Biology - Kaitlyn's ePortfolio



Kaitlyn Ebert Biology Homework Table of Contents1. Problems Plaguing Society Page 3 2. The Cell Page 43.Diet Page 5-64.Cellular Respiration Page 75.Cancer Page 86. Genetic Traits Page 97. Genetic Disease Page 108. Genetically Modified Foods Page 119.Charles Darwin Page 1210. Natural Selection Page 1311.New Species Page 1412. The Liver Page 1513. Effects of Smoking and Pollutants on Lungs Page 1614. Immune System Page 1715. Exercise Page 1816.Sexually Transmitted Disease Page 1917. Drugs affecting the nervous system Page 201. Problems plaguing societyOne of the major problems plaguing society is pollution. Question: Will pollution destroy the ozone? Research Each year for the past 20 years the Southern Hemisphere makes chemical reactions with chlorine and bromine causing the ozone in the southern polar region to be destroyed quickly and relentlessly. This area is known as the “ozone whole”. Hypothesis: Over time the ozone whole will get bigger and deplete. Experiment: A map of total column ozone finds the ozone hole. This is computed by the area on the Earth that is surrounded by a line that has a continuous value of 220 Dobson Units. The value of 220 Dobson Units was made because the total ozone values smaller than 220 Dobson Units were not found in any observations over Antarctica before to 1979. Also, the measurements over Antarctica, a column ozone level is smaller than 220 Dobson Units. This is a result of the ozone losing its chlorine and bromine compounds. 24003006540500The graphs show the differences of ozone from year to year. The red bars tell the biggest area and the smallest value. Conclusion: The earth will lose its ozone layer due to pollution. 2. The cell Definition of a cell: the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.Cells are complex structure and the most rudimentary units of life. They can survive, grow, reproduce and die. The cells in the body work together to form structures called tissues. Tissues make up all the many organs in the bodies.Each cell is made of many smaller units called organelles. Organelles are like the cells organs. Some important organelles are: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the nucleus. The organelles each accomplish different tasks in the cell to keep the cell alive and healthy. The number one organelle is the nucleus. The nucleus is the brain of a cell. The nucleus governors all actions inside the cell, the nucleus also has the DNA. DNA is the genetic blueprint for the cell.Awesome videos on how a cell works: am a vegetarian and a healthy diet takes planning. When I first stared it was hard to get all the nutrients that I needed. After some research and talking to other fellow veggie lovers, I soon realized that I needed to take a daily vitamin supplement as well as maintaining a balanced diet. Breakfast: Guiltless "Bacon" Omelet RecipeINGREDIENTS2 strips MorningStar Farms? Veggie Bacon Strips 1/2 cup refrigerated egg substitute 1/4 cup shredded fat-free Cheddar cheese DIRECTIONS1. Prepare MORNINGSTAR FARMS Veggie Breakfast Bacon Strips per package directions. 2. In large nonstick skillet coated with cooking spray cook egg substitute over medium heat until egg substitute begins to set on the bottom and edges. Using a spatula lift edges, allowing the uncooked portion to flow underneath. Continue cooking over medium heat until set. 3. Sprinkle with cheese. Place Breakfast Strips on top. Fold omelet in half, covering Breakfast Strips. Serve immediately.Lunch: Spicy Black Bean Burger Southwest Wrap RecipeINGREDIENTS1 MorningStar Farms? Spicy Black Bean Veggie Burgers 1 whole wheat flour tortilla, warmed* 1/2 cup baby romaine lettuce or torn romaine lettuce 1 tablespoon guacamole 1 tablespoon salsa 1 tablespoon fat-free sour cream DIRECTIONS1. Cook burger according to package directions. Cut burger in half.2. Top tortilla with burger, lettuce, guacamole, salsa and sour cream. Roll up tortilla. Serve immediately.*NOTE: Warm paper-towel-wrapped tortilla in microwave at high for 10 to 15 seconds.Dinner: Mushroom, Spinach & Artichoke Lasagna RecipeINGREDIENTS1 package (16 oz.) reduced fat ricotta cheese 1 teaspoon Italian seasoning 1/2 teaspoon dried basil 1 jar (26 oz.) prepared pasta sauce with chunky vegetables 1 package (1 lb.) uncooked whole-grain lasagna noodles 1 package MorningStar Farms? Mushroom Lover's Burger 1 jar (8 oz.) quartered artichoke hearts, chopped 1 1/2 cups frozen chopped spinach 2 cups (8 oz) shredded Italian cheese 1/4 cup (1 oz.) shredded Parmesan cheese 22860021272500 Vegetarian Diet PyramidDIRECTIONS1. Thaw MORNINGSTAR FARMS?Mushroom Lover's Burgers according to manufacturer's instructions. Cut into small pieces.2. Mix ricotta, Italian seasoning and basil in a small bowl.3. Place 1/2 cup pasta sauce in bottom of a 9 x 13 baking dish.4. Line dish with one layer of uncooked lasagna noodles.5. Top lasagna noodles with 1/2 cup ricotta cheese mixture, 1/2 cup MORNINGSTAR FARMS?Mushroom Lover's Burgers, 1/2 cup artichoke hearts, 1/2 cup spinach, 1/2 cup Italian cheese and 1/2 cup pasta sauce. