is estimated at over 1 million Muslim dead: 450,000-730,000 Iranian and 150,000-340,000 Iraqis.
In 1990 an Interim Constitution was drafted for the Republic of Iraq[93] creating a republican dictatorship where Saddam Hussein is not limited by term limits. The National Assembly meets only 2 times a year and may be summoned by special order of the president. There are 30 seats designated to the Kurdish that have gone unclaimed. That same year, in 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and first came to be monitored by the United Nations Security Council in UNSCR 660 August 2, 1990 that recognized the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait an illegal act of aggression of a nation upon its neighbor. President George Bush I and Richard Cheney declared, “the invasion will not stand” on August 5, 1990. In UNSCR 678 - November 29, 1990 the United Nations determined that Iraq must comply fully with UNSCR 660 and all subsequent relevant resolutions authorizing UN Member States to use all necessary means to restore international peace and security in the area in accordance with Security Council Resolutions.
International Coalition forces took only 45 days to resolve the Persian Gulf War with the surrender of the Iraqis after a 38 day air assault called Operation Desert Storm that dropped 60,624 tonnes of bombs upon Iraq a ground war called Operation Desert Sabre crushed the Iraqi army in only 100 hours[94]. The peace treaty for the Gulf War is UNSCR 686 - March 2, 1991 that states that Iraq must release prisoners from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Egypt, Bahrain and Oman detained during the Gulf War, return Kuwaiti property seized during the Gulf War and accept liability under international law for damages from its illegal invasion of Kuwait. UNSCR 687 - April 3, 1991 determined as the conditions of the peace treaty that must Iraq must declare fully its weapons of mass destruction programs. (1) Iraq must not commit or support terrorism, or allow terrorist organizations to operate in Iraq. (2) Iraq must cooperate in accounting for the missing and dead Kuwaitis and others. (3) Iraq must return Kuwaiti property seized during the Gulf War. (4) accept the international supervision of United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to destroy all chemical and biological weapons; ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 KM, all stocks of agents, nuclear weapon grade radioactive material, related subsystems and components and copy research, development, support and manufacturing facilities (5) Iraq must not use, develop, construct or acquire any weapons of mass destruction. (6) the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will verify elimination of Iraq's nuclear weapons program. UNSCR 688 - April 5, 1991 Condemns the repression of Iraqi civilian population and finds the consequences threaten international peace and security and Iraq must immediately end the repression of its civilian population and allow immediate access to international humanitarian organizations to those in need of assistance.
Enforcement of the disarmament of Iraq has of course been greeted with rebellion as it conflicts with the states security interest and the inspectors do not speak Arabic or associate closely with the Iraqi administration. UNSCR 707 - August 15, 1991 condemns noncompliance with IAEA and its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to halt nuclear activities of all kinds until the Security Council deems Iraq in full compliance ordering Iraq to make a full, final and complete disclosure of all aspects of its weapons of mass destruction and missile programs to UN and IAEA inspectors who must have immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access. Iraq must cease attempts to conceal or move weapons of mass destruction, and related materials and facilities. Iraq must allow UN and IAEA inspectors to conduct inspection flights throughout Iraq. In 1994 an Iraqi military deployment encroaching upon Kuwait was deemed probable cause for UNSCR 949 - October 15, 1994 to condemn Iraq for utilizing its military and security forces in a hostile manner. Iraq was commanded not to threaten its neighbors or UN operations in Iraq and ordered Iraq not to enhance its military capability in southern Iraq where they pose a threat to Kuwait and other Persian Gulf nations.
Weapons inspectors have required repeated Security Council resolutions to enforce unconditional and unrestricted access to military facilities, records and officials under UNSCR 1051 - March 27, 1996 that expanded the international security operation to require Iraq to report shipments of dual-use items related to weapons of mass destruction to the UN and IAEA UNSCR 715 - October 11, 1991 , UNSCR 1060 - June 12, 1996, UNSCR 1115 - June 21, 1997, UNSCR 1134 - October 23, 1997that expanded the unrestricted access clause to include interviews with Iraqi officials, UNSCR 1137 - November 12, 1997,UNSCR 1154 - March 2, 1998, UNSCR 1194 - September 9, 1998 UNSCR 1205 - November 5, 1998 , UNSCR 1284 - December 17, 1999 created the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspections Commission (UNMOVIC) to replace previous weapon inspection team (UNSCOM)[95].
The current Security Council mission to Iraq, UNMOVIC is founded under UN Resolution 1441 November 27, 2002 that reaffirms the immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access to Iraqi officials and facilities. The Resolution reaffirms previous resolutions to return Gulf War prisoners and calls on Iraq to distribute humanitarian goods and medical supplies to its people so as to address the needs of vulnerable Iraqis without discrimination[96].
