The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages



The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

NAME:______________________________________

THE CHURCH’S POWER AND DISCIPLINE: Thanks to the Franks and leaders like Pepin and _____________________ the Catholic Church owned about ____% of all land in _____________ Europe during the Middle Ages. The church kept its power by spreading the belief that it was the only path to __________________, reaching ____________. For salvation a person needed to receive the ________________, which could only be given to a person from a Catholic __________. If the sacraments where not received the average person was taught and believed they would go to _________. To keep its power over the people and the kings of Europe, the church had special powers:

1. ____________ Law: the church’s own legal system. The church’s court was called the ____________.The church had control over all wills, _______________, widows and orphans, decisions on what was moral, and __________________ crimes like ____________ (teachings different from those of the church).

2. Inquisition: was a special church court to deal with heresy, this was created as others began to teach beliefs different from the Catholic Church. Those accused had to confess or were ____________. In some cases a person was even sentenced to death by being __________ at the stake.

3. _______________________: the church could punish an individual by not allowing him to “communicate” with the church making sure they could not receive _______________ needed to go to heaven.

4. Interdict: this was used to punish a particular area by not allowing religious services like _______ to occur and limited which sacraments could be administered. The interdict and _______________________ were ways for the __________ to punish ________ and his followers in the Middle Ages.

ATTEMPTS AT REFORMING THE CHURCH: In part because of the feudal system the church became very wealthy thanks to _________ paid to the church. Nobles also not wanting to divide their ________ (lands) and have fighting for land amongst their sons looked to buy them positions in the church. The buying of church offices was called _________________. Over time many of the sons of nobles who became members of the clergy began to break many of the rules of the church including __________________ and used the wealth of the church for their own _____________. Because of these abuses of power, movements were created to reform (_____________) the church from within.

The Cluniac Movement: Named after a monastery in Cluny, ________ the movement tried to change monasteries which had broken the ________________ Rule. The movement wanted to end the power of kings to pick or _______ the position of bishop. It also wanted to ensure that the _________ was the absolute authority on all religious issues. The movement’s greatest leader was a man named ____________________ who created the College of _____________ who would elect the pope. In 1073, Hildebrand was elected Pope _______________ VII.

Reforms of Pope Gregory VII: Gregory ___________ all bishops who had paid for their positions ending the practice of ______________, forbid members of the clergy from getting ________________, and made bishops only answerable to him not the ________ in the land they lived. This caused a problem between the pope and the _________ ______________ Emperor Henry IV. Gregory forced Henry to submit to his ___________, but later was kicked out of Rome by Henry and replaced as __________. (GUELFS and GHIBELLINES)

Friars: Unlike the Benedictine ___________ who lived in monasteries teaching and helping the poor, friars were created to ______________ around and spread their teachings and help the poor. This was an attempt to reform the monasteries. Often known as mendicants or _____________ orders, they relied on the charity of others to survive. The two most popular were the _________________ Order founded by St. Francis of Assisi and the _____________ Order founded by St. Dominic.

THE CHURCH’S IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND LEARNING: Because religion was so important to the people of the Middle Ages many cities and towns built large ______________, churches run by a bishop. Two types of cathedrals developed:

1. ___________________: the earlier design which copied the ___________ and Roman temples with rounded __________ and giant domes.

2. _______________: with stained __________ windows, high arches supported by flying ___________________, and with ___________ to scare off evil spirits.

These cathedrals were the homes of the first _____________ in Europe after the Dark Ages. All classes were taught in _____________. Over time as more students wanted to learn and the cathedral schools did not have enough space, kings and the church gave _____________ (contracts) to teacher and student unions who created _________________________. Degrees were offered in the theology, ________, and medicine at the bachelor’s, master’s, and ___________ levels.

THE CRUSADES: (SEE HANDOUTS)

THE CHURCH’S DECLINE OF POWER: Over time as powerful kings formed nations they challenged the power of the ___________. Nothing weakened the power of the church greater than two events in the ______ Century:

1. THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY or ___________________ PAPACY (1309-1376): King Philip IV of _______ tried to _______ the land owned by the church and got into a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. Philip tried to have the pope _____________ in 1303, which failed, but the attempt was so stressful that Boniface died a few weeks later. A few years later a French pope was elected who moved to Avignon, France, which was considered ________ land, but was under the control of the French king.

2. THE GREAT SCHISM (1377-1417): When the pope died visiting Rome and not in Avignon, the ______________ cardinals quickly elected an Italian pope. The ________ cardinals protested that the election was invalid and elected their own pope, a _________ one. Kings of Europe and their people divided their loyalties as to which pope to _______________.

The Early Protestants: People who began to ___________ what was going on in the church were called Protestants. In France the pope supported ______________________ against protesters about the Avignon Papacy. In England a theologian, John ________________, taught that the __________________ not the pope was the authority on what should be done to reach heaven and the church should own no _______ or have any wealth. In the Holy Roman Empire, particularly in the Czech Republic today, John (Jan) __________ led reformers. Hus was excommunicated and later ____________ at the stake for his teachings. The ________________ Church was started from his teachings.

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