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 twice.7. Top with any remaining pasta sauce, Italian cheese and Parmesan cheese. Cover with foil and bake at 350°F approximately 30 minutes.8. Remove foil and continue to bake until browned, approximately 15 minutes.4.Cellular Respiration Definition of Cellular Respiration: the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungsThe reason cellular respiration is so important because it provides the energy for living organisms to perform all of the necessary functions to maintain a life force.Great video about cellular respiration: cells can become cancers cell when a mutation to a gene occurs. This gene controls the growth and division of cells. When the mutation happens the cell cannot regulate its rate of division and growth. Because of this the cell just keeps on dividing over and over again without stopping. Think of a stoplight that is never turns red. Mitosis is the process of cell division in which two matching sets of chromosomes are made one for the daughter cell and one for the parent. Because of this mitosis will make cancerous cell that create other copies of cancerous cells.Wonderful website that tell you how cancer and mitosis relate: . Genetic Traits The trait in my family that I chose is freckles. Freckles are a dominate trait and they come from the my dad side of the family. Nether of my sisters have them but I do and so did my grandma and her dad. 342900449580Dominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle GeneDominate Freckle Gene7. Genetic DiseaseA genetic disease is any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's genome. The abnormality can range from not a very big deal to something more severe and serious. Some genetic disorders are inherited from the parents, while other genetic diseases are caused by acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes. Mutations occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure. There are many genetic diseases some of which are, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), Klinefelter Syndrome, Robertsonian Translocation, Down Syndrome, and Edward Syndrome. The causes for most of these diseases are known but it does depend on a case-by-case basis. Most often with these type of disorders there are either too many chromosomes or not enough. For example with Edward Syndrome, an extra chromosome 18 in each cell (3 copies instead of 2). Trisomy 18 is the second most common trisomy seen in live born individuals. The extra chromosome is likely due to nondisjunction during meiosis. However with leukemia a chromosome reciprocal translocation occurs between chromosomes 9 and 22. This essentially means that a large piece of chromosome 22 and a small piece of chromosome 9 have broken off and switched places. The result is called the “philadelphia chromosome.” Treatment like the causes also depends on the disorder its self. Some cases there are treatment such as chemotherapy or other medicines. Other disorders are not so lucky such ad down’s syndrome. There is neither cure nor any treatment that we know of as of today. 8. Genetically Modified FoodsIn the early 1990s, scientists at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) repeatedly warned their superiors that GM foods could create serious health problems. According to secret documents later made public from a lawsuit, the scientific consensus at the agency was that GM foods were inherently dangerous and might create hard-to-detect allergies, toxins, new diseases and nutritional problems. They urged their them to require rigorous long-term tests. But the White House under George H. W. Bush had ordered the agency to promote biotechnology; the FDA responded by recruiting Monsanto’s former attorney, Michael Taylor, to head up the formation of policy on GMOs. That policy, which is in effect today, denies knowledge of the agency scientists’ concerns. In fact, it falsely claims that the FDA is not aware of any information that shows genetically engineered food to be significantly different from other food. On that basis, no safety studies on GM foods are required. The government leaves it up to GMO companies, including Monsanto, DuPont, Dow, Syngenta and Bayer, to determine whether their own foods are safe.Although the United States government policy today is built upon the false notion that GMOs are totally safe, evidence accumulated over nearly two decades now vindicates the original FDA scientists and validates their concerns. Based on their review of this body of research, in May 2009 the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) publicly condemned GMOs in our food supply, saying they posed “a serious health risk.” They called on the U.S. government to implement an immediate moratorium on all GM foods and urged physicians to prescribe non-GMO diets for everyone. Here is a video about genetically modified foods. Darwin Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied plant and animal life. He spent many years traveling around the world studding about the plants and animals that he would find in different countries around the world. His main theory was that of natural selection. He started to question why some died and why others survived. He believed that plants, humans, and animals changed over time to better survive and adapt to the environment around them, thus coining the term survival of the fittest. Darwin noticed that that although young animals were similar to their parents there were variations or mutations that helped the young better survive in the environment around them, then intern passing on their genes that would be best to survive. Darwin is famous for his voyage to the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that some of the birds were like mocking birds on the mainland but also different enough to be but into their own species. We started the theory about not only natural section but of geographical isolation and so on. He wrote many books on the subject. There are very few that don’t know is name. Video about the Voyage of the HMS Beagle:. Natural SelectionNatural selection is one of the main drives of evolution. Natural