The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office released a report upon the human cost of Saddam Hussein’s policies published by the Iraqi Foundation[97]. The fear of repressive policies of the security forces of the military dictatorship has caused 15% of the population to flee. Torture is frequently reported by political prisoners who are held in infamous prisons. The “Mahjar” prison, on the campus of the Police Training College in central Baghdad holds 600-700 prisoners. The prisoners are beaten 2 times a day and receive no medical treatment prisoners rarely survive longer than a year. The prison is booby trapped with a petrol tank bomb and instructions to destroy the building in emergency. Sijn Al-Tarbut, “the casket prison” is located in the 3rd underground level of New Directorate of General Security (DGS) buildings in Baghdad where 100-150 prisoners are held in casket size metal boxes until they confess their crimes or die, these boxes are opened but once a day to allow the prisoners some light and water. Qurtiyya, “the can” is located in the Talbiyyah areas of Saddam City district of Baghdad with 50-60 boxes similar to Sijn Al-Tarbut. A Kurdish prisoner reported that he was interrogated in a 1 meter high cell that he could only sit in for several weeks until he was transferred to a black room where he was fed 1 ½ loaves of bread and hot water (soup) every day for several years. Guards would open the doors once a day to count the prisoners and remove the bodies of those who died of starvation and disease. Torture methods used by the Iraqi security forces who often act without judicial authority are known to be eye gouging, piercing hand with electric drill, suspension from the ceiling for lowering into an acid bath, electric shock, sexual abuse, falaqu where the soles of the feet are beaten with a cane, extinguishing cigarettes on the body, extracting finger and toe nails, and mock executions. The prisons are occasionally subjected to “Prison Cleansing”. In 1984 4,000 people were executed in a single prison, between 1993-98 3,000 prisoners died in Mahjar prison, between 97-99 2,500 were executed and in 2000 only 132 were reported executed. Dangerous political conditions have caused Iraq to have the 2nd highest refugee population in the world, 40,000 “Marsh Arabs” fled to Iran when Saddam drained the marshes, Iraqi citizens are the greatest applicants for asylum in the United Kingdom and there are an estimated 3,600,272 Iraqi refugees who have fled their homeland out of concern for their security.
Iraq has disclosed many of their sites that manufacture, warehouse and deploy various types of weapons and maps have been drafted for the location of these sites. The Central Intelligence Agency has published maps of Iraq: Declared Nuclear Facilities [98], Iraq: Ballistic-Missile-Related Facilities[99] , Iraq: Declared BW-Related Sites [100], Iraq: CW-Related Production and Declared Sites of Deployed Alcohol-Filled or Chemical Agent-Filled Munitions During Desert Storm [101] . UNSCOM, the previous inspection regime, reports that from a quantifiable standpoint the biological, chemical and nuclear weapons capability of Iraq that was a real threat in 1994 was no longer a threat in 1999 after inspectors had disposed of and destroyed them.
B. Truce
Article 10 of the Interim Constitution of Iraq defines social solidarity as the first foundation for the Society, its essence is that every citizen accomplishes his duty in full, and that the Society guarantees the citizen's rights and liberties in full. The primary duty of responsible parties in the current conflict with Iraq is to keep the peace and swiftly remedy the effects of years of mistakes by the repressive regime that has demonstrated willingness to reform and under the terms of this Truce may conclude the Peace and make amends to the People who have been harmed.
Iraq has surrendered to the United Nations a 12,000 page report on the destruction of their biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programmes and paid for the admittance and operation of UNMOVIC weapons inspectors. UNMOVIC has not reported any willful breaches or serious oversights of the treaty although they did discover 10 un-sterilized but empty chemical warheads in a warehouse and are due a $1 million fine for this discovery. Due to the tenseness of the political situation UNMOVIC reports some difficulty interviewing some scientists who claim they wish for witnesses in their favor. The discovery of warheads precipitated a limited surrender from the Iraqi government that stated, “A son of Ghenghis Khan once attacked Baghdad and refused to accept our surrender and killed the leader. Troops can enter Iraq but Baghdad would be suicide.” This truce was not publicly accepted but it should be interpreted as a surrender to civilian relief operations, justice and reason.
Under the Iraqi Interim Constitution Article 57 hi the presidency has the competency to (h) Supervise all the public utilities, official and quasi-official organizations and public sector organizations (i) Directing and controlling the work of Ministries and public organizations and coordinating them. Any civil relief or invasion forces should inform the President of their actions so that their actions may be respected as legitimate civil actions supervised and in co-operation with the Iraqi government.
The Revolutionary Command Council has the competency to enter into a truce and conclude the peace under Article 43 by, (b) Declaring the public mobilization, declaring the war, accepting the truce, and concluding the peace. The Revolutionary Command Council is therefore called upon to ratify this Peace Treaty and conclude the Peace in co-operation with UNMOVIC, other civil relief operations, the press and US Central Command in Kuwait. The terms of the Truce shall be,
1. murder is totally prohibited
2. the use of weapon’s of mass destruction shall be limited to the public demolition of the damn preventing the flow of water to the Southern Marsh and any other approved public projects.
3. entries to the Republic of Iraq must be requested of Saddam Hussein and reported to UNMOVIC for co-operative efforts to Conclude the Peace under flag of truce.
4. this truce shall last until the Vernal Equinox March 20, 2003 when a referendum should decide whether or not the US must withdraw from the Persian Gulf with the consent of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia who may be given the bases and equiptment.
