US HISTORY UNIT 7
PART 1 THE 1920s
The Roaring 20’s - Perceived as a period of prosperity and fun
Consumerism
* Advertising
* Easy Credit
* Installment Plans
MOST OF THE ECONOMIC EXPANSION WAS DUE TO ONE NEW PRODUCT.
The Automobile
Henry Ford
* Innovations
* Model T
* Workers as Consumers
* $5 day pay
* Assembly Line
Postwar Adjustments
* Economic Slowdown
* RECESSIONS IN 1921, 22, & 23
* Factories lost govt. contracts
* Returning Veterans faced Unemployment
* Farmers suffered after the Post War demand fell
* (MECHANIZATION)
Isolationism & Nativism
* Quota Act (1921)
* Immigration was limited with the (3% of pop. already here)
* Limited E. European & Asian groups
* Feared Communists
Red Scares
* Fear of Communism
* OFTEN THESE FEARS STEMMED FROM IMMIGRANTS.
Unions
John L Lewis
Led the UMW (mine workers)
Palmer Raids
* Attorney General
* Thousands arrested & deported.
* Most were immigrants
* Lasted 6 months
Sacco & Vanzetti
* Two Italian immigrants (anarchists) were convicted for robbery and murder.
KKK
* Reemerged in 1915
* Had its highest membership in the 20s.
* Its Popularity reached into new areas (outside the South)
1920’s Women
Flappers
* 1. Symbol of the Jazz Age
* 2. A young, independent woman who was assertive and promiscuous.
* 3. Short dresses, “bobbed” hair.
* 19th Amendment gave women more perceived freedom.
Prohibition & Organized Crime
Prohibition (1920-1933)
* ALCOHOL WAS ILLEGAL.
* ORIGINS
* Volstead Act
* 18th Amendment
* Progressives
* Billy Sunday
* Baseball player turned preacher
* Argued for Prohibition
Carrie A. Nation
* SPEAKEASIES
* (illegal bars)
* Hear Jazz
* Drink Booze
* Probably a password to get in.
* The Police might be “on the take”
* Organized Crime controlled the product
* Bootlegging
* Al Capone
21st Amendment repealed the 18th
The Arts
* Silent & Talkies (Movies)
* 1st – “The Jazz Singer” Talky
* Stars
* Charlie Chaplin
* Rudolph Valentino
* PEOPLE ALSO SAW NEWSREELS
Radio
Lost Generation
- Wrote about the emptiness of their lives
* GERTRUDE STEIN – coined term
* Writers
* SINCLAIR LEWIS
* F. SCOTT FITZGERALD
* ERNEST HEMMINGWAY
Harlem Renaissance
* African American cultural flourishing.
* Literature, music, & Intellectuals
* LANGSTON HUGHES
* POET
* COUNTEE CULLEN
* ZORA NEALE HURSTON
Jazz Age
Great Jazz Performers
* BESSIE SMITH
* LOUIS ARMSTRONG
* DUKE ELLINGTON
Minority Issues
Marcus Garvey
~Back to Africa Movement
~Black is Beautiful
~Black Pride
United Negro Improvement Assoc. (UNIA)
1924 Native American Suffrage Act
* Citizenship & Voting Rights
Sports
Babe Ruth
Aviation
Charles Lindbergh
* 1927 – Flew nonstop across the Atlantic. (solo)
* (NY to Paris)
* Spirit of St. Louis - Plane
Science & Religion
CAN MODERN SCIENCE AND RELIGION COEXIST?
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
* John T. Scopes Taught Evolution in TN school.
* Defended by Clarence Darrow (ACLU)
* The ACLU had professed that they would gladly defend any teacher who broke the TN law.
* “Free Thinkers”
* People who believe in Science
Fundamentalists
* William Jennings Bryan & Aimee Semple McPherson
* Believe every word of Bible is true. (No symbolism)
* Suffered embarrassment due to the trial.
PART 2 - Politics in the 20’s
Warren G. Harding (1921-23)
* “Return to Normalcy”
* Corruption
* Teapot Dome Scandal
* Albert Fall used power for personal gain.
* Washington Naval Conference – Harding attended this disarmament conference. (reduce weapons)
Calvin Coolidge (23-28) - SILENT CAL
* Dawes Plan
* Kellogg – Briand Pact
* Outlaws War
* “THE BUSINESS OF THE US IS BUSINESS.”
ELECTION OF 1928
* HERBERT HOOVER (REP) – WON
* 4 more years of prosperity
PART 3 - The Great Depression
The worst economic slump in US history.
(SPREAD TO THE ENTIRE WORLD)
* RECESSIONS ARE NORMAL (CYCLICAL)
* THE SEVERITY AND LENGTH OF THE DEPRESSION SET IT APART.
Causes of the Depression
* 1. Uneven wealth distribution
* 2. LACK OF DIVERSIFICATION IN INDUSTRY (CONSTRUCTION/ AUTO)
* 3. MARGIN STOCK BUYING (10% DOWN)
* LED TO A FALSE BOOM IN THE MARKET
* 4. Speculation – risky investments.
* 5. HAWLEY SMOOT TARIFF
* Unintentionally hurt trade
* 6. REPARATIONS SYSTEM
* GERMANY COULD NOT PAY
* EUROPE COULD NOT REPAY THEIR LOANS TO US BANKS.