selection is the only mechanism that seems to lead to adaptive change in organisms. Natural selection is the nonrandom survival and reproductive success of randomly varying organisms. As the organisms become reproductively they leave or pass on more and more alleles in the population or gene pool. The representation of allele’s changes and evolution takes place. For example if something where to suddenly change on the earth that causes plates to grow 3 feet above the ground, over time and through natural selection all the animals that were dependent on those plants will either have to change or die. Those of the animals that already have longer leg or longer necks would be the ones to survive, meaning they would be the only ones left to reproduce. Then in turn creating the “perfect” one of their kind, giving them longer necks or longer legs in their gene pool so they can reach the pants for their substations. Those who do not hold the genes that make them have the right features to survive, will die out and that will be the end of there line, leaving the common known phase survival of the fittest to carry on the superior genes. Videos on Natural Selection SpeciesThere are many ways that species comes to be. But first there is geographic isolation, which is where some species get separated or isolated by their “pack” or same species. They then start to develop there own particular genome. There are many cases in which this has accrued for example do to an impassable canyon or gorge. In the Grand Canyon this had actually happen with certain species of squirrels. Another example is Panjia. When the continents divided there were the same species on the one island when it split they were scattered all over the place like the Dodo Bird. The next reason is sexual preference. Some physical attributers or behavioral trait will determine the isolation of a group. This is mainly prevalent in birds. Though these are two different reasons why new species arise, it basically happens in the same way. Both of these examples allow new alleles to arise in the separate populations and as time passes this frequency changes in alleles can give rise to new species. Humans and animals adapt to their surroundings. Just like the tree starches toward the sun to survive, humans and animals change to survive, if not they die and make room for those who can change and be flexible with their surroundings. 12. The Liver Our liver is basically our body’s filtering system. It filters things we don’t need and absorbs the vitamins and nutrients that we need to survive. It also makes proteins that are necessary for many essential functions including blood clotting. It produces bile, which helps break down fats and other substances. It helps in storing glucose as well as in removing toxins and bacteria from the bloodstream. Chronic liver disease, also called cirrhosis, is an irreversible scarring of the liver that occurs when liver cells die. One of the main causes of cirrhosis is viral hepatitis, especially hepatitis C. Other causes include alcohol abuse. Cancer can also develop in a cirrhotic liver as well. I have see first hand what liver disease can do to a person. My uncle had a drinking problem he was an alcoholic, and had been one for many years. Over his short life he’d been through many hospitals and even gone though dialysis. That did not discourage him from drinking. His skin turned yellow along with the whites of his eyes. He died in so much pain and the saddest part is that it was all self-inflicted. Anyone who has experience with this or has seen in in someone they love knows that ache is a poison and should not be taken lightly. 13. Effects of Smoking and Pollutants on Lungs Smoking and other pollutant damages your lungs' natural cleaning and repair system it also can traps cancer causing chemicals in your lungs.Smoking destroys the miniature hairs called cilia in your lungs . These hairs line the upper airways and shield us from infection. Most of the time there is a thin layer of mucous and thousands of these small hairs lining the insides of the bodies breathing tubes. The mucous traps all of the bits of dirt and pollution you breathe in. The hairs move together like an ocean wave to push the dirt filled mucous out of your lungs. This will make the body cough, swallow, or spit up the mucous, and the dirt will be out of the persons lungs.When your lungs' cannot naturally clean and repair its system it will become damaged permanently also , germs, dirt and chemicals from cigarette smoke stay inside your lungs. Because of this it puts a person at risk for chronic coughing, chest infections, lung cancer and COPD. Videos about the effects of smoking :. Immune System Asthma is a condition in which the immune system becomes overactive in the airways in the lungs. People with asthma suffer periodic episodes of constriction of their airways making it harder to breathe. Most people with asthma also have ongoing inflammation in their airways. Asthma treatment sometimes includes a daily-inhaled medicine, which reduces immune system over activity and inflammation. Allergens are the main cause of asthma, your sinus are the main passageway to cause an asthma attack. I was diagnosed with childhood asthma when I was about 8 years old. I used to have to use an inhaler everyday or when I was doing vigorous activity. I have since not had to use my inhaler for several years, but sometimes when I do some exercises or if it a really cold day out I have a wheeze in my breath and it is sometime hard to catch my breath or recover fast form it. When I was in the 6th grade I contacted a serve case of