C. Peace
This Peace is structured in accordance with the IRAC format for legal briefs that lays out the Issues, Rules, Arguments and Conclusion to resolve all the macro legal settlements of the Republic of Iraq under the supervision of the United Nations and President Hussein.
Issues: The strategic issues for successfully executing this truce involve the co-operation of the United Nations, the United States, Great Britain, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The settlement of this Peace Treaty shall benefit the Kurdish people, the Shi’a, the Marsh Arabs, the Palestinian people and the people of Iraq who shall live forever in peace and not be attacked by English speakers amused by the cliché, “attack Iraq” that leads the most diplomatic pens to mysteriously make aggressive overtures by mistake that should not be heeded and there is no justification for murder or aggression.
1. The Iraqi Foundation and the US Secretary of State[102] have entered into an agreement to destroy the damn that blocks the flow of water to the Marsh where the Marsh Arabs used to live that was constructed in contravention to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ENMOD[103]
2. Kurdistan requires recognition of their borders by the United Nations, 50% of the tax revenues from the oil reserves at Kirkuk and guidance to improve the education, health and welfare system of the partially-dependent state.
3. The Iraqi National Congress[104] appears to have sufficient support to found both (a) an opposition party occupying the 30 seats of the Iraqi National Council that is offered to but refused by the Kurdish people in the north with whom these Arabs live and (b) an Iraqi embassy to Great Britain.
4. The Palestinian people and Iraqi Refugees require better assistance from Iraq as the militant pay to the families of suicide bombers merely perpetuates a cycle of violent. Iraqi foreign assistance to Palestine and Iraqis abroad should be directed entirely to help defray medical costs and other social security pursuits, as has begun to be done.
5. The Iraqi Supreme Court has been introduced as the most significant reform in the Draft Permanent Constitution for a New Iraqi[105] that should be integrated with the Iraqi Interim Constitution so as to incorporate changes without losing touch with the values, liberties and institutions of the Constitution of 1990[106]. A two term limit must be set for the President and a 5 year term is recommended as a hand has 5 fingers. It is recommended that Saddam Hussein who ran unopposed in 2002 step down in 2005 so that future Iraqi presidents will be elected every ---5 and ---0 years of the Gregorian Calendar unless Islam offers a more commonly accepted poetic justice.
6. Iraqi prisons must be reformed. Many are substandard and filled with political and religious prisoners who should be compensated a living wage, set free and the prisons that torture closed. Mahjar” prison, . Sijn Al-Tarbut, “the casket prison”, and Qurtiyya, “the can” prison, to name just a few, located in Baghdad should be forfeited, the prisoners paid enough to get a start in a new life under weekly supervision for a number of years determined by a local judge, nationally or internationally approved tribunal[107].
7. Education must be prioritized as the 60% literacy rate must be improved by mandatory and free school for children as well as scholarships to universities for adults. It is acceptable to pay students a living wage if their families are poor and pay a reasonable allowance to the children who must go to school 5 days a week.
8. Improve tourism by renovating the Babylonian ruins as international anthropologic research in co-operative ventures between Iraqi and international anthropologists.
9. Resolve United States disarmament issues by co-operating with the Iraqi military for unil-lateral arms reduction with the understanding that the United States is the greatest arms control suspect and in greatest need of United Nations investigation. A temporary international base in Iraq is definitely in order as it would relieve the subversive military border and should be conducted in the same fashion as Afghanistan with Iraqi ownership, international rent and co-operative humanitarian relief projects staffed by peaceful individuals that do not carry more than handguns unless they encounter hostile fire.
Rules: These international laws are introduced to the Iraqi National Council for translation and codification as Iraqi law under Article 43 (d) and Article 51 of the Iraqi Interim Constitution and are organized so as to (1) reform the Iraqi Justice System, (2) reform the Iraqi military (3) Amend Article 34 (a) of the Iraqi Interim Constitution granting political asylum to people rather than militants (4) grant the Iraqi National Congress 30 seats of the house to integrate the Draft of a New Permanent Constitution.
1. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[108] Law Enforcement Code of Conduct[109], Declaration of Protection of All People from Enforced Disappearances[110], Convention against Torture and Other Cruel or Degrading Punishment or Treatment[111] and Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners[112].
2. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts [113], 1925 Geneva Protocol[114], The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT[115], APM Convention (Mine-Ban Convention)[116], Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction[117], Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction CWC [118], Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ENMOD[119] and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe CFE [120] to demonstrate the arms reduction treaty used in Europe as a model for Middle Eastern military affairs and co-operative arrangements.
3. Amend Article 34 (a) of the Iraqi Interim Constitution to grant political asylum to “people” rather than “militants” as murder is not a noble and worthwhile cause. Foreign assistance to the families of Palestinian suicide bomber and others should cease under this act as it undermines the peace process with Israel and other states. Financial assistance for medical care, education and relief for the poor among the Palestinian people, Kurdish, Marsh Arab and Iraqi refugees is encouraged of the Iraqi government.
