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Name: __________________________WHAP 1012.2 - The Development of States and Empires- The Classical Big Three- China, India and Rome Standard4.0 3.5Not a 3.5 yet76 – 64 points 63- 50 points Less than 50 points Take complete notes of the packet and Fill out graphic organizer for SAQ and LEQ_______/10 pointsVocabulary Test______/20 points Short Answer Question (SAQ)_____/16 points LEQ Essay- Comparison_____/30 points Step one – in a group of three use your phone(s) to look up the following word and write a definition in your own words.Tough Test Terms Innovation ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Periodization ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________General History TermsDiffusion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Intellectual ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Coerced ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Overview- Centralized and Decentralized Goverments VocabularyCentralized Government-Define- Historical Significance- Decentralized Government- Define- Historical Significance- Go to APWorldipedia - Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - – Scroll down to II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.Empires are large and diverse. As they expanded duing the classical age, ruling them became more difficult. Governments had to implement methods to project power over large areas, something that presented a challenge in the age before modern transportation and communication. Drawing from the successes of earlier civilizations, empires in the classical age were able to centralize their power and rule over vast domains.A?centralized government?is one in which most decisions for the entire state are made by one executive power. This usually involves one leader, or a small group of individuals, having authority over all regions of a state from a single location, such as a capital city. Although all states are necessarily centralized to some degree, some governments can lean more toward decentralization. A?decentralized government?allows more control and decision making to be made at the level of local provinces or counties. An illustration would be a school in which the administration allows teachers to create many of the rules and procedures for their own classrooms, as opposed to a more centralized system in which an administrator micro-manages every aspect of the classroom from an administrative office. Examples of centralized states in the classical age are Han China, Mauryan India, and the Byzantine Empire. More decentralized states were Gupta India and the Zhou Dynasty of China.?Each of these models of government has its own pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Although decentralized governments put people more in touch with the powers that govern them, they often find it difficult to unite for the common good in times of crises. Centralized states can be efficient, but require some apparatus to project power and hold distance provinces together. They can also can be the target of blame when people become discontented.Answer the following question below – What is the difference between a centralized and a decentralized government?Part I: East Asia – ChinaVocabulary- Define what the 10 terms mean with their Historical Significance Zhou DynastyDefine- Historical Significance- Period of Warring StatesDefine- Historical Significance- QIN SHI HUANGDIDefine- Historical Significance- Qin Dynasty Define- Historical Significance- LEGALISMDefine- Historical Significance- Bureaucracy- Define- Historical Significance- GREAT WALLDefine- Historical Significance- TERRA COTTA WARRIORSDefine- Historical Significance- Han Wu Di- Define- Historical Significance- Han Dynasty- Define- Historical Significance- Classical China Map- the following on the map Outline the border of: -Qin Dynasty -Han Dynasty ? point each Label the Rivers-Huang He (Yellow) - Chang Jing (Yangtze) ? point eachLabel and draw in the man made features Roads- Canals- Great Wall ? point each Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Shang Dynasty...in five minutes or less- to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on The Shang Dynasty Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Zhou Dynasty...in five minutes or less- to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Zhou Dynasty Go to APWorldipedia - Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - – Scroll down to II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.Centralized Governments: Case StudiesEAST ASIA?After the fall of the?Zhou Dynasty?