Lesson 1: Understanding Science



Study quick vocabulary for lessons 1 & 2

Study Lesson Outlines for Lesson 1 & 2

Lesson 1: Cells and Life

1. How did scientists’ understanding of cells develop?

by using better microscopes and looking for cells in many different places

a. Cell Theory

i. All living things are made of one or more cells.

ii. The cell is the smallest unit of life.

iii. All new cells come from preexisting cells.

b. Robert Hooke – English scientist who built a microscope, observed a cork oak tree’s bark, and called the honeycomb openings he observed “cells” after the small rooms where monks lived.

c. Matthias Schleiden –German scientist who used newer microscopes to observe plant cells

d. Theodor Schwann – German scientist who used newer microscopes to observe animal cells

e. Schleiden and Schwann realized plant and animal cells had similar features.

f. Rudolf Virchow – German doctor who proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells

2. What basic substances make up a cell?

a. Main ingredient (70% of cells’ volume) – Water

i. fills and surrounds cells and helps maintain homeostasis

ii. has a positive and negative end

iii. ideal liquid for dissolving my substances

iv. positive end attracts negative ions; negative end attracts positive ions

b. Macromolecules – substances that forms by joining many small molecules

i. Nucleic Acids – long chains of nucleotides together

• examples: DNA, RNA

• contains genetic information

• DNA makes RNA

• RNA makes proteins

ii. Proteins – long chains of amino acids

• necessary for nearly everything cells do

• helps communication between cells

• transport substances around inside cell

• chemical breakdown of substances

• structural support

• examples: amylase, keratin

iii. Lipids – macromolecules that don’t dissolve in water

• energy storage

• protective membrane/barrier

• communication

• examples: cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamin A

iv. Carbohydrates – one sugar, two sugars, or long chain of sugar molecules

• energy storage

• structural support

• communication

• examples: starches (bread, pasta), sugar (fruits), cellulose (cell walls of plants for support)

Lesson 2: The Cell

3. How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar and how are they different?

4. What do the structures in a cell do?

a. Cell membrane – flexible structure that protects the inside of the cell from the environment outside the cell (animal cell #2, plant cell #9)

b. Cell wall – stiff structure that protects a cell from attack by harmful organisms (plant cell #2)

c. Cell appendages – often used for movement, ex. cilia (small hairlike structures) and flagellum (long whiplike tail)

d. Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell that contains salts and other molecules (animal cell #8, plant cell #10)

e. Cytoskeleton – threadlike proteins that form a framework inside the cell

f. Nucleus – part of a eukaryotic cell that directs all cell activity and contains genetic material (animal cell #6, plant cell #8)

g. Ribosomes – organelles that are involved in the production of proteins

h. Endoplasmic reticulum – folded membranes that spread from the nucleus throughout the cytoplasm (animal cell #3, plant cell #3)

i. rough ER – ribosomes are on the surface of the ER and site for protein production

ii. smooth ER – doesn’t have ribosomes on the surface and makes lipids; helps remove harmful substance from a cell

i. Mitochondria – the site of energy processing (animal cell #1, plant cell #5)

j. Chloroplasts – process light energy, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen (plant cell #4)

k. Golgi apparatus – prepares proteins for specific jobs (animal cell #4, plant cell #7)

l. Vesicles – transport substances to other areas of a cell (animal cell #5, plant cell #6)

m. Vacuoles – store food, water, and waste material (animal cell #7, plant cell #1)

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5.

6.

7.

8. 10

9.

10. 8

11.

12. 9

13.

EUKARYOTES

14.

PROKARYOTES

15.

• have a cell membrane

• some have a cell wall

• have cytoplasm

• have a cytoskeleton

16.

• genetic material surrounded by membrane

• contain membrane-surrounded organelles

• make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists

17.

• genetic material not surrounded by membrane

• don’t have many cell parts

• are bacteria

18.

19.

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