4. The Iraqi National Congress[121] should be supported to fund (a) an opposition party occupying the 30 seats of the Iraqi National Council (INC) that is offered to but refused by the Kurdish people in the north with whom these Arabs live (b) INC to integrate the Draft Permanent Constitution for a New Iraqi[122] with the Interim Constitution of 1990[123] upon the acceptance of the majority of the Iraqi National Council and Revolutionary Command Council so that there would be a Permanent Constitution for Iraq recognized by the ICL Country Constitution Index by 2004[124] and (c) INC embassy to Great Britain.
Arguments: There are two issues being argued (1) disarmament (2) reforming the Iraqi government
(1) The issue of disarmament has been the focus of US and Iraqi foreign policy. The United States has beat around the Bush with wild accusations against the nation of Iraq in regards to weapons of mass destruction that they have publicly forfeited. Iraq has received the best of judgment the UN Security Council had to provide with the mission of UNSCOM and Iraq has publicly surrendered to the United Nations with the admittance and funding of UNMOVIC that is headed by the former IAEA director Hans Blix. There have been no untoward tragedies involved in the investigation and it is highly recommended that UNMOVIC be granted an extension of time to conduct a thorough investigation of the Iraqi military and compare it with the militaries of the United States and other Middle Eastern nations so as to draft an International Conventional Arms Treaty (ICAT) and/or a Middle Eastern Conventional Arms Treaty (MECAT) similar to the 1992 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe CFE [125]
2. Thanks to Iraq’s long history of compliance with the Security Council it should be possible to substantially liberate the Iraqi people very swiftly by granting opposition candidates from the Iraqi National Congress 30 seats in the Iraqi National Council. This would be an adequate number of seats for the Kurdish and Shia’ people to gain audience with the President who is accessible to the international press. There is no need for any type of coup and the impeachment or detention of Saddam Hussein must be prohibited as it is not just to depose such a leader by any force other than the peaceful integration of law. Opposition candidates should be encouraged and the polling booths internationally monitored.
Saddam Hussein has led his country for over 20 years and is entitled to an adequate number of palaces to house himself, his families and their friends when he retires respected as the leader who led his people to keep the peace for 12 years with the counsel of the United Nations Security Council. Opposition candidates and parties are highly encouraged to be funded by the Iraqi government. Due to the fact Saddam Hussein ran unopposed in 2002 it is necessary to place constitutional safeguards on term limits.
Saddam Hussein is ending his reign, he cannot do so now because of the hostile presence of foreign troops in the region that must not support military opposition with arms. All investment should be directed to political parties and the legislatures to ensure that any invasion that occurs is peaceful and is merely a bid for the Iraqi Legal Estate that would greatly benefit from the international scholarship as we restrain the reign of Saddam Hussein by Drafting a Permanent Constitution with an Amendment to the Presidency,
A President elected by the people in the Republic of Iraq may serve no more than 2 terms of 5 years beginning with 2005 Gregorian.
Iraqi Election days
oath of office
Saddam Hussein should invest in the election as he will not be permitted to run in the election due to the internationally and constitutionally approved decree that,
“An Iraqi president shall not serve more than 2 terms of 5 years.”
Investment by the Revolutionary Command Council and National Council should be directed to the election of National Ministers and the funding and entertainment of opposition parties that might lead the current administration from a tribal system to a party system that admits all people to represent Iraq.
Co-operation and peace talks with Saddam Hussein, who is a fully certified lawyer, are therefore highly encouraged. The swiftest reform of all should be for the Revolutionary Command Council to approve of this peace treaty and appoint (a) the Iraqi National Council embassy to Great Britain, (b) the Iraqi Foundation embassy to the United States of America (c) Iraqi National Council 30 seats to the 250 Iraqi National Council and funding for non-tribal opposition parties with guaranteed seats to run against the Ba’ath party in National Elections. For lasting relief it is encouraged that candidates compete democratically for such ministerial seats as the Attorney General, Hospitals & Asylums Secretary, Secretary of Military, Justice and President[126]. The Iraqi Kurdish National Assembly has a 115 member Parliament, the current president is Massud Barzani[127]. It is recommended that the Iraqi Constitution establish a 5 year term with a two term limit for the President. Saddam Hussein could conclude his final incumbent term in 2005.
Conclusion: Whereas, Iraq has the assistance of UNMOVIC, the Iraqi National Congress and the Iraqi Foundation it should be possible to settle the truce peacefully with a lasting trust with the English language. It is recommended that the United States match funds with Iraq to liberate the oppressed in a short audience with Saddam Hussein.