(1046 BC–256 BC) China fell into a period of chaos known as the?Period of the Warring States. Although a time of conflict and strife, this period was one of the most fruitful in terms of intellectual output. In the quest to understand how China could have fallen into a period of instability, great thinkers pondered questions such as "What is the best form of governance?" and, related to that question, "What is the nature of man?" The differing answers to these questions formed the basis of?Confucianism,?Legalism, and?Daoism. The Period of Warring States ended when the warrior?Qin Shi Huang?centralized power and destroyed regional opposition. Although it lasted only 14 years, the?Qin Dynastyset in place many important aspects of Chinese civilization.One of the most important things the Qin did was create a?bureaucracy. Bureaucrats are employees of the state whose position in society, unlike nobles or aristocrats, does not rest on an independent source of wealth. Members of the bureaucracy only had positions and power as granted by the emperor. Generally speaking, the bureaucrat's high status and wealth is based on his obedience to his superior. Land owning aristocrats, on the other hand, have large estates and personal fortunes to fall back on; they have a vested interest in influencing the government in their personal favor. Aristocrats also tend to make decisions based on what is best for their location, thus becoming a decentralizing force. By assigning bureaucrats to regions, the Qin bypassed the powerful aristocracy and governed through those whose position depended on loyal obedience to the state. Additionally, the practice of?Legalism?reinforced the bonds of obligation between bureaucrat and superior. In this manner, the bureaucracy became a tool of centralization for China and placed the entire empire under the leadership of the Qin emperor.In order to bring unity to China, the Qin also built roads and bridges, constructed defensive walls, standardized units of weight and measurement, created a standard currency, and made one common form of Chinese writing. The harsh Legalism of the Qin allowed it to do much during its short reign of 14 years, but this same strict political philosophy also generated much resentment among the common people. As soon as the emperor died, the people revolted and slaughtered many of the remaining Qin officials.Unlike previous eras, Chinese civilization did not regress into chaos for long. The Han dynasty came to power and ruled China for about 400 years, roughly 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. The ability of the Han to maintain a strong central government over such a vast area was greatly facilitated by the Qin reforms under Legalism.Watch and take notes on the following videos - Chinese Empires (4/9)- and Chinese Empires (5/9)- on Qin Shi Huangdi, the Great Wall, his burial tomb and the Terracotta Warriors Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Qin Dynasty Under the leadership of emperor?Han Wudi, the?Han Dynasty?is responsible for some very important innovations that would have a lasting effect on China: the official adoption of Confucianism and the rise of the?civil service examinations.The Han adopted Confucianism because it was the most organized educational network from which they could draw people for the bureaucracy. To make certain new recruits were educated well, they began testing them through a rigorous system of civil service examinations; to be in the Han bureaucracy, one had to demonstrate a mastery of Confucian ideas on these tests. One effect of this was that the Han bureaucracy was filled with people profoundly influenced by Confucian thought. They were taught to model good behavior for those under them and to respect and submit to those in authority over them. Thus Confucianism not only became deeply embedded in Chinese culture, it also came to re-enforce the political bureaucracy by advocating obedience and benevolent rule. A synthesis was forged between China's political structure and a belief system.Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty - notes, this guy is good!! Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Han Dynasty Use the SCAP steps to analyze the following primary source:Qian) From?the Memorial?on Annexation?of?Feudal?StatesFrom Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 208-210. ? 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. - : Li Si (d. 208 BCE) was, along with the Legalist philosopher Han Fei (d. 233 BCE), a student of Xunzi (c. 310-c. 219 BCE) and an official for the kingdom of Qin. From?the Memorial?on the Burning of?Books …? But at present Your Majesty? possesses a unified empire, has regulated the distinctions of black and white, and has firmly?established for yourself?a position of?sole supremacy. And yet these independent schools, joining?with each other, criticize the codes of?laws and instructions. Hearing?of?the promulgation of a decree, they?criticize it, each from the standpoint of his own school. … Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of? Qin, be burned. All persons in the empire, except members of? the Academy? of? Learned Scholars, in possession of? the Classic of Odes, the Classic of Documents, and discourses of the hundred philosophers should take them to the local governors and have them indiscriminately?burned. Those who dare to talk?to each other about the Odes and Documents should be executed and their bodies exposed in the marketplace. Anyone referring?to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of?his family, be put to death.S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV? C- ContextDoes this fit in an “age” or an “era”?A- AudienceWho is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker? P- PurposeCan you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?Part II: South Asia – IndiaVocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance Mauryan Dynasty Define- Historical Significance- ChandraguptaDefine- Historical Significance- AshokaDefine- Historical Significance- Edicts of AshokaDefine- Historical