CHAPTER 13 - REFORMATION & RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE …
CHAPTER 13 - REFORMATION & RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Section 1 - Prelude to Reformation
*Christian or northern Renaissance humanism – an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissence with an interest in the early sources of Christianity
Desiderius Erasmus – influential Christian humanist who created and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism
The Praise of Folly (1509) – a satire of the most corrupt aspects of his society; harsh on abuses in the Church
Thomas More – a Northern humanist, devout Catholic, and government official; wrote Utopia; died for staying loyal to his religion
Utopia (1516) – portrayed a fictional, perfect community free from greed and power
*pluralism –the practice of holding several church offices at the same time; a problem of the late medieval church
Absenteeism - Holders not residing in the benefice or performing the duties attached to the benefice though still collecting the income from the benefice
Modern Devotion – downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus
Thomas a Kempis – author of the Imitation of Christ
• Johannes Geiler of Kaiserberg - a Swiss-born preacher, considered one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century.
The Oratory of Divine Love – an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing spiritual development and outward acts of charity
Section 2 - Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany
Martin Luther – a German clergyman who kick started the Protestant Reformation
*justification by grace/faith – primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; humans are saved by the grace and sacrifice of God and Jesus, respectively, not by good works
Johann Tetzel – a clergyman who promoted the sale of indulgences
Ninety-Five Theses – condemned the abuses in the sale of indulgences
Leipzig Debate (1519) – Luther’s beliefs were questioned by the Church
Johann Eck – the educated Catholic debater who forced Luther to deny the authority of popes and councils
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – asked the German princes to overthrow the Papacy and establish a reformed German church
Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had held the real meaning of the Gospel captive for a millenia
On the Freedom of a Christian Man – said faith alone, not good deeds, bring salvation
Reichstag – the imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V – ruled from 1519 to 1556; led the Diet of Worms against Luther
Diet/Edict of Worms (1521) – made Luther an outlaw; ordered for all his books to be banned
Elector of Saxony – Luther hid here after Worms; began to organize a reformed church here
Philip Melanchthon – a Christian humanist who was immediately attracted to Luther’s ideas and became a prominent supporter
Thomas Muntzer – Luther’s ex-follower; incited peasants against German princes and nobles
Against the Robbing & Murdering Hordes of Peasants – asked the German princes to stop the revolting peasantry
*transubstantiation – doctrine of the Roman Catholic church; substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus
“priesthood of all believers” – dismissed priesthood because all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests
Katherina von Bora – a former nun, she married Luther in 1525; their marriage provided a new standard for Protestant marriages
Francis I of France – Valois king of France from 1515 to 1547
Habsburg-Valois Wars – conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire over disputed territories; fought intermittently for 24 years
Pope Clement VII – he allied with Francis I, leading to Rome becoming ransacked
Suleiman the Magnificent – led the Ottoman Turks from 1520 to 1566
Battle of Mohacs – the Ottomans defeated and killed King Louis of Hungary, Charles’ brother-in-law in 1526
Diet of Augsburg (1530) – attempt to solve the Lutheran problem; a demand of the Protestants to return to the Catholic church by April 15th, 1531
Schmalkaldic League – 8 princes and 11 imperial cities – all Protestant – formed this defensive alliance
Battle of Muhlberg – first phase of the Schmalkaldic wars; Charles I defeated the league
Peace of Augsburg (1555) – division of Christianity acknowledged; Lutheranism gained equal status; each German ruler could decide the religion of his territory
Section 3 - The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
Union of Kalmar – unification of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway under the rule of the king of Denmark; failed to achieve anything because of interfering nobles
Christian II of Denmark – rule of Denmark; in 1520, he was overthrown by Swedish nobles
Gustavus Vasa of Sweden – led the Swedish nobles that overthrew Christian II
Frederick I of Denmark – Christian II’s uncle; succeeded his nephew ; encouraged Protestantism in the Kalmar Union
Christian III of Denmark – Frederick’s successor; established a Lutheran state church with the king as head of all spiritual affairs
Cantons – thirteen self-governing states composing the Swiss Confederation
Ulrich Zwingli – began the reformation in Switzerland
Marburg Colloquy – an attempt to forge an alliance between the Swiss and German protestant churches; failed over mixed interpretations on the Lord’s Supper
Anabaptists – radical reformists; attempted to return to the practices and spirit of early Christianity
Swiss Brethren – an early group of Anabaptists that came from Switzerland; their ideas of adult baptism and other notions caused Zurich to throw them out
Melchioraites – a more-spirited group of Anabaptists
*millenarianism – the belief that the end of the world is nigh and the Kingdom of God is about to be established on earth
John of Leiden – leader of the Melchioraites
Menno Simons & Mennonites – revived Dutch Anabaptism; his followers
Henry VIII of England – started the English Reformation because he wanted to divorce his wife
Catherine of Aragon – Henry’s wife at the start of the English Reform
Anne Boleyn – Henry’s mistress who wanted a greater position; Henry wanted to marry her
Cardinal Wolsey – the highest-ranking English church-official and lord chancellor to the king; he was ordered to ask the pope for a divorce, but the pope said no, and due to this, he was dismissed
Thomas Cranmer – the King’s agent and advisor; became archbishop of Canterbury in 1532
Thomas Cromwell – the principal secretary after Wolsey’s dismissal