Kurdistan $500 million Kurdish legislature, social security and constitution
Southern Marsh $400 million environmental engineer and Marsh Arab settlement
Kuwait $100 million reparation
Babylonian Ruins $250 million Babylonian anthropology trust
Liberation $250 million 25% prisoner liberation, 75% scholarship
Iraqi National Congress $300 million embassy to Britain and 30 seats of Iraqi House
Iraqi Foundation $100 million embassy to the United States
UNMOVIC $100 million Conventional Arms Treaty $10 million missile fine
In TVA v. Hill, 437 US153(1978) the US Supreme Court upheld the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the US Army Corp of Engineers dismantled a $100+ million partially constructed damn as the result of complaints of threatened environmental damage that threatened the endangered snail darter and the forest remains protected. Whereas the Iraqi Foundation and Secretary of State Colon Powell have contracted to demolish the damn blocking the flow of water to the Southern Marshes. Saddam Hussein, UNMOVIC and the press should investigate and attend the ceremony. It is recommended that a base of international environmental engineers be appointed in the Southern Marsh. The engineers, anthropologists and politicians may not be more heavily armed than a handgun and must declare explosive plans to the press. Programs must be funded with matching Iraqi and United States funds to rehabilitate the Marsh and serve as an embassy for Marsh Arabs[128], anthropologists[129], ambassadors[130], tourists, and returning Iraqis.
The US Senate[131] is called upon to ratify this Peace Treaty. The US Supreme Court is called upon to pass Judgment on the Armed Forces Retirement Home Trust Fund[132], Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfield’s is called upon to pay $10 billion to the World Bank and the Iraqi President $1 billion in accordance with the Armed Forces Retirement Home on pgs. 14-15 of this document for complete peace with the Koran[133].
Referendum called for on the Vernal Equinox, March 20, 2003
Bibliography
[134] The Koran.
2 Title 24 United States Code, Hospitals & Asylums. Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home.
Judged a worthy trust fund to pay and publish peace treaties. 1-800-332-3527 , USSAH11@
3 The state of Ohio has written 40 sections on the quo warranto judicial remedy that focuses upon the impeachment of both corporate executives with state contracts RC2733.01 and the dissolution of entire corporations RC 2733.02 upon conviction of a crime. In Hospitals & Asylums v. Oesterlen Services for Youth Ohio 2nd Judicial District Court of Appeals (Clark) CA-02-0003 it was found that the impeachment was an obstruction to justice preventing the Court from bringing a more habeas corpus, “you have the body” future for the 52 juvenile hostages of Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331 (1)b,iii . Therefore a peaceful settlement strategy was drafted whereby the institution, with the supervision of the County Clerk and trustees would pay for (1) weekly census, (2) monthly attorney, (3) daily allowance of $10 a day for the children to spend in Springfield as they please as derived from the victim’s compensation package of 21USC(13)D §842Bc,3 (4) the right of the children to a corporate vote on civil rights issues under §5122.301 (5) the right to contract to live with relatives under 24HAUSC(9)326 and (5) State Child Support Social Security payments to psychiatric facility under 42USC(7)IV-D§666 cease (6) forfeits psychiatric facility under 24HAUSC(4)III§225. Ohio Revised Code.
4Statute of the International Court of Justice.
5 International Court of Justice. Rules of the Court. (1978 as revised in 5 December 2000
6 Article I §2(2). US Constitution. Peace Treaties.
7 Article 67. Afghani Constitution of 1990.
8 International Court of Justice. Interpretations of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. July 1950.
9 International Court of Justice. Legality of the Use of Force United States v. Yugoslavia. Judge Shi.
10 ibid
11 The World Court. Conditions for Membership to the United Nations 28 May 1948
12 Charter of the United Nations.
13 Security Council Resolution 1284.
14 UNMOVIC. United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission
15 Although the Treaty on Open Skies was ratified in 1992 it is not yet in force.
16 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
17 Dr. Hans Blix. Notes of the Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC of the Security Council Briefing on 25 November, 2002
18 Reuters. Hafid, Hassam; Leopold, Evelyn. Iraq Inspectors want a year to finish work. January 13, 2003
19 UN News. Jan.1 2003
20 Oriental Institute. Map of Iraq Archeologic Sites.
21 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
22 World Court 8 July 1996. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict.
23 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
24 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law
25 Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331(4) “acts of war” are the supreme acts of terrorism that encompasses all crime.
26 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
27 United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs.
28 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases,
29 The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies[135]
30 The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water
31NuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty.NPT 1970
32 International Atomic Energy Association.
33 Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)
34The South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of Rarotonga was signed in 1985 and entered into force in 1986
35 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean Treaty of Tlatelolco
36 African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Pelindaba Treaty, signed 1996 not yet entered into force
371999.APM,Mine,BanTreaty
38 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction was opened in 1972 and entered into force in 1975
39 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Opened 1993, entered into force 1997
40 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
41 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Treaty 1978
42 Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacture of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials was opened in 1997 and entered into force in 1998
43 Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions adopted in 1999
44 Treaty on Open Skies was opened for signatures in 1992 and is not yet in force
45 The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 1972
46 The Lonely Planet. USA.
47 War Against Terror.
48 Telemarketing Fraud 18USC(113A)§2325.
49 Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331.
50 Torture 18USC(113C)§2340.
51 Article I §7(11). US Constitution. War Powers.
52 Thomas. Authorization for Use of Military Force. PL-107-40. :
53 Executive Order 13224 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transaction with Persons who Commit, Threaten,to,Commit,or,Support,Terrorism,23/7/02
54 Military Order of November 13, 2001. Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism.
55 Sanders, Anthony. Bush, Iraq. Hospitals & Asylums Peaceful Protest Year (HAPPY). HA- 7 Oct. 2002 Cincinnati, Ohio USA.