phenomena, and I also most died from it. My lungs filled with fluid and I was hospitalized for several months and had to ware oxygen for several moths after. It is very important to take care and precautions when you have a disease that affects your immune system they can have serve effects on you if you don’t. 15. Exercise Walking is something that every one doses on a daily basis. But have you every stop to think about what you are using to do a task that you id second nature to you? the bones that are used in waling are as follow’s, the Ischium, femur, tibia, fibula, all ankle bones - in general called tarsals - (talus, navicular, cuneiforms calcaneus, cuboid) and foot and toes (phalanges, metatarsals). The veriyes different muscles gleuteus maximus, glueteus minimus rectus femoris, sartorius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vasttus medialis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis anterior and tibilais posterior, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. Walking is such a simple thing that most everyone can do to have a healthy lifestyle. The next time you walk think about what a miracle is happening and how many bones and muscles that you are using to complete such an unassuming task. Here is a video to explain and show which muscles are used in walking. Transmitted Disease Genital Herpes is an infection of the genitals, buttocks, or anal area caused by herpes simplex virus. Most genital herpes is caused by HSV type 2. Yet as people begin to have sex at younger ages the herpes type 1 virus has increasingly been shown to also cause genital herpes. Genital herpes is a life long disease and never goes anyway. Over 50 million people in the USA are affected by it, which makes about 1 in 4-5 people have the disease. The infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), although herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), the virus responsible for cold sores, is increasingly the cause of the disease. An infected partner who does not have any sores and may not know he or she has the disease can still spread it. The most common symptoms for the disease are muscle aches, burning when urinating, severe headaches, fever, and swollen glands. The first outbreak of virus can last a couple of weeks, after that it could stay dormant from several weeks to months. It is a lifelong virus, but the numbers of outbreaks decrease over time and are less and less server. There are many ways to prevent from getting a STDs. the most common and perhaps easiest rule to follow, is to use a condom every time you have sex. Another is known who you are sleeping with, this is good for a number of reasons, but for nothing else know their sexual history with other partners. Lastly, and the most effective and sure proof that you will never contract a STD is only having one sexual partner. If you only have one and one with no previous history and you both stay true to one another, then that is the only way to be totally sure that you wont contract it. The bottom line is that you just need to be smart, makes smart choices and have open and honest relationships with the people you choose to be intimate with. 17. Drugs Affecting the Nervous System Modern Day Zombies?In the last decade there has been an uprising in a drug called Synthetic Cathinones, better known as “Bath Salts”. The synthetic cathinones in bath salts can produce euphoria and increased sociability and sex drive, but some users experience paranoia, agitation, and hallucinatory delirium; some even display psychotic and violent behavior, and deaths have been reported in several instances. The drug went unnoticed for quite some time, since it is something that you can buy pretty much everywhere, at any common store. When the name bath salt was becoming to well known, drug dealers and some online dealers started use other aliases. Sometimes marketed as “plant food” or, more recently, as “jewelry cleaner” or “phone screen cleaner” they are under a variety of brand names, such as “Ivory Wave," "Bloom," "Cloud Nine," "Lunar Wave," "Vanilla Sky," "White Lightning," and “Scarface.” There is still not a concrete answer on how it effects the brain. There have been many different cases and each seem to be a case by case basis, but the effects are similar to amphetamines such as methamphetamine as well as to MDMA (ecstasy). The energizing and often agitating effects reported in people who have taken bath salts are consistent with other drugs like amphetamines and cocaine that raise the level of the neurotransmitter dopamine in brain circuits regulating reward and movement. A surge in dopamine in these circuits causes feelings of euphoria and increased activity. A similar surge of the transmitter norepinephrine can raise heart rate and blood pressure. Bath salts have been marketed as cheap substitutes for those stimulants. A recent study found that MDPV the most common synthetic cathinone found in the blood and urine of patients admitted to emergency departments after bath salts ingestion raises brain dopamine in the same manner as cocaine but is at least 10 times more potent. Though there are many effects on the brain and body there are psychological effects and deep hallucinations. There have been a number of cases where the users of these drugs have hallucinations so bad; that they actually started eating peoples faces off. There was such a case where a man that ingested bath salts and other drugs and attacked a homeless man by eating off over 75% of his face. Maybe zombies aren’t so far fetched after all? ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download