Fitzgerald Social Studies



FitzgeraldFlashcards for Development of the NorthCottage Industry/Putting out System INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Step 1merchants purchased large amounts of cotton and wool and take it to farm houses (cottages)workers were usually wives or daughtersStep 2the cotton or wool was carded (combed) to get the fibers clean and straightthen spun on a spinning wheel into "twist" (yarn, thread)the merchant picked up the twist, paid the spinner by amount, droppedoff more cotton or woolStep 3the merchant took the twist to another farmhouse where a weaver wove the yarn or thread into cloth the merchant picked up the cloth, paid the weaver, dropped off more twistStep 4the merchants then sold the cloth Benefits to workerstay in the home, care for family while worked, control pace of work, subsistence farm families earn cashIndustrial Revolutionmachines take the place of hand toolspower source changes from human and animal to first water wheels on rivers then steam engines began in the late 1700sin Britainin textile (cloth )industryfirst in spinning thread instead of using a spinning wheelthen in weaving instead of using a hand loomFactory Systemreplaces cottage industry - spinning wheels and looms in homes of workersnow factory - worker and machines together in one placechanges - begin and end a set timemachine sets the pacecan't be with family while workCapitalistspeople who invest money in a business to earn a profitalso called investorsnew factories required huge amounts of money to buildcapitalists provide money to build and are repaid with interest from the profit the factory makes when it starts producing goods it then sellsIn Northeasthome to wealthy merchantsbegin to invest in factories - not just shipping or cottage work Sam Slateran apprentice in Arkwright's factory in Englandknows his knowledge of Arkwright's machines will be valuablememorizes plansheads for Americagets investor (capitalist) - Moses Brownbuilds first water-powered factory for cotton threadFrancis Cabot Lowellhad visited Englandseen latest weaving machines (looms)developed an improved version when returned to U.anizes mill in new way1st floor - clean cotton (carding)2nd floor - spin cotton into thread3rd floor - weave thread into clothMill TownsFirst - Lowell , Massachusetts"The Lowell Girls"to attract workers, owners built a town for the factory that hadboarding housesa librarya hospitalcalled Lowell, Massachusettsfirst workers - all girls from nearby farmsslept and ate in boarding houses with strict supervisionafter work could attend lecture or go to librarypianos in boarding housesproduced their own magazinelater workers - use immigrants who will work for lessFactory Conditionspoor lightlittle fresh air - dust can damage lungsvery noisy - lost hearingmachines could harm - parts didn't stop moving if clothing or hair got stuckcan't shut off water or steam enginecrush hands, skull, legowners do not help the injured who can no longer workhours very long - 12 to 14 hoursChild LaborChildren had always worked - their labor was needed on farmsemployed in textile millscoal minessteel factoriesas young as 7 or 8no educationunsafe by 1880 - one million child workers from 10 to 15Development of Labor Force INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Families – Mothers and Children -In first spinning factoriesTeenage Girls from Subsistence Farms- In First Lowell FactoriesImmigrantsEli Whitneyinnovator - comes up with a new way of doing thingsinnovation - interchangeable partsFamously wins contract to make guns for government by assembling a guns from a box of parts in minutesInterchangeable Parts1790ssystem for manufacturingold way - skilled workers building whole productnew way -pieces of product made each is identicalunskilled workers then quickly assemble partseffects -change worker - skilled to unskilledmore efficient - produce more, fasterprices droplow prices cause people to buy more productsWater Wheels INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Water Wheels – Powered First FactoriesWater channeled down a narrow channel from a river to the wheelWater hitting paddles turns wheelAxis of wheel turns an axel that turns a series of gears and pulleys running to machinesSteam Enginedeveloped by Richard Arkwrightin 1790change - no longer need river for powerwater boiled in a cylindersteam trapped in cylinder creates pressurereleased through a valve to drive a piston rod rod turns wheel like legs pedal a biketurning wheel connected to machines by gears, axles, and beltsFive Steps in Changing WorkCottage Industry - Putting Out SystemIndustrial RevolutionFactory SystemMill Towns - Lowell, MAthe Lowell GirlsFactory ConditionsChild LaborInterchangeable partsSteam Engine4 Famous People Who Changed Work CapitalistsSam SlaterFrancis Cabot LowellEli Whitney4 Key Ideas about Immigrationfrom 1800 - 1850Immigration in GeneralIrish ImmigrationGerman ImmigrationNativismImmigration, 1840s5143508572500 Millions from - Western Europe Reasons immigratecheap landFelt skills they had would benefit them in U.S. Could not survive at homeInflux of people competition for jobs decrease in wagesIrish ImmigrationWhy Come - The Great Hunger – Irish Potato was basis of diet fungus destroyed the potato cropled to starvation (famine) more than a million starve to deathabout a million more leave Ireland Irish immigrants had been farm laborers at homeDo lowest-paying jobs in U.S. men - lay RR track and constructionwomen – household workers 45720018161000German ImmigrationWhy Come - Many had taken part in revolutions against harsh rulersRevolutions fail flee to U.S. Most move west Ohio Valley & Great Lakes region1/2 to cities, 1/2 to farmslater to Texas German immigrants- all levels of society Nativism Evil Pope controls U.S. through Irish votes!5905502413000worry about growing foreign population Nativists – people who want to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants Oppose Irish immigration most – most Irish were Roman Catholic believe pope will control their votesNY Nativists form secret group – respond with “I know nothing” when asked about itBecome political party – Know Nothing PartyFree Blacks in North INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Two African American SailorsFaced discrimination - Denied right to voteNot allowed to work in factories or skilled tradesEven in least desirable jobs, employers preferred white immigrantsFaced segregation -Separate schoolsSeparate churchesPortrayed as inferior by white newspapers, so start own newspapersSome were able to get an education and a very few were accepted at some colleges. like Harvard and Oberlin ................
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