56 Raum, Tom. The Kentucky Enquirer. Congress Approves Resolution on Iraq. The Associated Press. October 11, 2002
57 Thomas. HJ114.
58 Intl. HeraldTribune. Bush Steps up Push for War Resolution.
59 The Military Balance 2000/2001, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, October 2000
60 US Congress Budget Justification for Foreign Operations”. Fiscal Year 2003.
61 "DoD News Briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and General Pace," U.S. DoD Defense News Transcript, November 6, 2001; "General Myers Interview with Meet the Press, NBC TV," U.S. DoD News Transcript, November 4, 2001. Briefing-Secretary Rumsfield and General Myers. October 29, 2002.
62 Human Rights Watch. “Changes in the Legal Regime”. Dangerous Dealings:Changes to US Military Assistance After 11 September 2001.
63 India, US Outline Ambitious Defense Partnership. Associated Press Newswires, 4 December, 2001.
64 Mailing Addresses of the Department of Defense.
65Deployment,Health,Support.
66 Library of Texas Afghanistan.
67 The Lonely Planet. “Afghanistan”.
68 Afghan Constitution of 1923.
69 Afghan Constitution of 1963.
70 Afghan Constitution of 1976.
71 Constitution of Afghanistan 1987.
72 CIA World Factbook. Afghanistan.
73 Salt of the Earth. Afghanistan Timeline. 74recent reports suggest that Osama bin Ladin is alive and well The Observer. “Dead Man Walking”Sunday, August 5, 2001. 75August 7, 1998, was the day Mohammed al'Owhali had chosen to die. His mission, to destroy the American embassy in Nairobi. By 11am, 213 people were killed and 4,600 were injured in a massive blast... but not al'Owhali. As the Saudi bomber begins his life sentence in a US jail, due to a jury decision in court 318 of the New York Southern District courthouse on 5 February 2001, sparing his life although he was convicted on all counts. The bombings were attributed to the AlQueda.
76 McCarthy, Rory. “This Woman Lost Everything in a US Air Raid”. The Guardian. Monday, October 7, 2002
77 Dawn Raids Stoke Fires of Resentment. The Observer. October 8, 2002
78“GuatanamoBayNavalBase.TheGuardianUnlimited.
79Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Article 24 National Opium Agency.
80WorldBank.“TheWorldBankinAfghanistan”.
81WorldBank.“TheWorldBankinAfghanistan”.
82 McCarthy, Rory. “This Woman Lost Everything in a US Air Raid. The Guardian Unlimited. Kabul October 7, 2002.
83 CNN. Refugees from Afghanistan.
84 Synovitz, Ron. “Declaration Signal Rethink of Original Mission”. Prague. March 25, 2002
85 Afghan Constitution. 1990 it is possible that the Loya Jirga should find a more auspicious section for the foundation of their government than Article 66, such as Article 1 in accordance with the decision of the Constitution Council.
86Constitutions of Afghanistan.
87 Lonely Planet. Map of Iraq.
88 Info Please. Iraq Data.
89 Constitution of the Kingdom of Iraq. 1925.
90 Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
91 Operation Desert Storm.
92 UNMOVIC
93 The White House A Decade of Defiance
94UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Report on the Human Cost of Iraqi Policies.
95 Iraq Declared Nuclear Sites
96IraqDeclaredBallisticMissileFacilities
97IraqListedBiologicalWeaponsFacilities
98IraqDeclaredChemicalWeaponsFacilitiesDuringOperationDesertStorm 99 Iraqi Foundation. Southern Marsh
100 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
101 Iraqi National Congress. .uk
102 Draft Constitution for a New Iraq.
103 Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
104 UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Report on the Human Cost of Iraqi Policies.
105 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
106LawEnforcementCodeofConduct.1979.34/169
107 Declaration of Protection of All People from Enforced Disappearances. 1992. 47/133.
108 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. 1975. 3452 (XXX)
109 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. 1977. 2076 (LXII)
110 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
111 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, andofBacteriologicalMethodsofWarfare.
112NuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty. 1970
113APMConvention(Mine-BanConvention).1999
114 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction was opened in 1972 and entered into force in 1975
115 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Opened 1993, entered into force 1997
116 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques opened in 1977 and entered into force on 1978
117 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
118 Iraqi National Congress. .uk
119 Draft Constitution for a New Iraq.
120 Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
121 ICL Country Index. , axel.tschentscher@oefre.unibe.ch
122 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
123 Elections Around the World. Iraq.
124 Iraqi Kurdish National Assembly. office.pkna@kurdistan-
125 Iraqi Foundation. Southern Marsh
126OrientalInstitute.MapofIraqArcheologicSites.