Significance- Gupta DynastyDefine- Historical Significance-Label the following in the map - of:Maurya Empire232 B.CGupta Empire 400 C.E.Draw and label the Rivers:Indus RiverGanges RiverGo to APWorldipedia - Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - – Scroll down to II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.Centralized Governments: Case StudiesThe classical age of India’s history was comprised of two important dynasties, the Mauryan and the Gupta. The rise of the?Mauryan Dynasty?was precipitated by the invasion of Alexander of Macedonia in 327 B.C. Although Alexander left no lasting impression on India, he did clear out several small Aryan states and create the power vacuum which allowed?Chandragupta?Mauryan to establish his namesake dynasty.?Under Mauryan rule much of the Indian subcontinent was united for the first time under one central government. Theywere able to rule such a large area by using a well organized bureaucracy. Chandragupta maintained his bureaucracy with a systematic use of spying, brutality and intimidation. The most important ruler of the Mauryan dynasty was?Ashoka. He retained the bureaucracy created by this grandfather Chandragupta, but imposed a system of law across his empire known as the?Edicts of Ashoka. These rules brought cohesion and legal consistency across the empire, as the Code of Hammurabi did for the Babylonians. Thus Ashoka relied on both a bureaucracy and a codified legal system to centralize his rule.?Under Ashoka's rule the empire expanded and the bureaucracy became more organized. He created central organizations to ensure that his edicts and policies were carried out across his empire. An important event during Ashoka’s rule was his conversion to Buddhism, a change that moderated the harsh precedents set by his grandfather. Ashoka today is remembered as one of ancient India's most influential and benevolent leaders.Use the SCAP steps to analyze the following primary source:THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKAAn English rendering byVen. S. Dhammika- , King Piyadasi, has caused this Dhamma edict to be written.[1] Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Nor should festivals be held, for Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, sees much to object to in such festivals, although there are some festivals that Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does approve of.Formerly, in the kitchen of Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, hundreds of thousands of animals were killed every day to make curry. But now with the writing of this Dhamma edict only three creatures, two peacocks and a deer are killed, and the deer not always. And in time, not even these three creatures will be killed…4 - In the past, for many hundreds of years, killing or harming living beings and improper behavior towards relatives, and improper behavior towards Brahmans and ascetics has increased.[7] But now due to Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's Dhamma practice, the sound of the drum has been replaced by the sound of the Dhamma.[8] The sighting of heavenly cars, auspicious elephants, bodies of fire and other divine sightings has not happened for many hundreds of years. But now because Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi promotes restraint in the killing and harming of living beings, proper behavior towards relatives, Brahmans and ascetics, and respect for mother, father and elders, such sightings have increased.[9]These and many other kinds of Dhamma practice have been encouraged by Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, and he will continue to promote Dhamma practice. And the sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, too will continue to promote Dhamma practice until the end of time; living by Dhamma and virtue, they will instruct in Dhamma. Truly, this is the highest work, to instruct in Dhamma. But practicing the Dhamma cannot be done by one who is devoid of virtue and therefore its promotion and growth is commendable.This edict has been written so that it may please my successors to devote themselves to promoting these things and not allow them to decline. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, has had this written twelve years after his coronation.?S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV? C- ContextDoes this fit in an “age” or an “era”?A- AudienceWho is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker? P- PurposeCan you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Classical India Part 3 The Mauryan Dynasty- notes on this great lecture, but remember one thing, he calls Alexander the Great’s army the Greeks- they were not Greeks but were Hellenistic- that means influenced by Greek culture Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Mauryan Dynasty When Ashoka died the Mauryan empire soon crumbled. After a period of disorder and regional kingdoms, the?Gupta Dynasty?emerged and once again united India under a single government. The Gupta empire never grew to the size of the Mauryan. The organization of their empire was considerably different as well. Ashoka used the bureaucracy to manage most details of the empire. The Gutpas, on the other hand, let most decisions and policy making up to local leaders. They also preferred to negotiate or intermarry with local rulers to keep the peace. Although they ruled over a smaller area than the Mauryans, the Gupta era was the greatest period of political stability in classical India. However, this lack of centralized rule came with an eventual price. The various regions of India had their own distinctions and were never integrated into the whole as they were under Ashoka. In fact, the Gupta empire would break along these regional divisions as the empire was threatened by internal corruption and nomadic invaders. After the fall of the Gupta dynasty, the Indian subcontinent would remain fragmented into regions for over 1500 years. Thus the pattern of rule in classical India alternated between large but decentralized empires and networks of disjointed regional kingdoms.Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture Classical India Part 4 The Gupta Dynasty- to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Gutpan Dynasty Part III: Rome -Vocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance ROMAN REPUBLICDefine- Historical Significance- ROMAN EMPIREDefine- Historical Significance- CONSTANTINEDefine- Historical Significance- Twelve Tables- Define- Historical Significance- PatriciansDefine- Historical Significance- PlebeiansDefine- Historical Significance- Jus Gentium Define- Historical Significance- Jus Civile Define- Historical Significance- Julius Caesar- Define- Historical Significance- Augustus Caesar – Define- Historical Significance- Diocletian – Define- Historical Significance- Constantine –Define- Historical Significance- Watch and take notes on the following video Rome: Engineering an Empire part 1 of 2- - 13:15 – Founding of Rome Go to APWorldipedia - Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - – Scroll down to II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.Centralized Governments: Case StudiesThe diversity of east and south Asian empires did not compare with that of Rome. At its peak, the Roman Empire included areas as diverse as Egypt, Spain, Britain, Palestine, and the Caucasus Mountain region. As its territory expanded it grew from a monarchy, to a Republic, and finally became an Empire. Although its political innovations were impressive, Rome's greatest legacy was its system of law through which they forged a way to incorporate diverse cultures into a single political state without stripping localities of their individual identities.The first laws implemented in Rome were the?Twelve Tables. These laws were produced early in Roman history (449 BCE) in order to relieve tensions between the upper classes (the?patricians) and the common classes (the?plebeians) of citizens. The plebeians used their position as Rome's labor force as leverage to get the patricians to create these laws. The Twelve Tables, which guaranteed procedural equality and consistency in courts of law, was the first major concession won by the plebeians on their road to political equality and republican government.The 12 Tables of Roman Law?450 B.C.E.The earliest codification of Roman law is found in the Twelve Tables. It was a compilation of new laws and existing customs which was to be enforced impartially by the magistrates. It was inscribed ultimately on twelve bronze tablets. V.1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority.Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.Table XII.2. If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master’s knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave's name.S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV? C- ContextDoes this fit in an “age” or an “era”?A- AudienceWho is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker? P- PurposeCan you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?Roman?laws became more complex as the empire grew. The genius of Rome's response to the increased diversity of an expanding empire was the division of law into two types,?jus gentium?and?jus civile. Jus gentium, or law of all nations, refers to universal principles that are true of all people. These are fundamental to being human and all societies have some version of them. They embody principles such as: harm done to another person without cause is wrong, and false dealing or fraud is wrong. The Romans thought these basic precepts were universal to all people; without them different cultures could not even engage in trade. Because they are universal, a foreigner in Rome could be charged for breaking one of these principles even if that person did not see them written down. Ignorance can never be an excuse for violating jus gentium. By the second century C.E. the jus gentium was called Natural Law.After recognizing the general principles (jus gentium) that make society possible, the Romans realized that these general principles do not look the same within different societies; specific cultural norms and practices vary widely across civilizations. Thus the Romans came up with the idea of jus civile, or civil law. This codified system of law is what the jus gentium looks like inside a specific culture. They differ from place to place, but always manifest the general principles common to all people. For example, in all cultures it is wrong to cheat in trade. But in one civilization it may be more disruptive to cheat someone from one's own clan or tribe, so the punishment would be more severe in that case. In another civilization it might be worse