Act of Supremacy – completed the break of the Church of England from Rome; accepted the king as the supreme head of the church
Treason Act – made it punishable by death to deny that the King was the supreme head of the church
Jane Seymour – Henry’s third wife; produced a male heir, but died 12 days later
Anne of Cleves – Henry’s fourth marriage; he dismissed it after seeing her actual physical appearance
Catherine Howard – more attractive, but committed adultery – leading to her execution
Catherine Parr – married the king in 1543 and outlived him
Edward VI – the sickly and underage son of Jane Seymour
Book of Common Prayer – had the revised Protestant liturgy; a prayer book and liturgical guide
Mary Tudor/Mary I/”Bloody Mary” – a Catholic who intended to bring back England to Roman Catholicism; her marriage with Philip II was disliked; her loss of Calais brought down her popularity; burnt more than 500 Protestants
John Calvin – a systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement; founder of Calvinism
Institutes of the Christian Religion – a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought; led to him becoming a prominent Protestant leader
*predestination – the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, an all-knowing figure has predicted who would be saved and who would not
Ecclesiastical Ordinances – the Geneva city council accepted this, a church constitution, in 1541; created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in church service
The Consistory – used for problems, but later used for public penance and excommunication
John Knox – the Calvinist reformer of Scotland
Section 4 - The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
Puritan - English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England
Section 5 - The Catholic Reformation
Saint Teresa of Avila – a Spanish mystic and nun; experienced visions that led to her claimed unification with God; believed mystical experiences should lead to an active life of service on behalf of her Catholic faith
Society of Jesus/Jesuits – chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola – injured in battle ended his military career; saw himself as a soldier of God after overcoming a deep crisis of faith; wrote the Spiritual Exercises
Francis Xavier – carried the message of the Catholic Church to Asia
Pope Paul III – practiced nepotism, involved himself in politics, and patronized the arts lavishly; but understood need for reform
Gasparo Contarini – advocate of reform who became a cardinal
Gian Pietro Caraffa/Pope Paul IV – advocate of reform who also became a cardinal; increased power of Inquisition while pope
Council of Trent – a general council of Catholics meant to resolve the differences caused by the Protestant Reformation
Roman Inquisition or Holy Office – eliminate Protestants in Catholic-dominated areas
Index of Forbidden Books – a list of books Catholics were banned from reading
Section 6 - Politics & the Wars of Religion in the 16th Century
*Huguenots – French Calvinists
House of Bourbon – converted to Calvinism; next to the Valois in the line of royal succession
Navarre – a southern French kingdom ruled by the Bourbons
Henry II of France – killed accidently in a tournament; leading to a series of weak and neurotic sons ruling
Catherine de’ Medici – dominated two of the sons who ruled after Henry’s death; a moderate Catholic who looked for compromise
House of Guise –led the extreme Catholic party, who favored strict rules against the Huguenots
*politiques – a group who emerged from the French Wars of Religion in the 16th century placed politics over religion
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre – in 1562, the duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots at Vassy
Henry of Navarre/Henry IV of France – the Bourbon ruler of Navarre at the time of the French Religious Wars
Henry, duke of Guise – placed by the ultra-Catholics as the true king, replacing Henry III, who previously replaced his brother, Charles IX
War of the Three Henries – the turning point in the religious conflict; Henry of Navarre won and converted to Catholicism in order to preserve peace
Edict of Nantes (1598) – acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France, but let the Huguenots worship freely
Philip II of Spain – ruled from 1536 to 1598; brought an age of Spanish greatness, politically and economically
Escorial – the royal palace where Phillip worked
Battle of Lepanto (1571) – the Spanish defeated the Turkish fleet in 1571
Duke of Alva – Phillip sent him with ten thousand troops to crush revolution in the Netherlands
Council of Troubles/Council of Blood – a special tribunal, which began a reign of terror in which even powerful nobles were persecuted
William of Nassau – the prince of Orange, who led and organized the Northern resistance
“Sea Beggars” - Dutch pirates who also fought against the Spanish
Pacification of Ghent – said that all provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences, and demand Spanish troops be withdrawn; failed from religious disagreements
Duke of Parma – the next Spanish leader, who smartly played with religious differences and split the united forces
Union of Arras – formed of Southern provinces in 1579; Catholic; accepted Spanish rule
Union of Utrecht – formed of Protestant, northern states; defied Spanish rule
Elizabeth I of England – ascended to the throne after Queen Mary in 1558; made England become the leader of the Protestant nations in Europe, lay the foundations of a global empire, and experience a cultural renaissance
Act of Supremacy (1559) – designated Elizabeth as the supreme ruler of England and English religious matters
Act of Uniformity – restored the church service of the Book of Common Prayer from the rule of Edward VI, with some revisions to appeal to Catholics
The Thirty-Nine Articles - the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the English Reformation
*Puritans – English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England
Mary, Queen of Scots – although placed in house arrest, she planned badly thought-out plans to kill Elizabeth; one particularly dangerous led to her execution
Sir William Cecil & Sir Francis Walsingham – the principal secretary of state; held the office for 32 years; ensured Elizabeth’s success in foreign policy
Francis Drake – a privateer, who was skillful in plundering gold and silver from Spanish fleets returning from the New World
Spanish Armada – a fleet of warships that were sent in an attack against England; but were ultimately destroyed
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