127 Article 1§2(2) of the US Constitution grants to the President and 2/3 of the appearing Senate the right to appoint ambassadors and approve of peace treaties. 228 Russell Senate Office Building. Washington DC 20510
128 US Senate.
129 The Armed Forces Retirement Home. 1-800-332-3527, or the USSAH at 1-800-422-9988, or email USSAH11@.
130 The Koran. Rangers.
Anthony J. Sanders, the author, accepts all donations sent to Hospitals & Asylums. 2601 Melrose Ave. B-100, Cincinnati, Ohio 45206, USA sanderstony2000@. Money will go towards the rehabilitation of Title 24 US Code Hospitals & Asylums and the liberation of its people.
-----------------------
[1] The Koran.
[2] Title 24 United States Code, Hospitals & Asylums. Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home.
Judged a worthwhile trust fund to pay and publish peace treaties. 1-800-332-3527 , USSAH11@
[3] The state of Ohio has written 40 sections on the quo warranto judicial remedy that permits relators to impeachm both corporate executives with state contracts RC2733.01 and dissolve of entire corporations RC 2733.02 upon conviction of a crime that should be tempered with a corporate vote. In Hospitals & Asylums v. Oesterlen Services for Youth Ohio 2nd Judicial District Court of Appeals (Clark) CA-02-0003 it was found that impeachment was an obstruction to justice preventing the Court from bringing a more habeas corpus, “you have the body” future for the 52 juvenile hostages of Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331 (1)b,iii . Therefore a peaceful settlement strategy was drafted whereby the institution, with the supervision of the County Clerk and trustees would pay for (1) weekly census, (2) monthly attorney, (3) daily allowance of $10 a day for the children to spend in Springfield as they please as derived from the victim’s compensation package of 21USC(13)D §842Bc,3 (4) the right of the children to a corporate vote on civil rights issues under §5122.301 (5) the right to contract to live with relatives under 24HAUSC(9)326 and (5) State Child Support Social Security payments to the psychiatric facility under 42USC(7)IV-D§666 cease (6) forfeits psychiatric facility under 24HAUSC(4)III§225. Ohio Revised Code.
[4] Statute of the International Court of Justice.
[5] International Court of Justice. Rules of the Court. (1978 as revised in 5 December 2000
[6] Article I §2(2). US Constitution. Peace Treaties.
[7] Article 37. Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
[8] Article 141. Afghani Constitution of 1990.
[9] International Court of Justice. Interpretations of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. July 1950.
[10] International Court of Justice. Legality of the Use of Force United States v. Yugoslavia. Judge Shi.
[11] ibid
[12] The World Court. Conditions for Membership to the United Nations 28 May 1948
[13] Charter of the United Nations.
[14] Security Council Resolution 1284.
[15] UNMOVIC. United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission
[16] Although the Treaty on Open Skies was ratified in 1992 it is not yet in force.
[17] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
[18] Dr. Hans Blix. Notes of the Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC of the Security Council Briefing on 25 November, 2002
[19] Reuters. Hafid, Hassam; Leopold, Evelyn. Iraq Inspectors want a year to finish work. January 13, 2003
[20] UN New. Jan.1 2003
[21] Oriental Institute. Map of Iraq Archeologic Sites.
[22] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
[23] World Court 8 July 1996. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict.
[24] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
[25] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law
[26] Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331(4) “acts of war” are the supreme acts of terrorism.
[27] Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
[28] United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs.
[29] 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
[30] The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies[31] was opened in 1979 and entered into force in 1984
[32] The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water Partial Test Ban was opened and entered into force in 1963
[33] Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 1970
[34] International Atomic Energy Association.
[35] Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)
[36] The South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of Rarotonga was signed in 1985 and entered into force in 1986
[37] Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean Treaty of Tlatelolco was signed in 1967
[38] African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Pelindaba Treaty, signed 1996 not yet entered into force
[39] The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof Sea-Bed Treaty was opened in 1971 and entered into force in 1972
[40] APM Convention (Mine-Ban Convention). 1999
[41] Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction was opened in 1972 and entered into force in 1975
[42] Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Opened 1993, entered into force 1997
[43] Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
[44] Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques opened in 1977 and entered into force on 1978
[45] Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacture of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials was opened in 1997 and entered into force in 1998
[46] Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions adopted in 1999 and not yet in force
[47] Treaty on Open Skies was opened for signatures in 1992 and is not yet in force
[48] Treaty on Open Skies was opened for signatures in 1992 and is not yet in force
[49] The Lonely Planet. USA.
[50] War Against Terror.
[51] Telemarketing Fraud 18USC(113A)§2325.
[52] Terrorism 18USC(113B)§2331.
[53] Torture 18USC(113C)§2340.
[54] Article I §7(11). US Constitution. War Powers.
[55] Thomas. Authorization for Use of Military Force. PL-107-40. :
[56] Executive Order 13224 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transaction with Persons who Commit, Threaten to Commit or Support Terrorism 23/7/02
[57] Military Order of November 13, 2001. Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism.
[58] Sanders, Anthony. Bush, Iraq. Hospitals & Asylums Peaceful Protest Year (HAPPY). HA- 7 Oct. 2002 Cincinnati, Ohio USA.
[59] Raum, Tom. The Kentucky Enquirer. Congress Approves Resolution on Iraq. The Associated Press. October 11, 2002
[60] Thomas. HJ114.
[61] Intl. HeraldTribune. Bush Steps up Push for War Resolution.