* 7. Mechanization
* Led to unemployment.
* 8. Overproduction (supply more than demand)
* 9. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES
* BANK RUNS
* SAVING NOT SPENDING
* 10. BLACK TUESDAY
* THE STOCK MARKET CRASH - OCTOBER 29, 1929
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEPRESSION
* BANK CLOSINGS
* 9,000 CLOSED
* PEOPLE LOST $2.5 BILLION IN SAVINGS.
* UNEMPLOYMENT
* 3.2% IN 1929
* 25% AT PEAK - 1933
* STARVATION
* Soup Kitchens & Breadlines.
* HOMELESSNESS
* FORECLOSURES
Hoovervilles
* Shacks the homeless lived in.
* Name mocked the President.
Dorthea Lange – photographer of the misery of the Depression
Migrant Mother, 1936
“THE DUST BOWL”
* FARMERS SUFFERED SEVERELY
* A DROUGHT TURNED MIDWESTERN FARMLAND INTO DESERT.
* 10 YEARS
* CAUSED PARTIALLY BY OVER PLOWING THE LAND.
* FARMERS WHO ESCAPED THE BOWL WERE CALLED OKIES.
Hoover’s & the Depression
* Hoover did little to end the depression. (laissez-faire)
* “Prosperity is just around the corner.”
* Business Cycle will naturally recover
* “Rugged Individualism”
* Fix your own problems
The Bonus Army
* Unemployed WWI veterans who went to DC.
* $1,000
* They requested early payment of a bonus promised to be paid in 1945.
* Hoover sent in the Army to destroy the Hoovervilles.
The Election of 1932
* Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
* Promised Americans a “New Deal.”
* Democrat is victorious
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” inaugural
FDR WOULD BE ELECTED 4 TIMES IN TOTAL. (MORE THAN ANY OTHER PRESIDENT.)
PART 4 - The New Deal
FDR’s program to combat the Depression.
* FDR USED THE RADIO TO SPEAK TO AMERICANS.
* “FIRESIDE CHATS”
Brain Trust
* FDR relied on a brilliant group of advisors.
* He appointed the first female cabinet member, Frances Perkins.
Deficit Spending
* The New Deal relied on this principle
* The government should go in debt to stimulate the economy.
* Ideas from John Maynard Keynes
Direct Relief
* Giving assistance directly to the people.
The Hundred Days
* Special session of Congress where huge amounts of legislation was passed.
3 Rs of the New Deal
* Relief – help now
* Recovery – restart growth
* Reform – permanent fixes to problems
New Deal Legislation
Emergency Banking Relief Act
* Created a “Bank Holiday”
* Sound banks were reopened ten days later
* Created the FDIC now insured bank deposits.
* Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
* These measures helped to end bank runs.
The Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)
* Set up to regulate the stock markets
Public Works Projects - (Provide jobs while building good things)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
* Employed 2.75 million people
* TOOK MEN FROM CITIES INTO RURAL AREAS.
* PLANTED TREES
* Built dams and practiced soil conservation.
* Built the Blue Ridge Parkway
Works Project Administration (WPA)
Employed 8.5 million people from 1935-41.
* Built Hoover Dam, Lincoln Tunnel, streets, schools, hospitals, parks, airports, and playgrounds.
* Employed actors, writers, musicians, and dancers
National Industrial Recovery Act - (NIRA)
* Established the NRA – National Recovery Administration to promote business cooperation.
* Public Works Administration (PWA)
* Job program
* Spent $3 billion on public works.
Agricultural Legislation
HOPED TO HALT THE DECLINE IN FARM PRICES.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
* Farmers were paid to reduce production (subsidies)
* Farms prices then increased.
* This act was declared unconstitutional and later modified.
* PRACTICED SOIL CONSERVATION
* $ WENT TO LANDOWNERS NOT FARMERS.
FDR SAID THE SOUTH WAS THE NATION’S NUMBER ONE ECONOMIC PROBLEM.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
* Built 20 dams
* Stopped flooding and soil erosion.
* Generated electricity.
* “Yardstick to determine cost of electrifying America.”
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act )
* Established that workers had the right to unionize.
* Established the National Labor Relations Board.
* Said “closed shops” were okay
* Legitimized collective bargaining.
Fair Labor Standards Act
* Established Minimum Wage
Social Security Act
* Pension for the elderly.
* Employers & Employees pay into the system.
* Because it was a long range solution, most call this the most important New Deal Program.
* Unemployment insurance
* (TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE)
* Money
* Disabled
* Children with deceased parents.
Opposition to FDR
* Huey Long
* “Share Our Wealth”
* Socialist
* Wanted to be Dictator
* Father Charles Coughlin
* Radio priest
Court Packing
* Many of the New Deal laws were declared Unconstitutional.
* FDR unsuccessfully attempted to add new justices that would favor his policies.
Impact of the New Deal
* 1. GOVERNMENT DIRECTION OF THE ECONOMY.
* 2. The modern welfare state was created.
* IT’S THE GOVT’S JOB TO TAKE CARE OF POOR.
* 3. Democrats became the party of the poor.
* 4. Modernized the South
* 5. Black Americans (Northerners who could vote) switched to the Democratic Party.
WWII ENDED THE DEPRESSION
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