to cheat someone from an higher social class than someone from one's own class. In both cultures cheating is wrong, but the written law concerning this principle looks different in both places. In short, general principles of right and wrong (jus gentium) are customized to fit the specific circumstances of local conditions; at the local level they become civil law (jus civile).This system of law had coherence because it was based on principles thought to be universal to all men, and it had flexibility in that it allowed for local variances. Thus rendered, this system of law allowed Rome to administrate its massive empire with all its diverse cultures and local customs.?After the Visgoths laid waste to Rome in 410 C.E., a Roman poet mourned his city with the following words:You made of foreign realms one fatherland,?the lawless found their gain beneath your sway;sharing your laws with them you have subdued,?you have made a city of the once wide world.[1]?Roman law turned the diversity of the empire into a single civilization, making a "city of the world."Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture - Roman Society and Political Structure to Empire- thousand years ago, the world was ruled by Rome, but Rome could not rule itself. It took two men to wrestle Rome back from chaos and turn a republic into an empire.In the first century BC, Rome was a republic. Power lay in the hands of the Senate, elected by Roman citizens. But the?senators?were fighting for power between themselves. Order had given way to anarchy and only might was right.?Dirty politics?Julius Caesar?was convinced something had to change. Rising through the political ranks, he eventually became governor of Gaul. This gave him the chance to make lots of money, while his abilities as a general brought him power and respect.?By 50 BC, Caesar had made many powerful enemies. With his life under threat, he invaded Italy. Over the next few years, he defeated his enemies and seized power for himself.?But his rule would be brief. After just two years, he was murdered by senators who were fed up with his autocratic style. Rome was again threatened with chaos.?New kid on the blockEnter?Augustus, Caesar's nephew and heir. An ambitious man from an average family, this was Augustus' big chance. With his ally, Marc Antony, he fought and killed Caesar's old enemies. Victorious, he divided the spoils: Augustus took Rome and Antony got Egypt.?The peace did not last long. Antony was quickly seduced by Egypt's queen, Cleopatra. Augustus suspected that the two wanted Rome for themselves. Before they could threaten him, Augustus attacked.?Run like an Egyptian?The Battle of Actium was a huge victory. Around three-quarters of the Egyptian fleet were destroyed and both Antony and?Cleopatra?committed suicide before they could be captured.?In Rome, Augustus was a hero. In 31 BC, he became Rome's first emperor. The transformation from republic to empire was complete.?After Rome built a republic built on laws from The Twelve Tables, the republic falls after ruling for 500 years and is replaced by an empire that began with Julius Caesar, later the Roman Empire in the West will fall in the Classical Age.Watch and take notes on the following videos- The Life and Times of Julius Caesar FOURTEEN:?AUGUSTUS- FIFTEEN:?DIOCLETIAN- SIXTEEN:?CONSTANTINE- Roman Empire, under?Diocletian, was divided into several administrative zones, which led to the establishment of a western Latin empire and an eastern Greek portion (see map on the right). The later would continue as the?Byzantine Empire?for another thousand years after the western side fell in 476 C.E..?00?The Roman Empire, under?Diocletian, was divided into several administrative zones, which led to the establishment of a western Latin empire and an eastern Greek portion (see map on the right). The later would continue as the?Byzantine Empire?for another thousand years after the western side fell in 476 C.E..?OverviewLook at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image. PartsFocus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?TitleWrite the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image. I learned thatName 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this mapContext Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created and what it is showing from this era. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one). Development of Major Cities Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - . Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.A. Cities were extremely important to the economic, political, and cultural life of empires. Administrative centers, or what we would call capital cities, were sometimes themselves monuments to the power of the state. The monumental buildings of?Persepolis?and Rome, for example, conveyed the power and awe of the Persian and Roman Empires, respectively. Cites were also important centers for trade.?Chang'an, the imperial capital of China (remained Xi'an during the Ming Dynasty) was an important trade center, situated as it was on the eastern end of the Silk Roads.?Watch and take notes on the video that is linked to Mr. Wood’s website – Engineering an Empire – The Persians 16:30 –Darius The Great, Persepolis and Hall of 100 Columns Part IV: Classical Governments – China, Rome and India- Marshaling and Projecting PowerVocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance DiplomacyDefine- Historical Significance- XiongnuDefine- Historical Significance- Matrimonial alliances Define- Historical Significance- Tributary alliance Define- Historical Significance- SamudraguptaDefine- Historical Significance- TributeDefine- Historical Significance- Great Wall of China-Define- Historical Significance- Hadrian’s Wall- Define- Historical Significance- Fortifications-Define- Historical Significance- Viae Militares- Define- Historical Significance- Han Army- Define- Historical Significance- Art of War –Define- Historical Significance- Roman Army –Define- Historical Significance- Mayan Army –Define- Historical Significance- Coins – Define- Historical Significance- Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - . The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:Diplomacy?There is more to winning a battle than military strategy and advanced weapons. Diplomacy, or the negotiation with allies and foes, was crucial for imperial conquest. For example, when the Han Dynasty pushed westward they came into conflict with the powerful confederation of nomadic tribes called the?Xiongnu. In the ensuing war, the Han Emperor Wu sought alliances with small countries on his western border, offering a Han princess in marriage to the king of Wusun to secure him as an ally. Thus obtained, these allies helped the Chinese defeat the Xiongnu. Such?matrimonial alliances?were common with the empires of the classical ages. Another form of diplomacy is the creation of?tributary states. Emperor?Samudragupta?of the Gupta Dynasty used this method on several occasions to bring stability to his empire. After defeating rival kingdoms he would allow a defeated king to retain his rule providing he paid the Gupta a determined price, called a?tribute. This was often a more practical alternative than trying to rule remote kingdoms directly. In a tributary system, defeated kings basically purchase the right to rule from the victors, making them indirect subjects of the conquering power.Diplomacy312724923804900-1280161799006The Han acquired allies through diplomacy in order to defeat the Xiongu confederation.020000The Han acquired allies through diplomacy in order to defeat the Xiongu confederation.3424555233045The Gupta Empire and the region of its tributary states.4000020000The Gupta Empire and the region of its tributary states.OverviewLook at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image. PartsFocus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?TitleWrite the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image. I learned thatName 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this mapContext Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created and what it is showing from this era. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one). Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - . The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:Supply LinesThe armies of ancient empires required complex logistical operations, especially when they were on the move. The minimum daily rations for a soldier was 3 pounds of grain and 2 quarts of water. Thus an army of 65,000 men required at least 195,000 lbs of grain and 325,000 lbs of water?each day.[2]?It seems almost miraculous that ancient armies were able to provide for themselves without modern vehicles and paved roads. Armies of the classical age created supply trains of animals and wheeled carts. This increased the provisions that could be carried but also introduced new impediments: the average pack animal required 10 lbs of grain per day thereby increasing the necessary provisions, and carts pulled by some animals slowed the movement of an army to a crawl (most terrain was rough and had no roads). For this reason,?Alexander the Great?limited pack animals to horses and camels and eliminated carts completely from his supply line.[3]?Travelling with his army was a significant number of non-combatants whose job it was to manage the movement of supplies across the ranks of soldiers. All of this required tedious centralized planning. And given the fact that the average army could only carry enough supplies to last them for 10 days, sustaining supply lines was very important for armies. These lifelines were also vulnerable to enemy attacks that could bring devastation by cutting an army from its provisions.Forts, Walls and RoadsEffective armies also need engineers. To ease the role of defense, armies were aided by defensive walls. The famous?Great Wall of China?was first constructed by the Qin Dynasty to protect them from nomadic tribes on their northwestern frontier. The Qin constructed miles of walls and connected preexisting walls. It's noteworthy that the purpose of a wall was not to establish a permanent defensive boundary for the empire. They were made to secure conquered areas with an eye to expansion. "Build and move on was the principle of the wall, not setting up a fixed border for all time.?