Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction Figure 11.31 Chapter 11 ...
[Pages:4]Chapter 11 The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.31 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
What is Cellular Reproduction?
Answer: The division of a parent cell into two daughter cells
Requirements of Each Daughter Cell: 1) Necessary genomic information (DNA) 2) A complete assortment of cytoplasmic materials
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: A) Prokaryotes = Binary Fission
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: A) Prokaryotes = Binary Fission ("splitting in two")
? Prokaryote DNA: ? Single circular chromosome ? Attached to cell wall
Steps in Binary Fission: 1) Chromosome replicates 2) Cell elongates (membrane production) ? Chromosomes pulled apart 3) Membrane pinches in middle 4) Daughter cells formed
Can be rapid process (~ 20 minutes)
Figure 11.2 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.1 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
1) Mitosis: Daughter cells genetically identical to parental cell ? Functions: A) Growth (we all start as a single cell...) B) Maintenance (skin flakes off...) C) Repair (wounds heal...) D) Asexual reproduction (produces clone of parent...)
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.3 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle: The cell activity from one cell
division to the next
1) Mitosis: Daughter cells genetically identical to parental cell
Interphase (majority of time):
Cancer = Signal Failure
1) G1 Phase (Growth phase 1) ? Acquire materials ? Grows
2) S Phase (Synthesis phase) ? Replicate DNA
3) G2 Phase (Growth phase 2) ? Synthesize material for cell division
? Metabolically active ? No division
During G1 phase, cell is sensitive to signals:
S Phase
G0 Phase
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.3 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle: The cell activity from one cell
division to the next
1) Mitosis: Daughter cells genetically identical to parental cell
Mitotic Cell Division:
One copy of DNA and half of cytoplasm distributed to two (2) daughter cells
1) Mitosis ? Division of DNA
2) Cytokinesis ? Division of cytoplasm
1
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
How is DNA in Eukaryotes Organized?
Answer: DNA is packaged into chromosomes
Chromosomes contain: 1) Linear DNA strand 2) Histones (Packaging proteins)
Chromosome condensed only during cell division; extended other times (chromatin)
Centromere
Sister Chromatid
Separated at mitosis
Sister Chromatid
When condensed, DNA has already replicated ? Identical copies; connected at centromere
Figure 11.4 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
DNA Organization: ? Chromosomes often occur in pairs called homologues ("to say the same thing") ? Both members are same length and contain same genes in same order
gEeynee
gEeynee
Diploid: Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n)
? Found in most cells of human body
Haploid: Cells with only one of each type of chromosome (n = haploid number)
? Found in sex cells (e.g., sperm / egg)
Karyotype: Entire set of chromosomes from a single cell
Human Karyotype:
Haploid Number: n = 23
Diploid Number: 2n = 46
(23 pairs)
Sex Chromosomes:
X and Y
Female = XX Male = XY
Organism Diploid # (2n)
Human
46
Gorilla
48
Cat
38
Shrimp
254
Potato
48
Figure 11.9 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.3 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle: The cell activity from one cell
division to the next
1) Mitosis: Daughter cells genetically identical to parental cell
Mitotic Cell Division:
One copy of DNA and half of cytoplasm distributed to two (2) daughter cells
1) Mitosis ? Division of DNA
2) Cytokinesis ? Division of cytoplasm
Process of Mitosis:
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.10 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Phase 1: Prophase
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles: Anchor microtubules
? Chromosomes condense ? Spindle microtubules form ? Chromosomes captured by spindles (kinetochore)
Phase 2: Metaphase ? Chromosomes line up along
cell equator ? Kineticore ,,tug-o-war
Process of Mitosis:
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.10 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Phase 3: Anaphase
? Sister chromatids separate ? Sister chromatids move to
opposite poles ? Kineticore motors
Centrioles: Anchor microtubules
Phase 4: Telophase
? Spindle microtubules disintegrate ? Nuclear envelops (re)form ? Chromatids relax (expand)
2
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.3 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle: The cell activity from one cell
division to the next
1) Mitosis: Daughter cells genetically identical to parental cell
Mitotic Cell Division:
One copy of DNA and half of cytoplasm distributed to two (2) daughter cells
1) Mitosis ? Division of DNA
2) Cytokinesis ? Division of cytoplasm
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells: ? Microfiliments form ring around cell equator and contract to pinch cytoplasm into two parts
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells: ? Stiff cell walls of plant cells do not allow for cells to divide by pinching at the ,,waist 1) Carbohydrate-filled vesicles line up on cell equator 2) Cells fuse, producing cell plate 3) Fusion continues until new cell wall divides cell
Figure 11.11 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Figure 11.12 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.27 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process:
B) Eukaryotes
1) Mitosis 2) Meiosis: Daughter cells contain ? the genetic information of parental
cells ? Sexual reproduction (produces gametes)
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
What is the Advantage to Sexual Reproduction?
Answer: Allows for reshuffling of genes to produce genetically unique offspring better suited to environment...
Mutations in DNA are source of genetic variability: ? Allele: Alternate form of a given gene (e.g., eye color)
Eye color
Blue Allele
Brown Allele
Green Allele
Most genes have two or more alleles
3
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Reshuffling Genes (Alleles) to Benefit Organism - Example:
Motionless Allele
Freezes when predator approaches
Bright Allele
Coloration stands out
Motion Allele
Moves when predator approaches
Camouflage Allele
Coloration blends in
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Dinner
Motionless Allele
Freezes when predator approaches
Camouflage Allele
Coloration blends in
Asexual Reproduction
Dinner
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.18 / 11.21 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process:
B) Eukaryotes
1) Mitosis
2) Meiosis: Daughter cells contain ? the genetic information of parental
cells
? Begin with: Parent diploid cell (2n = 46) ? Finish with: Four daughter haploid cells (n = 23)
Table 11.1
Similar to mitosis except cell goes through two nuclear divisions:
A) Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair up separate (2n n)
Paternal chromosome Maternal chromosome
Chiasma: Region where paired chromosomes joined
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.21 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
Cell Types Differ in Reproductive Process: B) Eukaryotes
1) Mitosis: 2) Meiosis: Daughter cells contain ? the genetic information of parental
cells
B) Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate (mitosis revisited...)
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
Figure 11.30 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
How Meiosis Produces Genetic Variability: 1) Shuffling of homologous chromosomes creates new combinations of
chromosomes:
During metaphase I:
2n = 6
Potential results of meiosis I:
2n = 23 = 8
Humans = 223 = 8 million
Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction
How Meiosis Produces Genetic Variability: 2) Crossing over creates chromosomes
with new combinations of genes
3) Fusion of Gametes adds further variability:
Example - Humans Sperm = 8 million unique gametes
Egg = 8 million unique gametes Fusion = 6 trillion possibilities
Figure 11.22 ? Audesirk2 & Byers
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