[62]
[63] The Military Balance 2000/2001, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, October 2000
[64] US Congress Budget Justification for Foreign Operations”. Fiscal Year 2003.
[65] "DoD News Briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and General Pace," U.S. DoD Defense News Transcript, November 6, 2001; "General Myers Interview with Meet the Press, NBC TV," U.S. DoD News Transcript, November 4, 2001. Briefing-Secretary Rumsfield and General Myers. October 29, 2002.
[66] Human Rights Watch. “Changes in the Legal Regime”. Dangerous Dealings:Changes to US Military Assistance After 11 September 2001.
[67] India, US Outline Ambitious Defense Partnership. Associated Press Newswires, 4 December, 2001.
[68] Mailing Addresses of the Department of Defense.
[69] Deployment Health Support.
[70] Library of Texas Afghanistan.
[71] The Lonely Planet. “Afghanistan”.
[72] Afghan Constitution of 1923.
[73] Afghan Constitution of 1963.
[74] Afghan Constitution of 1976.
[75] Constitution of Afghanistan 1987.
[76] CIA World Factbook. Afghanistan.
[77] Salt of the Earth. Afghanistan Timeline.
[78]recent reports suggest that Osama bin Ladin is alive and well The Observer. “Dead Man Walking”Sunday, August 5, 2001.
[79]August 7, 1998, was the day Mohammed al'Owhali had chosen to die. His mission, to destroy the American embassy in Nairobi. By 11am, 213 people were killed and 4,600 were injured in a massive blast... but not al'Owhali. As the Saudi bomber begins his life sentence in a US jail, due to a jury decision in court 318 of the New York Southern District courthouse on 5 February 2001, sparing his life although he was convicted on all counts. The bombings were attributed to the AlQueda.
[80] McCarthy, Rory. “This Woman Lost Everything in a US Air Raid”. The Guardian. Monday, October 7, 2002
[81] Dawn Raids Stoke Fires of Resentment. The Observer. October 8, 2002
[82] “Guatanamo Bay Naval Base. The Guardian Unlimited.
[83] Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Article 24 National Opium Agency.
[84] World Bank. “The World Bank in Afghanistan”.
[85] World Bank. “The World Bank in Afghanistan”.
[86] McCarthy, Rory. “This Woman Lost Everything in a US Air Raid. The Guardian Unlimited. Kabul October 7, 2002.
[87] CNN. Refugees from Afghanistan.
[88] Synovitz, Ron. “Declaration Signal Rethink of Original Mission”. Prague. March 25, 2002
[89] Afghan Constitution. 1990 it is possible that the Loya Jirga should find a more auspicious section for the foundation of their government than Article 66, such as Article 1 in accordance with the decision of the Constitution Council.
[90]Constitutions of Afghanistan.
[91] Lonely Planet. Map of Iraq.
[92] Info Please. Iraq Data.
[93] Constitution of the Kingdom of Iraq. 1925.
[94] Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
[95] Operation Desert Storm.
[96] UNMOVIC
[97] The White House A Decade of Defiance
[98] UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Report on the Human Cost of Iraqi Policies.
[99] Iraq Declared Nuclear Sites
[100] Iraq Declared Ballistic Missile Facilities
[101] Iraq Listed Biological Weapons Facilities
[102] Iraq Declared Chemical Weapons Facilities During Operation Desert Storm
[103] Iraqi Foundation. Southern Marsh
[104] Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques opened in 1977 and entered into force on 1978
[105] Iraqi National Congress. .uk
[106] Draft Constitution for a New Iraq.
[107] Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
[108] UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Report on the Human Cost of Iraqi Policies.
[109] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
[110] Law Enforcement Code of Conduct. 1979. 34/169
[111] Declaration of Protection of All People from Enforced Disappearances. 1992. 47/133.
[112] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. 1975. 3452 (XXX)
[113]Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. 1977. 2076 (LXII)
[114] Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
[115] 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
[116] Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 1970
[117] APM Convention (Mine-Ban Convention). 1999
[118] Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction was opened in 1972 and entered into force in 1975
[119] Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Opened 1993, entered into force 1997
[120] Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques opened in 1977 and entered into force on 1978
[121] Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
[122] Iraqi National Congress. .uk
[123] Draft Constitution for a New Iraq.
[124] Iraqi Interim Constitution.1990
[125] ICL Country Index. , axel.tschentscher@oefre.unibe.ch
[126] Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe opened for signature in 1990 and entered into force in 1992.
[127] Elections Around the World. Iraq.
[128] Iraqi Kurdish National Assembly. office.pkna@kurdistan-
[129] Iraqi Foundation. Southern Marsh
[130] Oriental Institute. Map of Iraq Archeologic Sites.
[131] Article 1§2(2) of the US Constitution grants to the President and 2/3 of the appearing Senate the right to appoint ambassadors and approve of peace treaties. 228 Russell Senate Office Building. Washington DC 20510
[132] US Senate.
[133] The Armed Forces Retirement Home. 1-800-332-3527, or the USSAH at 1-800-422-9988, or email USSAH11@.
[134] The Koran.
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