[4]?These earthen walls were later fortified with stone by the Ming Dynasty, and this is the wall most familiar with tourists today. The Romans likewise constructed?Hadrian's Wall?to divide their territory of Britain from the Scottish Pics whose raids became problematic for them. In any case, walls were not effective without being manned by soldiers; both the Chinese and the Romans built?fortifications?and garrisons at points along their walls. As empires expanded beyond their resources, the thinning of armies on the boundaries of an empire allowed defensive walls to be easily breached.Defensive walls were not the only places where empires built fortifications. A fortress made a powerful territorial claim for the empire who built it, and anyone challenging the territory on which the fortress was built had to take the fortress first. The city of Rome built fortifications on the seven hills surrounding the city. When the Mauryans took the province of Kalinga they built a fortification there to secure it as a possession.?[5]?Most classical civilizations built fortresses to shore up their most vulnerable areas; only the Gupta did not do this, HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-6" [6]?perhaps because as a decentralized state it was less able to garner resources for the collective good.?Due to the size of their imperial reach, empires built roads as well. These facilitated travel and trade but often the construction of roads was motivated by need to move armies across the empire. The Romans excelled in roads, which they called?Viae.?Viae militares, or military roads, served to move troops easily to defend or expand the empire. Indeed, for the Romans, the construction of roads was primarily motivated by military needs.[7]47549105944A portion of the remains of the wall bult by Roman Emperor Hadrian.00A portion of the remains of the wall bult by Roman Emperor Hadrian.347106110594300368868943892Time and weather have taken their toll on the earthen wall built by the Qin.4000020000Time and weather have taken their toll on the earthen wall built by the Qin.139700114300A portion of the remains of the wall built by Roman Emperor Hadrian.4000020000A portion of the remains of the wall built by Roman Emperor Hadrian.OverviewLook at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image. PartsFocus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?TitleWrite the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image. I learned thatName 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this mapContext Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created and what it is showing from this era. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one). Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - . The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:Raising armiesAll the classical empires needed methods to raise large armies. The?Han army?was primarily made up of soldiers conscripted from the civilian population into military service.[8]?Typically, each group of 5 households was required to send 5 troops to military service. Unlike the troops, whose service was temporary, officers in the Han army were career professionals who advanced through the ranks by demonstrating knowledge of classic texts on military theory, such as Sun Tzu’s?Art of War. (This was not unlike Chinese politicians who gained entrance to the bureaucracy by demonstrating knowledge of the Confucian classics.) Chinese officers communicated troop movements in battle by sounding gongs, bells, drums and signaling with flags.The?Roman army?was probably the most effective killing machine of the ancient world. After the Punic Wars, the infantry was comprised of professional soldiers, not farmers called up for temporary service. They expanded their war machine by "organizing the communities that they conquered in Italy into a system that generated huge reservoirs of manpower for their army . . . Their main demand of all defeated enemies was they provide men for the Roman army every year. " HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-9" [9]?But even in the face of superior numbers and technology, the organization and flexibility of the?Roman army was remarkable. The basic unit was 8 men, and 10 of these groups combined to form a century. Six centuries made a cohort and 10 cohorts was a legion. Soldiers drilled to fight at each of these levels. Consequently, a legion could fight as a whole unit or be divided and maneuvered according to the needs of battle into fighting groups ranging from 8 to 480 men. The ability of the Roman army to divide and adapt itself to battlefield developments was demonstrated at the Battle of Pydna, where the Romans decisively defeated the Macedonian forces.?Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - was in the best interest of classical governments to make trade more accessible. Higher profits brought in more tax revenue to the government. Although Roman roads were built at first to move armies, they greatly facilitated trade across the empire. When the Qin emperor centralized China after the Period of Warring States, he constructed an infrastructure of roads and bridges to increase trade and gather taxes from formerly isolated areas. As Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade brought wealth to Gupta India, emperors commissioned the production of?coins?to ease transactions and make it easier to compare the value of goods. All classical governments enacted policies to facilitate commercial activities.Watch and take notes on the following video Rome: Engineering an Empire part 1 of 2- – 17:05 – Roman Roads and Expansion of the Republic ................
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