Chapter 11 “National and Regional Growth”



Chapter 11 “National and Regional Growth 1800-1844”

Section 1 “Early Industry and Inventions”

Main Idea: New machines and factories changed the way people lived and worked in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Terms and Names:

1. Samuel Slater

2. Industrial Revolution

3. factory system

4. Lowell mills

5. interchangeable parts

6. Robert Fulton

7. Samuel F.B. Morse

Notes

I. Free Enterprise and Factories

A. War of 1812 forces Americans to begin manufacturing its own goods and investing in new industries.

B. Factory machines replace hand tools and large-scale manufacturing replace farming as the main form of work.

II. Factories come to New England

A. New England was a good place to set up the nation’s first factories because it had

1. fast-moving rivers

2. ships and access to the ocean

3. a willing labor force

III. The Lowell Mills Hire Women

A. Textile mills in the village of Lowell employed farm girls

1. 12 ½ hour long days

2. deafening noise

3. lived in company-owned boarding houses

4. relatively high wages, $2-$4 a week

IV. A New Way to Manufacture

A. Eli Whitney’s introduction of interchangeable parts to manufacturing had several effects:

1. sped up production

2. made repairs easier

3. used lower-paid, less-skilled workers

4. required new management style

V. Moving People, Goods and Messages

A. New inventions improved factory production, transportation and communication.

1. steamboats carried people and goods further and faster

2. telegraph machines sent messages as electrical pulses along a wire in seconds

VI. Technology Improves Farming

A. New inventions increase farm productivity.

1. lightweight plow can cut through heavy Midwestern soil

2. mechanical reaper and threshing machine processes crops faster

Chapter 11 “National and Regional Growth 1800-1844”

Section 2 “Plantations and Slavery Spread”

Main Idea: The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton caused slavery to spread in the South.

Terms and Names:

1. Eli Whitney

2. cotton gin

3. spirituals

4. Nat Turner

Notes

I. The Cotton Boom

A. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This caused several important effects:

1. plantations spread south and west.

2. plantation owners switch from other cash crops to cotton

3. cotton exports increase

4. Native Americans driven off Southern land as plantations spread

5. demand for slaves increases

II. Slavery Expands

A. In 1820, the South earned approximately $22 million from cotton. By the end of the 1830s, earnings were close to $200 million. In order to maintain this growth, the South’s need for slaves increased.

B. The price of a male slave rose from $300 in 1790 to $1000 in 1808.

III. Slavery Divides the South

A. Only about 1/3 of Southern white families owned slaves, but most whites supported slavery because they hoped to some day own slaves and become wealthy as well.

IV. African Americans in the South

A. About half of enslaved African Americans in the South worked on large plantations. The other half worked on smaller plantations or in the cities as servants, craftsmen or laborers.

V. Finding Strength in Religion

A. Enslaved African Americans found relief and inspiration from the bible, especially the story of Moses leading the enslaved Hebrews out of Egypt.

B. Spirituals used to secretly send encoded messages between plantations.

VI. Families Under Slavery

A. Family members were often sold away from one another. Many risked their lives to visit with their spouses and children.

VII. Slave Rebellions

A. Enslaved African Americans staged rebellions in an attempt to gain their freedom.

1. 1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion-55 white men, women and children killed. 16 of Turner’s men were executed. Turner was tried and hanged.

B. Due to the rebellions, restrictions on slaves increased

Chapter 11 “National and Regional Growth 1800-1844”

Section 3 “Nationalism and Sectionalism”

Main Idea: Patriotic pride united the states, but tension between the North and the South emerged.

Terms and Names:

1. nationalism

2. Henry Clay

3. American system

4. Erie Canal

5. James Monroe

6. sectionalism

7. Missouri Compromise

8. Monroe Doctrine

Notes

I. Nationalism Unites the Country

A. President James Madison and Representative Henry Clay worked together to promote the American System- a plan to economically unify the country. It had three actions:

1. establish a protective tariff (tax on foreign goods)

2. establish a national bank (one type of $)

3. improve the country’s transportation systems (roads and canals)

II. Roads and Canals Link Cities

A. Roads and canals united the country by connecting cities and regions which allowed for the exchange of people and goods

III. The Era of Good Feelings

A. During President James Monroe’s administration, several Supreme Court decisions promoted national unity by strengthening the federal government.

1. McCulloch vs. Maryland stated that states could not tax the national bank

2. Gibbons vs. Ogden stated that only the federal government could regulate interstate trade

IV. Settling National Boundaries

A. In order to define and expand the country’s borders, the U.S. had to reach agreements with Britain and Spain.

1. Rush-Bagot Agreement between the U.S. and Britain limited each side’s naval forces on the Great Lakes

2. In the Convention of 1818 the U.S. and Britain set the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border

3. Adams-Onis Treaty Spain gave Florida to the U.S. and gave up its claims to the Oregon Country

V. Sectional Tensions Increase

A. Different economic interests in the major regions of the country inflamed sectionalism

1. North interested in manufacturing and trade

2. South interested in cash crop farming and slavery

3. West interested in cheap land and good transportation

VI. The Missouri Compromise

A. When Missouri applied for statehood, sectionalism became a major issue. At this time the U.S. consisted of 11 free states and 11 slave states which kept power in Congress balanced.

1. Henry Clay proposed that Missouri be allowed to enter as a slave state, and Maine as a free state to keep the balance

2. It also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36° 30’, Missouri’s southern border

VII. The Monroe Doctrine

A. In response to European attempts to restore their power in Central and South America, President Monroe issued a document that stated the following:

1. the Americas were closed to further colonization

2. European efforts to reestablish colonies would be seen as “dangerous to our peace and safety”

3. the U.S. would stay out of European affairs

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