A P CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS



A P CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS2020/2021(Based on 3 lectures per week; 2 lab session per week)Text: Chemistry, 7th edition Zumdahl ? 2007Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations (2 lectures)An overviewScientific methodUnits of measurementUncertainty of measurementSignificant figures and calculationsDimensional analysisTemperatureDensityClassification of matterChapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (3 lectures)Early history of chemistryFundamental chemical lawsDalton’s atomic theoryEarly experiments to characterize the atomModern view of atomic structureMolecules and ionsIntroduction to the periodic tableNaming simple compoundsTEST – FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, chapters 1 & 2Chapter 3: Stoichiometry (3 lectures)Atomic massesThe moleMolar massPercent composition of compoundsDetermining the formula of compoundsChemical equationsBalancing chemical equationsStoichiometric calculations: amounts of reactants and productsCalculations involving a limiting reagentTEST – FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, chapter 3Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry (5 lectures)Water, the common solventThe nature of aqueous solutions: strong and weak electrolytesThe composition of solutionsTypes of chemical reactionsPrecipitation reactionsDescribing reactions in solutionsStoichiometry of precipitation reactionsAcid-base reactionsOxidation-reduction reactionsBalancing oxidation-reduction equationsTEST – FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2, chapter 4Chapter 5: Gases (4 lectures)PressureThe gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and AvogadroThe ideal gas lawGas stoichiometryDalton’s law of partial pressuresThe Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of gasesEffusion and diffusionReal gasesChemistry in the atmosphereTEST – WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14, chapter 5Chapter 6: Thermochemistry (3 lectures)The nature of energyEnthalpy and calorimetryHess’ LawStandard enthalpies of formationPresent sources of energyNew energy sourcesTEST – TUESDAY, OCTOBER 27, chapter 6Chapter 7: Atomic Structure and Periodicity (6 lectures)Electromagnetic radiationThe nature of matterThe atomic spectrum of hydrogenThe Bohr modelThe quantum mechanical model of the atomQuantum numbersOrbital shapes and energiesElectron spin and the Pauli principlePolyelectronic atomsThe history of the Periodic TableThe Aufbau Principle and the Periodic TablePeriodic trends in atomic propertiesThe properties of a group: the alkali metalsTEST – TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 10, chapter 7Chapter 8: Bonding: General Concepts (4 lectures)Types of Chemical BondsElectronegativityBond polarity and dipole momentsIons: electron configurations and sizesFormation of binary ionic compoundsPartial ionic character of covalent bondsThe covalent chemical bond: a modelCovalent bond energies and chemical reactionsThe localized electron bonding modelLewis structuresExceptions to the Octet RuleResonanceMolecular structure: the VSEPR modelChapter 9: Covalent Bonding: Orbitals (3 lectures)Hybridization and the localized electron modelThe molecular orbital modelBonding in homonuclear diatomic moleculesBonding in heteronuclear diatomic moleculesCombining the localized electron and molecular orbital modelTEST – WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 25, chapters 8 & 9Chapter 10: Liquids and Solids (4 lectures)Intermolecular forcesThe liquid stateIntro to structures and types of solidsStructure and bonding in metalsCarbon and silicon: network atomic solidsMolecular solidsIonic solidsVapor pressure and changes of statePhase diagramsTEST – WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, chapter 10Chapter 11: Properties of Solutions (4 lectures)Solution compositionThe energies of solution formationFactors affecting solubilityThe vapor pressures of solutionsBoiling-point elevation and freezing-point depressionOsmotic pressureColligative properties of electrolyte solutionsColloidsTEST – TUESDAY, DECEMBER 22, chapter11Chapter 12: Chemical Kinetics (4 lectures)Reaction ratesRate laws: an introductionDetermining the form of the rate lawThe integrated rate lawRate laws: a summaryReaction mechanismsA model for chemical kineticsCatalysisTEST – FRIDAY, JANUARY 8– chapter 12Chapter 13: Chemical Equilibrium (4 lectures)The equilibrium conditionThe equilibrium constantEquilibrium expressions involving pressuresHeterogeneous equilibriaApplications of the equilibrium constantSolving equilibrium problemsLe Chatelier’s PrincipleTEST – TUESDAY, JANUARY 19, chapter 13Chapter 14: Acids and Bases (4 lectures)The nature of acids and basesAcid strengthThe pH scaleCalculating pH of strong and weak acid solutionsBasesPolyprotic acidsAcid-base properties of saltsThe effect of structure on acid-base propertiesAcid-base properties of oxidesThe Lewis acid-base modelTEST – WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, chapter 14Chapter 15: Applications of Aqueous Equilibria (5 lectures)Solutions of acids or bases containing a common ionBuffered solutions & Buffer capacityTitrations and pH curvesAcid-base indicatorsSolubility equilibria and the solubility productPrecipitation and qualitative analysisEquilibria involving complex ionsTEST – MONDAY, FEBRUARY 15, chapter 15Chapter 16: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy (4 lectures)Spontaneous processes and entropyEntropy and the 2nd Law of ThermodynamicsThe effect of temperature on spontaneityFree energyEntropy changes in chemical reactionsThe dependence of free energy on pressureFree energy and equilibrium; free energy and workTEST – FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 26, chapter 16Chapter 17: Electrochemistry (4 lectures)Galvanic cellsStandard reduction potentialsCell potential, electrical work, and free energyDependence of cell potential on concentrationBatteries / CorrosionElectrolysis & commercial electrolytic processesTEST – FRIDAY, MARCH 12, chapter 17Chapter 21: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (3 lectures)The transition metals: a surveyFirst-row transition metalsCoordination compounds & IsomerismBonding in complex ions: the localized electron modelThe Crystal Field modelThe biological importance of coordination complexesMetallurgy and iron and steel productionTEST – TUESDAY, MARCH 23, chapter 21Optional:(depending on time) Chapter 18: The Nucleus: a Chemist’s View Nuclear stability and radioactive decayThe kinetics of radioactive decayNuclear transformationsDetection and uses of radioactivityThermodynamic stability of the nucleusNuclear fission and nuclear fusion and effects of radiationChapters 19 & 20: The Representative Elements (6 lectures)A survey of the representative elementsGroup 1A elements & hydrogenGroup 2A elementsGroup 3A elementsGroup 4A elementsGroup 5A elementsChemistry of nitrogen & chemistry of phosphorusGroup 6A elementsChemistry of oxygen & chemistry of sulfurGroup 7A elementsGroup 8A elementsChapter 22: Organic Chemistry Alkanes. alkenes & alkynesAromatic hydrocarbonsThe petrochemical industryHydrocarbon derivativesPolymers & the polymer industryNATIONAL AP CHEMISTRY EXAM – FRIDAY, MAY 7, 2021KANE HIGH SCHOOL FINAL EXAM – WEDNESDAY, MAY 12Rest of time in class devoted to labs, miscellaneousLast day of school – Thursday, June 3, 2021 ................
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