Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function



Name: __________________________ Hour: ______

Chapter 7 Notes: Cell Structure and Function

7-1 Life Is Cellular

Key Concepts:

What is the Cell Theory?

How do microscopes work?

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Cell Theory

First _____________________ wasn’t invented until the early 1600’s (Leeuwenhock, Hooke)

By the 1800’s all the discoveries made by all scientists using the microscope were summarized in the ___________________ __________________________

The Cell Theory States the following:

1. All living things are ___________________________________________

2. Cells are the _______________________________________________________________

in living things

3. New cells ____________________________________________________________.

Basic Cell Structure

Structures common to MOST cells

1. ___________________________ - that surrounds the cell

2. ____________________________ - containing the cell’s genetic material

3. ____________________________ - the material inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus. Contains organelles.

PRO versus EU

Biologists divide cells into two categories

1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

The cells of ____________________ have a __________________, but the cells of prokaryotes do not.

Prokaryotes

1. _________________ and ________________ but carry out all activities associated with life.

2. Have cell membrane and cytoplasm but ________________________________________ is __________________________________ in the nucleus (______ ____________________)

Example: __________________________

Eukaryotes

1. __________ ____ __________________, cell membrane and cytoplasm

2. Also _________________________________ that are specialized structures that perform important cellular functions.

Comparing Cells

|Eukaryotes |Prokaryotes |

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7-2: Cell Structures

Key Concept: What are the functions of the major cell structures?

Cell Organization

________________:

Controller - directs most ______________________________________ and contains the

_____________________________________ of ___________

Contains structures called ______________________ which are made of DNA

Most contain another organelle: the _________________________ (assembles ___________________)

Organelles that Store, Clean Up and Support

_______________________: small organelles filled with _________________ that ______________ cell “food” into particles that can be used to build structures for the cell.

_______________________: saclike structures used for ______________ in cells. In plants they are very large.

_______________________: Network of _______________________________________ that help the cell to maintain its _________________. Also involved with _______________________.

• _______________________________ - Responsible for ________________________________

• _______________________________ - Maintain ______________________

- Assists in _____________________

- Build __________ and ___________________

Organelles that Build Proteins

_____________________: site of protein synthesis

_______________________ __________________ (ER): components of the cell membrane are assembles here and some proteins are modified.

Two Types

___________________ (studded with ribosomes and produce proteins)

___________________ (contains enzymes and may produce lipids)

_____________________________ a stack of membranes that _____________ carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. The modified proteins are then ________ to their final destination.

Organelles That Capture and Release Energy

_______________________: Found in plants. Use energy from the sung to make energy-rich food molecules through ___________________________.

_______________________: Organelles that ______________ ______________ _________ stored ____________ molecules into high-energy compounds that the cell can use for growth, development, and movement. Found in all eukaryotic cells.

Cellular Boundaries

_____________________: Main function of to provide ___________ and __________________ for

the cell.

Found in plants, fungi, and _________________________. Made of carbohydrate and protein.

_________________________________ - Surrounds the cell. Regulates _________________________ _________________________ the cell.

The Factory Analogy

If the cell is like a factory, then what jobs would each of the organelles do?

Cell Wall -

Nucleus -

Ribosomes -

ER -

Golgi Apparatus -

Chloroplast -

Mitochondria -

Lysosome -

Vacuole -

What are the Differences between Animal and Plant Cells?

(See page 206-207 of your Textbook)

Animal Cells Plant Cells

7-3: Cell Transport

• ________________________________ - _______________ what ______________________________ ______________________ the cell and also provides ________________________________________.

• Made of a ________________________________ sheet of ______________.

Passive Transport

Diffusion:

As molecules move about, they bang into each other. They ___________________ an area of ___________ concentration to an area of ________________ concentration.

Diffusion causes many substances to move across the cell membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion:

_________________ molecules _________________________ across the cell membrane due to their __________________ ___________ or “ ________________.”

Sometimes ________________ in the cell membrane “_________” or facilitate the movement of large molecules like glucose.

The cell uses ______________________. It is still __________________.

These ____________________________________ also help ions to move across the cell membrane. Ions can’t simply diffuse across the membrane because of their charge.

Osmosis:

It is the ___________________ _____ ________________ through a selectively permeable membrane

Not all substances can pass through the cell membrane … it is ____________________!!

Water will continue to move across a cell membrane until _________________________ is reached.

• Cells naturally contain salts, sugars, proteins, and other materials.

• When ________ of these materials _____________________ the cell _______ there is ______________ of the cell, the surrounding area is ______________________ to the cell.

• Water wants to diffuse into the cell.

• In large organisms (you), the fluids __________________the cell have the same concentration of materials __________________________________ of the cell.

• This is called _______________________.

• Other cells and organisms that live in freshwater have various mechanisms for keeping the water out.

• Only a few organisms can survive in water that has a very ____________ _______________________ of salts or other solutes _________________ _____ the concentration _________________ the cell.

• This is called ________________________.

• In the space below, draw the three conditions we have just discussed: hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.

|Hypotonic |Isotonic |Hypertonic |

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Active Transport

Used to move materials ______________ a ____________________________ difference

_____________________________ (active)

• Molecular Transport:

– ________________ ____________ move particles by _______________ in protein __________.

– Uses ______________

– Moves:

• ____________ _________________ moving _____________ the

concentration gradient

• ____________

• Bulk Transport: Moves really __________________

– __________________________: making a ______________________________ in the cell membrane creating a vacuole.

– __________________________: changing the _______________ of the cell membrane to ______________________ a food particle.

– __________________________: surrounding material IN the cell and ________________________

____ __________. Opposite of endocytosis.

7-4: Homeostasis and Cells

Important Ideas:

- How do individual cells maintain homeostasis?

- How do the cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis?

Unicellular Organisms

Sometimes a ____________________________________________________________.

May be a prokaryote or a eukaryote

Multicellular Organisms

Cells are ___________________________

Cells become _________________________, or do specific jobs in the organism

Cells _________________________ with one another to maintain homeostasis

Levels of Organization

The levels of organization in a _______________________ _____________________ are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Cellular Communication

• Cells in a large organism ________________________ by means of __________________ __________________ that are passed from one cell to another.

• To respond to these chemical signals, a cell must have a ___________________ to which the signaling molecule can _____________.

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