The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages



The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

NAME:______________________________________

THE CHURCH’S POWER AND DISCIPLINE: Thanks to the Franks and leaders like Pepin and ___Charlemagne________ the Catholic Church owned about __30__% of all land in _Western__ Europe during the Middle Ages. The church kept its power by spreading the belief that it was the only path to __salvation_____, reaching __heaven___. For salvation a person needed to receive the __sacraments___, which could only be given to a person from a Catholic __priest___. If the sacraments where not received the average person was taught and believed they would go to _hell__. To keep its power over the people and the kings of Europe, the church had special powers:

1. _Canon__ Law: the church’s own legal system. The church’s court was called the __curia___.The church had control over all wills, ____marriages_____, widows and orphans, decisions on what was moral, and ___religious___ crimes like ____heresy____ (teachings different from those of the church).

2. Inquisition: was a special church court to deal with heresy, this was created as others began to teach beliefs different from the Catholic Church. Those accused had to confess or were __tortured__________. In some cases a person was even sentenced to death by being __burned________ at the stake.

3. ____Excommunication_____: the church could punish an individual by not allowing him to “communicate” with the church making sure they could not receive __sacraments__ needed to go to heaven.

4. Interdict: this was used to punish a particular area by not allowing religious services like __mass___ to occur and limited which sacraments could be administered. The interdict and __excommunication_______ were ways for the __pope________ to punish __kings______ and his followers in the Middle Ages.

inquisition

Write sentences exc excommunication

To describe the interdict and pope

Topic:

ATTEMPTS AT REFORMING THE CHURCH: In part because of the feudal system the church became very wealthy thanks to __tithes_______ paid to the church. Nobles also not wanting to divide their __fiefs______ (lands) and have fighting for land amongst their sons looked to buy them positions in the church. The buying of church offices was called __simony_____. Over time many of the sons of nobles who became members of the clergy began to break many of the rules of the church including __marriage_____ and used the wealth of the church for their own _purposes__. Because of these abuses of power, movements were created to reform (__change______) the church from within.

The Cluniac Movement: Named after a monastery in Cluny, __France___ the movement tried to change monasteries which had broken the _Benedictine__ Rule. The movement wanted to end the power of kings to pick or _sell__ the position of bishop. It also wanted to ensure that the __pope___ was the absolute authority on all religious issues. The movement’s greatest leader was a man named ___Hildebrand_________ who created the College of __Cardinals____ who would elect the pope. In 1073, Hildebrand was elected Pope __Gregory_______ VII.

Reforms of Pope Gregory VII: Gregory _replaced_____ all bishops who had paid for their positions ending the practice of __simony________, forbid members of the clergy from getting _married____, and made bishops only answerable to him not the __kings____ in the land they lived. This caused a problem between the pope and the _Holy_ __Roman_ Emperor Henry IV. Gregory forced Henry to submit to his _power______, but later was kicked out of Rome by Henry and replaced as __pope___. (GUELFS and GHIBELLINES)

Friars: Unlike the Benedictine __monks_____ who lived in monasteries teaching and helping the poor, friars were created to __travel_____ around and spread their teachings and help the poor. This was an attempt to reform the monasteries. Often known as mendicants or __begging_____ orders, they relied on the charity of others to survive. The two most popular were the ___Franciscan_________ Order founded by St. Francis of Assisi and the _Dominican_____ Order founded by St. Dominic.

THE CHURCH’S IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND LEARNING: Because religion was so important to the people of the Middle Ages many cities and towns built large ___cathedrals______, churches run by a bishop. Two types of cathedrals developed:

1. ___Romanesque________: the earlier design which copied the __Greek______ and Roman temples with rounded _arches______ and giant domes.

2. __Gothic_____________: with stained _glass_________ windows, high arches supported by flying __buttresses_______, and with __gargoyles_________ to scare off evil spirits.

These cathedrals were the homes of the first _schools___ in Europe after the Dark Ages. All classes were taught in ___Latin__________. Over time as more students wanted to learn and the cathedral schools did not have enough space, kings and the church gave __charters_____ (contracts) to teacher and student unions who created __universities______. Degrees were offered in the theology, __law______, and medicine at the bachelor’s, master’s, and _doctor’s______ levels.

universities

cathedrals

law

THE CRUSADES: (SEE HANDOUTS) LOOK OVER THE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS!!!!!!!

Which crusade had 3 kings? What were the crusaders promised if they went on a crusade? What did crusaders learn from the crusades?

THE CHURCH’S DECLINE OF POWER: Over time as powerful kings formed nations they challenged the power of the __pope_____. Nothing weakened the power of the church greater than two events in the _14___ Century:

1. THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY or __Avignon___ PAPACY (1309-1376): King Philip IV of _France__ tried to __tax_____ the land owned by the church and got into a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. Philip tried to have the pope _kidnapped___ in 1303, which failed, but the attempt was so stressful that Boniface died a few weeks later. A few years later a French pope was elected who moved to Avignon, France, which was considered _papal___ land, but was under the control of the French king.

2. THE GREAT SCHISM (1377-1417): When the pope died visiting Rome and not in Avignon, the _Italian__ cardinals quickly elected an Italian pope. The _French____ cardinals protested that the election was invalid and elected their own pope, a _French____ one. Kings of Europe and their people divided their loyalties as to which pope to _support______.

The Early Protestants: People who began to _protest_____ what was going on in the church were called Protestants. In France the pope supported ___crusades______ against protesters about the Avignon Papacy. In England a theologian, John __Wycliffe_____________, taught that the ___Bible_________ not the pope was the authority on what should be done to reach heaven and the church should own no __land_____ or have any wealth. In the Holy Roman Empire, particularly in the Czech Republic today, John (Jan) _Huss_______ led reformers. Hus was excommunicated and later _burned_____ at the stake for his teachings. The __Moravian_______ Church was started from his teachings.

Use: Huss, Wycliffe, Protestants, and

Bible for one sentence.

And Avignon

Papacy and Great Schism for

another.

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